The Experts below are selected from a list of 300 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jill G Klein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cognitive Dissonance how self protective distortions can undermine clinical judgement
Medical Education, 2019Co-Authors: Jill G Klein, Geoff MccollAbstract:CONTEXT: When errors occur in clinical settings, it is important that they are recognised without defensiveness so that prompt corrective action can be taken and learning can occur. Cognitive Dissonance - the uncomfortable tension we experience when we hold two or more inconsistent beliefs - can hinder our ability to respond optimally to error. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to describe the effects of Cognitive Dissonance, a construct developed and tested in social psychology. We discuss the circumstances under which Dissonance is most likely to occur, provide examples of how it may influence clinical practice, discuss potential remedies and suggest future research to test these remedies in the clinical context. METHODS: We apply research on Cognitive Dissonance from social psychology to clinical settings. We examine the factors that make Dissonance most likely to occur. We illustrate the power of Cognitive Dissonance through two medical examples: one from history and one that is ongoing. Finally, we explore moderators at various stages of the Dissonance process to identify potential remedies. RESULTS: We show that there is great opportunity for Cognitive Dissonance to distort judgements, delay optimal responses and hinder learning in clinical settings. We present a model of the phases of Cognitive Dissonance, and suggestions for preventing Dissonance, reducing the distortions that can arise from Dissonance and inhibiting Dissonance-induced escalation of commitment. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive Dissonance has been studied for decades in social psychology but has not had much influence on medical education research. We argue that the construct of Cognitive Dissonance is very relevant to the clinical context and to medical education. Dissonance has the potential to interfere with learning, to hinder the process of coping effectively with error, and to make the accepting of change difficult. Fortunately, there is the potential to reduce the negative impact of Cognitive Dissonance in clinical practice.
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Cognitive Dissonance: how self‐protective distortions can undermine clinical judgement
Medical Education, 2019Co-Authors: Jill G Klein, Geoff MccollAbstract:CONTEXT: When errors occur in clinical settings, it is important that they are recognised without defensiveness so that prompt corrective action can be taken and learning can occur. Cognitive Dissonance - the uncomfortable tension we experience when we hold two or more inconsistent beliefs - can hinder our ability to respond optimally to error. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to describe the effects of Cognitive Dissonance, a construct developed and tested in social psychology. We discuss the circumstances under which Dissonance is most likely to occur, provide examples of how it may influence clinical practice, discuss potential remedies and suggest future research to test these remedies in the clinical context. METHODS: We apply research on Cognitive Dissonance from social psychology to clinical settings. We examine the factors that make Dissonance most likely to occur. We illustrate the power of Cognitive Dissonance through two medical examples: one from history and one that is ongoing. Finally, we explore moderators at various stages of the Dissonance process to identify potential remedies. RESULTS: We show that there is great opportunity for Cognitive Dissonance to distort judgements, delay optimal responses and hinder learning in clinical settings. We present a model of the phases of Cognitive Dissonance, and suggestions for preventing Dissonance, reducing the distortions that can arise from Dissonance and inhibiting Dissonance-induced escalation of commitment. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive Dissonance has been studied for decades in social psychology but has not had much influence on medical education research. We argue that the construct of Cognitive Dissonance is very relevant to the clinical context and to medical education. Dissonance has the potential to interfere with learning, to hinder the process of coping effectively with error, and to make the accepting of change difficult. Fortunately, there is the potential to reduce the negative impact of Cognitive Dissonance in clinical practice.
Geoff Mccoll - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cognitive Dissonance how self protective distortions can undermine clinical judgement
Medical Education, 2019Co-Authors: Jill G Klein, Geoff MccollAbstract:CONTEXT: When errors occur in clinical settings, it is important that they are recognised without defensiveness so that prompt corrective action can be taken and learning can occur. Cognitive Dissonance - the uncomfortable tension we experience when we hold two or more inconsistent beliefs - can hinder our ability to respond optimally to error. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to describe the effects of Cognitive Dissonance, a construct developed and tested in social psychology. We discuss the circumstances under which Dissonance is most likely to occur, provide examples of how it may influence clinical practice, discuss potential remedies and suggest future research to test these remedies in the clinical context. METHODS: We apply research on Cognitive Dissonance from social psychology to clinical settings. We examine the factors that make Dissonance most likely to occur. We illustrate the power of Cognitive Dissonance through two medical examples: one from history and one that is ongoing. Finally, we explore moderators at various stages of the Dissonance process to identify potential remedies. RESULTS: We show that there is great opportunity for Cognitive Dissonance to distort judgements, delay optimal responses and hinder learning in clinical settings. We present a model of the phases of Cognitive Dissonance, and suggestions for preventing Dissonance, reducing the distortions that can arise from Dissonance and inhibiting Dissonance-induced escalation of commitment. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive Dissonance has been studied for decades in social psychology but has not had much influence on medical education research. We argue that the construct of Cognitive Dissonance is very relevant to the clinical context and to medical education. Dissonance has the potential to interfere with learning, to hinder the process of coping effectively with error, and to make the accepting of change difficult. Fortunately, there is the potential to reduce the negative impact of Cognitive Dissonance in clinical practice.
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Cognitive Dissonance: how self‐protective distortions can undermine clinical judgement
Medical Education, 2019Co-Authors: Jill G Klein, Geoff MccollAbstract:CONTEXT: When errors occur in clinical settings, it is important that they are recognised without defensiveness so that prompt corrective action can be taken and learning can occur. Cognitive Dissonance - the uncomfortable tension we experience when we hold two or more inconsistent beliefs - can hinder our ability to respond optimally to error. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to describe the effects of Cognitive Dissonance, a construct developed and tested in social psychology. We discuss the circumstances under which Dissonance is most likely to occur, provide examples of how it may influence clinical practice, discuss potential remedies and suggest future research to test these remedies in the clinical context. METHODS: We apply research on Cognitive Dissonance from social psychology to clinical settings. We examine the factors that make Dissonance most likely to occur. We illustrate the power of Cognitive Dissonance through two medical examples: one from history and one that is ongoing. Finally, we explore moderators at various stages of the Dissonance process to identify potential remedies. RESULTS: We show that there is great opportunity for Cognitive Dissonance to distort judgements, delay optimal responses and hinder learning in clinical settings. We present a model of the phases of Cognitive Dissonance, and suggestions for preventing Dissonance, reducing the distortions that can arise from Dissonance and inhibiting Dissonance-induced escalation of commitment. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive Dissonance has been studied for decades in social psychology but has not had much influence on medical education research. We argue that the construct of Cognitive Dissonance is very relevant to the clinical context and to medical education. Dissonance has the potential to interfere with learning, to hinder the process of coping effectively with error, and to make the accepting of change difficult. Fortunately, there is the potential to reduce the negative impact of Cognitive Dissonance in clinical practice.
Ebonya L Washington - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sticking with your vote Cognitive Dissonance and political attitudes
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2009Co-Authors: Sendhil Mullainathan, Ebonya L WashingtonAbstract:Cognitive Dissonance theory predicts that the act of voting for a candidate leads to a more favorable opinion of the candidate in the future. We find support for the empirical relevance of Cognitive Dissonance to political attitudes. We examine the presidential opinion ratings of voting-age eligibles and ineligibles two years after the president's election. We find that eligibles show two to three times greater polarization of opinions than comparable ineligibles. We find smaller effects when we compare polarization in opinions of senators elected during high turnout presidential campaign years with senators elected during nonpresidential campaign years. (JEL D72)
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sticking with your vote Cognitive Dissonance and voting
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007Co-Authors: Sendhil Mullainathan, Ebonya L WashingtonAbstract:In traditional models, votes are an expression of preferences and beliefs. Psychological theories of Cognitive Dissonance suggest, however, that behavior may shape preferences. In this view, the very act of voting may influence political attitudes. A vote for a candidate may lead to more favorable interpretations of his actions in the future. We test the empirical relevance of Cognitive Dissonance in US Presidential elections. The key problem in such a test is the endogeneity of voter choice which leads to a mechanical relationship between voting and preferences. We use the voting age restrictions to help surmount this difficulty. We examine the Presidential opinion ratings of nineteen and twenty year olds two years after the President's election. Consistent with Cognitive Dissonance, we find that twenty year olds (who were eligible to vote in the election) show greater polarization of opinions than comparable nineteen year olds (who were ineligible to vote). We rule out that aging drives these results in two ways. First, we find no polarization differences in years in which twenty and nineteen year olds would not have differed in their eligibility to vote in the prior Presidential election. Second, we show a similar effect when we compare polarization (for all age groups) in opinions of Senators elected during high turnout Presidential campaign years with Senators elected during low turnout non-Presidential campaign years. Thus we find empirical support for the relevance of Cognitive Dissonance to voting behavior. This finding has at least three implications for the dynamics of voting behavior. First, it offers a new rationale for the incumbency advantage. Second, it suggests that there is an efficiency argument for term limits. And finally, our results demonstrate that efficiency may not be increasing in turnout level.
Sendhil Mullainathan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sticking with your vote Cognitive Dissonance and political attitudes
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2009Co-Authors: Sendhil Mullainathan, Ebonya L WashingtonAbstract:Cognitive Dissonance theory predicts that the act of voting for a candidate leads to a more favorable opinion of the candidate in the future. We find support for the empirical relevance of Cognitive Dissonance to political attitudes. We examine the presidential opinion ratings of voting-age eligibles and ineligibles two years after the president's election. We find that eligibles show two to three times greater polarization of opinions than comparable ineligibles. We find smaller effects when we compare polarization in opinions of senators elected during high turnout presidential campaign years with senators elected during nonpresidential campaign years. (JEL D72)
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sticking with your vote Cognitive Dissonance and voting
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007Co-Authors: Sendhil Mullainathan, Ebonya L WashingtonAbstract:In traditional models, votes are an expression of preferences and beliefs. Psychological theories of Cognitive Dissonance suggest, however, that behavior may shape preferences. In this view, the very act of voting may influence political attitudes. A vote for a candidate may lead to more favorable interpretations of his actions in the future. We test the empirical relevance of Cognitive Dissonance in US Presidential elections. The key problem in such a test is the endogeneity of voter choice which leads to a mechanical relationship between voting and preferences. We use the voting age restrictions to help surmount this difficulty. We examine the Presidential opinion ratings of nineteen and twenty year olds two years after the President's election. Consistent with Cognitive Dissonance, we find that twenty year olds (who were eligible to vote in the election) show greater polarization of opinions than comparable nineteen year olds (who were ineligible to vote). We rule out that aging drives these results in two ways. First, we find no polarization differences in years in which twenty and nineteen year olds would not have differed in their eligibility to vote in the prior Presidential election. Second, we show a similar effect when we compare polarization (for all age groups) in opinions of Senators elected during high turnout Presidential campaign years with Senators elected during low turnout non-Presidential campaign years. Thus we find empirical support for the relevance of Cognitive Dissonance to voting behavior. This finding has at least three implications for the dynamics of voting behavior. First, it offers a new rationale for the incumbency advantage. Second, it suggests that there is an efficiency argument for term limits. And finally, our results demonstrate that efficiency may not be increasing in turnout level.
Mohammad Rahim Esfidani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the impacts of relationship marketing on Cognitive Dissonance satisfaction and loyalty
International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 2014Co-Authors: Seyed Shahin Sharifi, Mohammad Rahim EsfidaniAbstract:Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study how relationship marketing can reduce Cognitive Dissonance in post-purchase stage and, thereby, increase customer satisfaction and encourage loyalty under mediating roles of trust and Cognitive Dissonance. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a survey on consumers of cell phones, the authors tested the effects of relationship marketing on Cognitive Dissonance and then customer satisfaction, behavioural, and attitudinal loyalty, using structural equation modelling. Findings – The results indicate that, thanks to relationship marketing, consumers undertook less Cognitive Dissonance in post-purchase stage. Thus, as consumers faced less Cognitive Dissonance, they represented more satisfaction and thereby behavioural and attitudinal loyalty. Additionally, the study confirmed the mediating role of trust and Cognitive Dissonance. Practical implications – The results show that when brands and retailers make their ties with their customers stronger and encourage tr...