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Lazzara Raimondo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nuevas perspectivas en el uso del mejillón cebra (Dreissena polymorpha) en estudios toxicológicos del sistema acuático
'Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona', 2013Co-Authors: Lazzara RaimondoAbstract:[spa] En la tesis presentada se pretendió de desarrollar nuevas herramientas para investigar los efectos de contaminantes ambientales sobre organismos acuáticos. Por esto se eligió el mejillón cebra como organismo centinela del ecosistema de agua dulce. Se realizaron estudios de caracterización para obtener el conocimiento básico sobre el sistema reproductivo y los factores implicados en su control. En este contexto se ejecutaron estudios de campo para detectar las variaciones anuales de los esteroides sexuales (testosterona y estradiol) así como cambios en los niveles de lípidos y de la composición de ácidos grasos. Las investigaciones demostraron que el ciclo reproductivo del mejillón cebra está bien relacionado con cambios de la temperatura del agua que determina la progresión de la gametogénesis y el comienzo de la puesta. Además, se detectó una conexión entre las variaciones de los esteroides sexuales y los diferentes eventos reproductivos. Asimismo, los cambios de los niveles de lípidos indicaron una progresión anual en consonancia con las diferentes fases de la reproducción. A través del análisis multivariante de la composición de los ácidos grasos se detectaron tres pautas principales que explicaron 99% de las variaciones anuales de los 33 ácidos determinados. Estas pautas temporales de los ácidos grasos coincidieron con las tres fases principales de la reproducción (gametogénesis, puesta y descanso gonadal). Los estudios fisiológicos se acompañaron con estudios toxicológicos in vivo con el objetivo de investigar los efectos de tres contaminantes ambientales sobre el mejillón cebra: la fluoxetina, el clofibrato y el TBT. La fluoxetina modificó la homeostasis hormonal alterando significativamente los niveles del estradiol. También indujo efectivamente la puesta en mejillones expuestas a concentraciones bajas de ng/L demostrando su potencial de afectar la reproducción. El TBT interfirió con el sistema hormonal y la homeostasis lipídica del mejillón cebra a través del aumento significativo de la testosterona total y de los triglicéridos totales. Además el TBT alteró la composición de los ácidos grasos además de tener un fuerte efecto citotóxico sobre el hepatopáncreas sobre las células de los túbulos y de los conductos primarios y secundarios. El clofibrato alteró la composición lipídica a concentraciones ambientalmente relevantes. La exposición de clofibrato a corto plazo mostró un aumento significativo de los ácidos grasos libres que fue acompañado de una reducción acentuada de los triglicéridos. Por último, se realizó un estudio de campo para detectar alteraciones en el sistema endocrino y en el ciclo reproductivo de una población de mejillones cebra situado en una zona fuertemente contaminada del río Ebro (Flix). Los efectos se evaluaron en comparación con una población de referencia (Riba Roja). El estudio demostró cambios en el ciclo reproductivo que indicaron un desplazamiento temporal de la fase del desarrollo gametogénico, una reducción del periodo de la puesta y una prolongación significativo de la fase de descanso gonadal. Además se detectó un retraso en el desarrollo gonadal y una disminución del tamaño total de la gónada en animales de la zona de Flix. Se observaron también cambios en la composición de los ácidos grasos, sobre todos en los esenciales que tienen papel en procesos fisiológicos importantes, que puede tener su relación con las alteraciones observadas en la reproducción.[eng] Modern science is challenged with an overwhelming amount of potentially toxic compounds which are omnipresent in aquatic ecosystems. This calls for the development of new tools which can be integrated into toxicological investigations that would allow a reliable estimation of the effects of environmental pollution on aquatic organisms. In this context, the present thesis aimed to investigate the toxicity of a selected number of chemicals on the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha as well as to develop new toxicological endpoints to be included in future biomonitoring programs using the zebra mussel as sentinel organism. To this end, the reproductive cycle, annual variations of sex steroids and activities of steroid metabolizing enzymes as well as changes in lipid levels and fatty acid composition were investigated in zebra mussels from the Ebro River. Changes in sex steroids, enzymatic activities (17β-HSD and ATAT), total lipids and some fatty acids were successfully related with key reproductive events such as gametogenesis and spawning. Moreover, a series of exposure experiments to environmentally relevant concentrations of fluoxetine, Clofibrate and TBT were performed and evidenced: (a) significant changes in triglycerides and total fatty acids following exposure to Clofibrate; (b) that fluoxetine acts as a spawning inducer in both males and females, and (c) the ability of TBT to increase testosterone titers and total lipids in females of zebra mussel, among other effects. Finally, the health status of a zebra mussel population from a historically polluted area of the Ebro River was assessed by determining endogenous levels of testosterone and estradiol, lipids and gonadal development as markers of endocrine alteration
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Nuevas perspectivas en el uso del mejillón cebra (Dreissena polymorpha) en estudios toxicológicos del sistema acuático
'Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona', 2013Co-Authors: Lazzara RaimondoAbstract:En la tesis presentada se pretendió de desarrollar nuevas herramientas para investigar los efectos de contaminantes ambientales sobre organismos acuáticos. Por esto se eligió el mejillón cebra como organismo centinela del ecosistema de agua dulce. Se realizaron estudios de caracterización para obtener el conocimiento básico sobre el sistema reproductivo y los factores implicados en su control. En este contexto se ejecutaron estudios de campo para detectar las variaciones anuales de los esteroides sexuales (testosterona y estradiol) así como cambios en los niveles de lípidos y de la composición de ácidos grasos. Las investigaciones demostraron que el ciclo reproductivo del mejillón cebra está bien relacionado con cambios de la temperatura del agua que determina la progresión de la gametogénesis y el comienzo de la puesta. Además, se detectó una conexión entre las variaciones de los esteroides sexuales y los diferentes eventos reproductivos. Asimismo, los cambios de los niveles de lípidos indicaron una progresión anual en consonancia con las diferentes fases de la reproducción. A través del análisis multivariante de la composición de los ácidos grasos se detectaron tres pautas principales que explicaron 99% de las variaciones anuales de los 33 ácidos determinados. Estas pautas temporales de los ácidos grasos coincidieron con las tres fases principales de la reproducción (gametogénesis, puesta y descanso gonadal). Los estudios fisiológicos se acompañaron con estudios toxicológicos in vivo con el objetivo de investigar los efectos de tres contaminantes ambientales sobre el mejillón cebra: la fluoxetina, el clofibrato y el TBT. La fluoxetina modificó la homeostasis hormonal alterando significativamente los niveles del estradiol. También indujo efectivamente la puesta en mejillones expuestas a concentraciones bajas de ng/L demostrando su potencial de afectar la reproducción. El TBT interfirió con el sistema hormonal y la homeostasis lipídica del mejillón cebra a través del aumento significativo de la testosterona total y de los triglicéridos totales. Además el TBT alteró la composición de los ácidos grasos además de tener un fuerte efecto citotóxico sobre el hepatopáncreas sobre las células de los túbulos y de los conductos primarios y secundarios. El clofibrato alteró la composición lipídica a concentraciones ambientalmente relevantes. La exposición de clofibrato a corto plazo mostró un aumento significativo de los ácidos grasos libres que fue acompañado de una reducción acentuada de los triglicéridos. Por último, se realizó un estudio de campo para detectar alteraciones en el sistema endocrino y en el ciclo reproductivo de una población de mejillones cebra situado en una zona fuertemente contaminada del río Ebro (Flix). Los efectos se evaluaron en comparación con una población de referencia (Riba Roja). El estudio demostró cambios en el ciclo reproductivo que indicaron un desplazamiento temporal de la fase del desarrollo gametogénico, una reducción del periodo de la puesta y una prolongación significativo de la fase de descanso gonadal. Además se detectó un retraso en el desarrollo gonadal y una disminución del tamaño total de la gónada en animales de la zona de Flix. Se observaron también cambios en la composición de los ácidos grasos, sobre todos en los esenciales que tienen papel en procesos fisiológicos importantes, que puede tener su relación con las alteraciones observadas en la reproducción.Modern science is challenged with an overwhelming amount of potentially toxic compounds which are omnipresent in aquatic ecosystems. This calls for the development of new tools which can be integrated into toxicological investigations that would allow a reliable estimation of the effects of environmental pollution on aquatic organisms. In this context, the present thesis aimed to investigate the toxicity of a selected number of chemicals on the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha as well as to develop new toxicological endpoints to be included in future biomonitoring programs using the zebra mussel as sentinel organism. To this end, the reproductive cycle, annual variations of sex steroids and activities of steroid metabolizing enzymes as well as changes in lipid levels and fatty acid composition were investigated in zebra mussels from the Ebro River. Changes in sex steroids, enzymatic activities (17β-HSD and ATAT), total lipids and some fatty acids were successfully related with key reproductive events such as gametogenesis and spawning. Moreover, a series of exposure experiments to environmentally relevant concentrations of fluoxetine, Clofibrate and TBT were performed and evidenced: (a) significant changes in triglycerides and total fatty acids following exposure to Clofibrate; (b) that fluoxetine acts as a spawning inducer in both males and females, and (c) the ability of TBT to increase testosterone titers and total lipids in females of zebra mussel, among other effects. Finally, the health status of a zebra mussel population from a historically polluted area of the Ebro River was assessed by determining endogenous levels of testosterone and estradiol, lipids and gonadal development as markers of endocrine alteration
Jack Odle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of dietary anaplerotic and ketogenic energy sources on renal fatty acid oxidation induced by Clofibrate in suckling neonatal pigs
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020Co-Authors: Xi Lin, Brandon Pike, Jinan Zhao, Yu Fan, Yongwen Zhu, Yong Zhang, Feng Wang, Jack OdleAbstract:Maintaining an active fatty acid metabolism is important for renal growth, development, and health. We evaluated the effects of anaplerotic and ketogenic energy sources on fatty acid oxidation during stimulation with Clofibrate, a pharmacologic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist. Suckling newborn pigs (n = 72) were assigned into 8 dietary treatments following a 2 × 4 factorial design: ± Clofibrate (0.35%) and diets containing 5% of either (1) glycerol-succinate (GlySuc), (2) tri-valerate (TriC5), (3) tri-hexanoate (TriC6), or (4) tri-2-methylpentanoate (Tri2MPA). Pigs were housed individually and fed the iso-caloric milk replacer diets for 5 d. Renal fatty acid oxidation was measured in vitro in fresh tissue homogenates using [1-14C]-labeled palmitic acid. The oxidation was 30% greater in pig received Clofibrate and 25% greater (p < 0.05) in pigs fed the TriC6 diet compared to those fed diets with GlySuc, TriC5, and Tri2MPA. Addition of carnitine also stimulated the oxidation by twofold (p < 0.05). The effects of TriC6 and carnitine on palmitic acid oxidation were not altered by Clofibrate stimulation. However, renal fatty acid composition was altered by Clofibrate and Tri2MPA. In conclusion, modification of anaplerosis or ketogenesis via dietary substrates had no influence on in vitro renal palmitic acid oxidation induced by PPARα activation.
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Activation of PPARα by Oral Clofibrate Increases Renal Fatty Acid Oxidation in Developing Pigs
MDPI AG, 2017Co-Authors: Imad Khan, Xiumei Bai, Jack OdleAbstract:The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) activation by Clofibrate on both mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in the developing kidney. Ten newborn pigs from 5 litters were randomly assigned to two groups and fed either 5 mL of a control vehicle (2% Tween 80) or a vehicle containing Clofibrate (75 mg/kg body weight, treatment). The pigs received oral gavage daily for three days. In vitro fatty acid oxidation was then measured in kidneys with and without mitochondria inhibitors (antimycin A and rotenone) using [1-14C]-labeled oleic acid (C18:1) and erucic acid (C22:1) as substrates. Clofibrate significantly stimulated C18:1 and C22:1 oxidation in mitochondria (p < 0.001) but not in peroxisomes. In addition, the oxidation rate of C18:1 was greater in mitochondria than peroxisomes, while the oxidation of C22:1 was higher in peroxisomes than mitochondria (p < 0.001). Consistent with the increase in fatty acid oxidation, the mRNA abundance and enzyme activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) in mitochondria were increased. Although mRNA of mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase (mHMGCS) was increased, the β-hydroxybutyrate concentration measured in kidneys did not increase in pigs treated with Clofibrate. These findings indicate that PPARα activation stimulates renal fatty acid oxidation but not ketogenesis
Jonathan M. Wright - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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tissue specific transcriptional modulation of fatty acid binding protein genes fabp2 fabp3 and fabp6 by fatty acids and the peroxisome proliferator Clofibrate in zebrafish danio rerio
Gene, 2013Co-Authors: Ananda B Venkatachalam, Daniel L Sawler, Jonathan M. WrightAbstract:Abstract All fabp genes, except fabp2, fabp3 and fabp6, exist as duplicates in the zebrafish genome owing to a whole genome duplication event ~ 230–400 million years ago. Transcription of some duplicated fabp genes is modulated by fatty acids (FAs) and/or Clofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist. We had also shown previously that the steady-state level of acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (acox1) mRNA, a marker of PPARα activation, was elevated in liver, intestine, heart and muscle of fish fed Clofibrate demonstrating that zebrafish, unlike some fishes, is responsive to this drug. acox1 transcripts were not induced in the brain of fish fed Clofibrate, which suggests this drug may not cross the blood brain barrier. Here, we investigated the effect of dietary FAs and Clofibrate on the transcription of single copy fabp genes, fabp2, fabp3 and fabp6, in five tissues of inbred zebrafish. The steady-state level of fabp2 transcripts increased in intestine, while fabp3 mRNA increased in liver of fish fed diets differing in FA content. In fish fed Clofibrate, fabp3 mRNA in intestine, and fabp6 mRNA in intestine and heart, were elevated. Based on these findings, modulation of fabp2, fabp3 and fabp6 transcription by FAs and/or Clofibrate in zebrafish implicates control of these genes by PPAR interaction with peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPRE) most likely in fabp promoters. Moreover, transcriptional induction of these fabp genes by dietary FAs and/or Clofibrate is over-ridden by a tissue-specific mechanism(s), e.g., transcriptional activator or repressor proteins.
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Tissue-specific differential induction of duplicated fatty acid-binding protein genes by the peroxisome proliferator, Clofibrate, in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2012Co-Authors: Ananda B Venkatachalam, Santosh P Lall, Eileen M Denovan-wright, Jonathan M. WrightAbstract:Background Force, Lynch and Conery proposed the duplication-degeneration-complementation (DDC) model in which partitioning of ancestral functions (subfunctionalization) and acquisition of novel functions (neofunctionalization) were the two primary mechanisms for the retention of duplicated genes. The DDC model was tested by analyzing the transcriptional induction of the duplicated fatty acid-binding protein ( fabp ) genes by Clofibrate in zebrafish. Clofibrate is a specific ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR); it activates PPAR which then binds to a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) to induce the transcriptional initiation of genes primarily involved in lipid homeostasis. Zebrafish was chosen as our model organism as it has many duplicated genes owing to a whole genome duplication (WGD) event that occurred ~230-400 million years ago in the teleost fish lineage. We assayed the steady-state levels of fabp mRNA and heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) transcripts in liver, intestine, muscle, brain and heart for four sets of duplicated fabp genes, fabp1a/fabp1b.1/fabp1b.2, fabp7a/fabp7b, fabp10a/fabp10b and fabp11a/fabp11b in zebrafish fed different concentrations of Clofibrate. Result Electron microscopy showed an increase in the number of peroxisomes and mitochondria in liver and heart, respectively, in zebrafish fed Clofibrate. Clofibrate also increased the steady-state level of acox1 mRNA and hnRNA transcripts in different tissues, a gene with a functional PPRE. These results demonstrate that zebrafish is responsive to Clofibrate, unlike some other fishes. The levels of fabp mRNA and hnRNA transcripts for the four sets of duplicated fabp genes was determined by reverse transcription, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The level of hnRNA coded by a gene is an indirect estimate of the rate of transcriptional initiation of that gene. Clofibrate increased the steady-state level of fabp mRNAs and hnRNAs for both the duplicated copies of fabp1a/fabp1b.1, and fabp7a/fabp7b , but in different tissues. Clofibrate also increased the steady-state level of fabp10a and fabp11a mRNAs and hnRNAs in liver , but not for fabp10b and fabp11b . Conclusion Some duplicated fabp genes have, most likely, retained PPREs, but induction by Clofibrate is over-ridden by an, as yet, unknown tissue-specific mechanism(s). Regardless of the tissue-specific mechanism(s), transcriptional control of duplicated zebrafish fabp genes by Clofibrate has markedly diverged since the WGD event.
Douglas B Mcgill - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ursodeoxycholic acid or Clofibrate in the treatment of non alcohol induced steatohepatitis a pilot study
Hepatology, 1996Co-Authors: Jacqueline M Laurin, Keith D Lindor, Jeffrey S Crippin, Andrea A Gossard, Gregory J Gores, Jurgen Ludwig, Jorge Rakela, Douglas B McgillAbstract:Non-alcohol-induced steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by elevated serum aminotransferase activities with hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and occasionally fibrosis that may progress to cirrhosis. No established treatment exists for this potentially serious disorder. Our aim was to conduct a pilot study to evaluate the safety and estimate the efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and Clofibrate in the treatment of NASH. Forty patients were diagnosed with NASH based on a compatible liver biopsy with other causes of liver disease, including alcohol abuse, excluded by history, serum tests, and use of ultrasound. Twenty-four patients received 13 to 15 mg/kg/d of UDCA for 12 months. Sixteen patients with hypertriglyceridemia were placed on Clofibrate, 2 g/day for 12 months. Twenty-five women and 15 men entered the study. Six of 40 patients (15%) withdrew because of side effects. Four additional patients were withdrawn because of noncompliance; one of them later required liver transplantation. In the UDCA group, the decreases in mean serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) as well as histological grade of steatosis were significant. Among the patients treated with Clofibrate, no change from baseline was found in mean ALT, aspartate transaminase (AST), GGT, bilirubin, triglycerides, and cholesterol, or in histological grade of steatosis, inflammation, or fibrosis after 12 months of treatment as compared with entry. Alkaline phosphatase activities decreased significantly from baseline. Despite the known lipid-lowering effects of Clofibrate, it did not appear to be of clinical benefit in the treatment of NASH in this 1-year pilot study. However, treatment of NASH with UDCA for 12 months resulted in significant improvement in alkaline phosphatase, ALT, GGT, and hepatic steatosis. The possible benefit of UDCA therapy should be further investigated in the context of a randomized, controlled trial.
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ursodeoxycholic acid or Clofibrate in the treatment of non alcohol induced steatohepatitis a pilot study
Hepatology, 1996Co-Authors: Jacqueline M Laurin, Keith D Lindor, Jeffrey S Crippin, Andrea A Gossard, Gregory J Gores, Jurgen Ludwig, Jorge Rakela, Douglas B McgillAbstract:Abstract Non-alcohol-induced steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by elevated serum aminotransferase activities with hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and occasionally fibrosis that may progress to cirrhosis. No established treatment exists for this potentially serious disorder. Our aim was to conduct a pilot study to evaluate the safety and estimate the efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and Clofibrate in the treatment of NASH. Forty patients were diagnosed with NASH based on a compatible liver biopsy with other causes of liver disease, including alcohol abuse, excluded by history, serum tests, and use of ultrasound. Twenty-four patients received 13 to 15 mg/kg/d of UDCA for 12 months. Sixteen patients with hypertriglyceridemia were placed on Clofibrate, 2 g/day for 12 months. Twenty-five women and 15 men entered the study. Six of 40 patients (15%) withdrew because of side effects. Four additional patients were withdrawn because of noncompliance; one of them later required liver transplantation. In the UDCA group, the decreases in mean serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) as well as histological grade of steatosis were significant. Among the patients treated with Clofibrate, no change from baseline was found in mean ALT, aspartate transaminase (AST), GGT, bilirubin, triglycerides, and cholesterol, or in histological grade of steatosis, inflammation, or fibrosis after 12 months of treatment as compared with entry. Alkaline phosphatase activities decreased significantly from baseline. Despite the known lipid-lowering effects of Clofibrate, it did not appear to be of clinical benefit in the treatment of NASH in this 1-year pilot study. However, treatment of NASH with UDCA for 12 months resulted in significant improvement in alkaline phosphatase, ALT, GGT, and hepatic steatosis. The possible benefit of UDCA therapy should be further investigated in the context of a randomized, controlled trial. (Hepatology 1996 Jun;23(6):1464-7)
Ananda B Venkatachalam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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tissue specific transcriptional modulation of fatty acid binding protein genes fabp2 fabp3 and fabp6 by fatty acids and the peroxisome proliferator Clofibrate in zebrafish danio rerio
Gene, 2013Co-Authors: Ananda B Venkatachalam, Daniel L Sawler, Jonathan M. WrightAbstract:Abstract All fabp genes, except fabp2, fabp3 and fabp6, exist as duplicates in the zebrafish genome owing to a whole genome duplication event ~ 230–400 million years ago. Transcription of some duplicated fabp genes is modulated by fatty acids (FAs) and/or Clofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist. We had also shown previously that the steady-state level of acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (acox1) mRNA, a marker of PPARα activation, was elevated in liver, intestine, heart and muscle of fish fed Clofibrate demonstrating that zebrafish, unlike some fishes, is responsive to this drug. acox1 transcripts were not induced in the brain of fish fed Clofibrate, which suggests this drug may not cross the blood brain barrier. Here, we investigated the effect of dietary FAs and Clofibrate on the transcription of single copy fabp genes, fabp2, fabp3 and fabp6, in five tissues of inbred zebrafish. The steady-state level of fabp2 transcripts increased in intestine, while fabp3 mRNA increased in liver of fish fed diets differing in FA content. In fish fed Clofibrate, fabp3 mRNA in intestine, and fabp6 mRNA in intestine and heart, were elevated. Based on these findings, modulation of fabp2, fabp3 and fabp6 transcription by FAs and/or Clofibrate in zebrafish implicates control of these genes by PPAR interaction with peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPRE) most likely in fabp promoters. Moreover, transcriptional induction of these fabp genes by dietary FAs and/or Clofibrate is over-ridden by a tissue-specific mechanism(s), e.g., transcriptional activator or repressor proteins.
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Tissue-specific differential induction of duplicated fatty acid-binding protein genes by the peroxisome proliferator, Clofibrate, in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2012Co-Authors: Ananda B Venkatachalam, Santosh P Lall, Eileen M Denovan-wright, Jonathan M. WrightAbstract:Background Force, Lynch and Conery proposed the duplication-degeneration-complementation (DDC) model in which partitioning of ancestral functions (subfunctionalization) and acquisition of novel functions (neofunctionalization) were the two primary mechanisms for the retention of duplicated genes. The DDC model was tested by analyzing the transcriptional induction of the duplicated fatty acid-binding protein ( fabp ) genes by Clofibrate in zebrafish. Clofibrate is a specific ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR); it activates PPAR which then binds to a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) to induce the transcriptional initiation of genes primarily involved in lipid homeostasis. Zebrafish was chosen as our model organism as it has many duplicated genes owing to a whole genome duplication (WGD) event that occurred ~230-400 million years ago in the teleost fish lineage. We assayed the steady-state levels of fabp mRNA and heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) transcripts in liver, intestine, muscle, brain and heart for four sets of duplicated fabp genes, fabp1a/fabp1b.1/fabp1b.2, fabp7a/fabp7b, fabp10a/fabp10b and fabp11a/fabp11b in zebrafish fed different concentrations of Clofibrate. Result Electron microscopy showed an increase in the number of peroxisomes and mitochondria in liver and heart, respectively, in zebrafish fed Clofibrate. Clofibrate also increased the steady-state level of acox1 mRNA and hnRNA transcripts in different tissues, a gene with a functional PPRE. These results demonstrate that zebrafish is responsive to Clofibrate, unlike some other fishes. The levels of fabp mRNA and hnRNA transcripts for the four sets of duplicated fabp genes was determined by reverse transcription, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The level of hnRNA coded by a gene is an indirect estimate of the rate of transcriptional initiation of that gene. Clofibrate increased the steady-state level of fabp mRNAs and hnRNAs for both the duplicated copies of fabp1a/fabp1b.1, and fabp7a/fabp7b , but in different tissues. Clofibrate also increased the steady-state level of fabp10a and fabp11a mRNAs and hnRNAs in liver , but not for fabp10b and fabp11b . Conclusion Some duplicated fabp genes have, most likely, retained PPREs, but induction by Clofibrate is over-ridden by an, as yet, unknown tissue-specific mechanism(s). Regardless of the tissue-specific mechanism(s), transcriptional control of duplicated zebrafish fabp genes by Clofibrate has markedly diverged since the WGD event.