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Peter Pirolli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • snif act a Cognitive Model of user navigation on the world wide web
    Human-Computer Interaction, 2007
    Co-Authors: Peter Pirolli
    Abstract:

    We describe the development of a computational Cognitive Model that explains navigation behavior on the World Wide Web. The Model, called SNIF-ACT (Scent-based Navigation and Information Foraging in the ACT Cognitive architecture), is motivated by Information Foraging Theory (IFT), which quantifies the perceived relevance of a Web link to a user's goal by a spreading activation mechanism. The Model assumes that users evaluate links on a Web page sequentially and decide to click on a link or to go back to the previous page by a Bayesian satisficing Model (BSM) that adaptively evaluates and selects actions based on a combination of previous and current assessments of the relevance of link texts to information goals. SNIF-ACT 1.0 utilizes the measure of utility, called information scent, derived from IFT to predict rankings of links on different Web pages. The Model was tested against a detailed set of protocol data collected from 8 participants as they engaged in two information-seeking tasks using the World Wide Web. The Model provided a good match to participants' link selections. In SNIF-ACT 2.0, we included the adaptive link selection mechanism from the BSM that sequentially evaluates links on a Web page. The mechanism allowed the Model to dynamically build up the aspiration levels of actions in a satisficing process (e.g., to follow a link or leave a Web site) as it sequential assessed link texts on a Web page. The dynamic mechanism provides an integrated account of how and when users decide to click on a link or leave a page based on the sequential, ongoing experiences with the link context on current and previous Web pages. SNIF-ACT 2.0 was validated on a data set obtained from 74 subjects. Monte Carlo simulations of the Model showed that SNIF-ACT 2.0 provided better fits to human data than SNIF-ACT 1.0 and a Position Model that used position of links on a Web page to decide which link to select. We conclude that the combination of the IFT and the BSM provides a good description of user-Web interaction. Practical implications of the Model are discussed.

  • snif act a Cognitive Model of user navigation on the world wide web
    Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2007
    Co-Authors: Peter Pirolli
    Abstract:

    SNIF-ACT: A Cognitive Model of User Navigation on the World Wide Web Wai-Tat Fu (wfu@uiuc.edu) Human Factors Division and Beckman Institute University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 405 North Mathews Avenue Urbana, IL 61801, USA Peter Pirolli (pirolli@parc.com) Palo Alto Research Center 3333 Coyote Hill Rd Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA pages. SNIF-ACT 2.0 was validated on a data set obtained from 74 subjects. Monte Carlo simulations of the Model showed that SNIF-ACT 2.0 provided better fits to human data than SNIF-ACT 1.0 and a Position Model that used position of links on a Web page to decide which link to select. We conclude that the combination of the IFT and the BSM provides a good description of user-Web interaction. Practical implications of the Model will be discussed. Keywords: Information Seeking, Cognitive Models, Reinforcement Learning, Bayesian Satisficing Model. We will present a computational Cognitive Model that simulates how people seek information on the Web (Fu & Pirolli, 2007). This Model is called SNIF-ACT, which stands for Scent-based Navigation and Information Foraging in the ACT architecture. SNIF-ACT provides an account of how people use information scent cues, such as the text associated with Web links, in order to make navigation decisions such as judging where to go next on the Web, or when to give up on a particular path of knowledge search. SNIF-ACT is shaped by rational analyses of the Web developed by combining the Bayesian satisficing Model (Fu & Gray, 2006; Fu, 2007) with the information foraging theory (Pirolli & Card, 1999). We will describe the current status of the SNIF-ACT Model and the results from testing the Model against two data sets from real-world human subjects. At this point, our goal is to validate the Model’s predictions on unfamiliar information-seeking tasks for general users. Our Model was successful in predicting users’ behavior in these tasks, especially in identifying the “attractor” pages that most users visited. We will focus on the newest development of the Model called SNIF-ACT 2.0 here. In this version, we included an adaptive link selection mechanism that sequentially evaluates links on a Web page according to their position. The mechanism was derived based on a rational analysis of link selection on a Web page and the process of satisficing in action selection (Simon, 1956). The mechanism allowed the Model to dynamically update the evaluation of actions (e.g., to follow a link or leave a Web site) based on sequential assessments of link texts on a Web page. This dynamic assessment allows online adjustment of the aspiration levels of different actions in the satisficing process based on the information scent values of links as well as implicit feedback (or reinforcement) received during each action cycle (Fu & Anderson, 2006), such that the action selection process is directly influenced by the content of the Web page. For example, the Model’s decision on when to click on a link or leave a page will be sensitive to experiences with previously visited links and Acknowledgments Portions of this research have been supported by funding from the Human Factors Division and Beckman Institute of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to the first author, and an Office of Naval Research Contract No. N00014-96-C-0097 and Advanced Research and Development Activity, Novel Intelligence from Massive Data Program Contract No. MDA904-03-C-0404 to the second author. References Fu, W.-T. (2007), Adaptive Tradeoffs between Exploration and Exploitation: A Rational-ecological Approach. Exploitation: A Rational-Ecological Approach. In Gray, W.D. (Ed), Integrated Models of Cognitive Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press.. In Gray, W.D. (Ed), Integrated Models of Cognitive Systems, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fu, W.-T., Anderson, J. R. (2006), From Recurrent Choice to Skilled Learning: A Reinforcement Learning Model Learning: A Reinforcement Learning Model.. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135(2), 184-206. Fu, W.-T., & Gray, W. D. (2006). Suboptimal Tradeoffs in Information-Seeking. Cognitive Psychology 52, 195-242. Fu, W.-T., & Pirolli, P. (2007). SNIF-ACT: A Cognitive Model of User Navigation on the World Wide Web. Human Computer Interaction. Pirolli, P. & Card, S.K. (1999). Information foraging. Psychological Review, 106, 643-675. Simon, HA. (1956). Rational choice and the structure of environments. Psychological Review, 63, 129-13

Robert W Lent - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • prediction of job search intentions and behaviors testing the social Cognitive Model of career self management
    Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Robert H Lim, Robert W Lent, Lee T Penn
    Abstract:

    We present 2 studies testing the recently developed social-Cognitive Model of career self-management (Lent & Brown, 2013) in the context of the job search process. In the first study, a sample of 243 unemployed job seekers completed measures of job search self-efficacy, outcome expectations, social support, search intentions, conscientiousness, and perceived control (or volition) over the outcomes of the job search. The latter variable was added to the social-Cognitive Model to examine the possibility, derived from the psychology of working perspective, that perceived volition might moderate the relation of self-efficacy to job search intentions. The second study included 240 graduating college seniors and focused on the utility of the social-Cognitive, personality, and perceived outcome control variables in predicting active engagement in the job search process. Path analyses indicated that the Model generally fit the data well in both studies. In Study 1, self-efficacy and outcome expectations mediated the relations of the other predictors to job search intentions. In Study 2, job search intentions produced the primary direct path to subsequent job search behaviors; conscientiousness, support, and outcome control related to job search behavior indirectly through self-efficacy and its linkage to intentions. Outcome control moderated self-efficacy/intention relations only in Study 2, and the pattern of moderation was contrary to expectations. Implications for further inquiry and practice with job seekers are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

  • applying the social Cognitive Model of career self management to career exploration and decision making
    Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2016
    Co-Authors: Robert W Lent, Ijeoma Ezeofor, Ashley M Morrison, Lee T Penn, Glenn W Ireland
    Abstract:

    Abstract We present two studies applying the social Cognitive Model of career self-management (Lent & Brown, 2013) to career exploration and decision-making outcomes in college students. In the first study (N = 180 college students), we developed a new, brief measure of career exploration and decision-making self-efficacy for use in subsequent Model testing. The measure yielded two factors, decisional self-efficacy and coping efficacy, with adequate internal consistency reliability estimates. The decisional self-efficacy factor related strongly to an established measure of career decision self-efficacy and produced theory consistent relations with measures of outcome expectations, social support, conscientiousness, exploration goals, prior engagement in career exploration, decisional anxiety, and level of career decidedness. In the second study ( N  = 215 college students), we re-examined the factor structure of the new self-efficacy measure and used it to assess the tenability of the self-management Model in a path analysis predicting exploration goals, decisional anxiety, and career decidedness. The Model fit the data well overall, though certain predictors were linked to the criterion variables only indirectly via mediated pathways. Implications of the findings for the social Cognitive Model as well as for future research and practice are considered.

  • social Cognitive Model of career self management toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life span
    Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Robert W Lent, Steven D. Brown
    Abstract:

    : Social Cognitive career theory (SCCT) currently consists of 4 overlapping, segmental Models aimed at understanding educational and occupational interest development, choice-making, performance and persistence, and satisfaction/well-being. To this point, the theory has emphasized content aspects of career behavior, for instance, prediction of the types of activities, school subjects, or career fields that form the basis for people's educational/vocational interests and choice paths. However, SCCT may also lend itself to study of many process aspects of career behavior, including such issues as how people manage normative tasks and cope with the myriad challenges involved in career preparation, entry, adjustment, and change, regardless of the specific educational and occupational fields they inhabit. Such a process focus can augment and considerably expand the range of the dependent variables for which SCCT was initially designed. Building on SCCT's existing Models, we present a social Cognitive Model of career self-management and offer examples of the adaptive, process behaviors to which it can be applied (e.g., career decision making/exploration, job searching, career advancement, negotiation of work transitions and multiple roles).

  • multicultural counseling self efficacy scale racial diversity form factor structure and test of a social Cognitive Model
    Psychotherapy Research, 2012
    Co-Authors: Hungbin Sheu, Marybeth Rigalioiler, Robert W Lent
    Abstract:

    Abstract This study was conducted to gather evidence on the factor structure and concurrent criterion validity of the Multicultural Counseling Self-Efficacy Scale – Racial Diversity Form (MCSE-RD; Sheu & Lent, 2007). The MCSE-RD was designed to assess therapists' perceived capabilities in performing culturally relevant in-session behaviors in cross-racial counseling. Participants were 209 students in counseling-related graduate programs in the USA. Confirmatory factor analyses identified a bifactor structure in which responses to MCSE-RD items could be explained by one generic and three multicultural-specific counseling self-efficacy factors. Support was also found for a social Cognitive Model in which self-efficacy and interests in multicultural counseling mediated the effects of prior cross-racial client contacts and perceptions of multicultural training environments on intent to perform multicultural counseling in the future. Additionally, outcome expectations were predictive of multicultural counselin...

  • multicultural counseling self efficacy scale racial diversity form factor structure and test of a social Cognitive Model
    Psychotherapy Research, 2012
    Co-Authors: Hungbin Sheu, Marybeth Rigalioiler, Robert W Lent
    Abstract:

    This study was conducted to gather evidence on the factor structure and concurrent criterion validity of the multicultural counseling self-efficacy scale-racial diversity form (MCSE-RD; Sheu & Lent, 2007). The MCSE-RD was designed to assess therapists' perceived capabilities in performing culturally relevant in-session behaviors in cross-racial counseling. Participants were 209 students in counseling-related graduate programs in the USA. Confirmatory factor analyses identified a bifactor structure in which responses to MCSE-RD items could be explained by one generic and three multicultural-specific counseling self-efficacy factors. Support was also found for a social Cognitive Model in which self-efficacy and interests in multicultural counseling mediated the effects of prior cross-racial client contacts and perceptions of multicultural training environments on intent to perform multicultural counseling in the future. Additionally, outcome expectations were predictive of multicultural counseling interests and choice goals. Implications for multicultural training and directions for future research are highlighted.

David M. Clark - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Understanding Social Anxiety Disorder in Adolescents and Improving Treatment Outcomes: Applying the Cognitive Model of Clark and Wells (1995)
    Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2018
    Co-Authors: Eleanor Leigh, David M. Clark
    Abstract:

    Social anxiety disorder is a condition characterised by a marked and persistent fear of being humiliated or scrutinised by others. Age-of-onset data point to adolescence as a developmentally sensitive period for the emergence of the condition, at a time when the peer group becomes increasingly important. Social anxiety in adolescence is associated with considerable impairment that persists through to adulthood. There are clear potential benefits to delivering effective interventions during adolescence. However, there is limited evidence on the specific efficacy of available therapies. This is in contrast to adults, for whom we have interventions with very specific treatment effects. One such treatment is individual Cognitive therapy. Cognitive therapy is based on the Cognitive Model of social anxiety proposed by Clark and Wells (in: Heimberg, Leibowitz, Hope, Scheiber (eds) Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment and treatment, The Guilford Press, New York, 1995 ). The present review examines the potential application of this adult Cognitive Model to the understanding of adolescent social anxiety and considers additional adolescent-specific factors that need to be accommodated. It is suggested that a developmentally sensitive adoption of the Cognitive Model of social anxiety disorder (Clark and Wells 1995 ) for adolescents may lead to better treatment outcomes.

  • a Cognitive Model of posttraumatic stress disorder
    Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2000
    Co-Authors: Anke Ehlers, David M. Clark
    Abstract:

    Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common reaction to traumatic events. Many people recover in the ensuing months, but in a significant subgroup the symptoms persist, often for years. A Cognitive Model of persistence of PTSD is proposed. It is suggested that PTSD becomes persistent when individuals process the trauma in a way that leads to a sense of serious, current threat. The sense of threat arises as a consequence of: (1) excessively negative appraisals of the trauma and/or its sequelae and (2) a disturbance of autobiographical memory characterised by poor elaboration and contextualization, strong associative memory and strong perceptual priming. Change in the negative appraisals and the trauma memory are prevented by a series of problematic behavioural and Cognitive strategies. The Model is consistent with the main clinical features of PTSD, helps explain several apparently puzzling phenomena and provides a framework for treatment by identifying three key targets for change. Recent studies have provided preliminary support for several aspects of the Model.

Antje Horsch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Testing a Cognitive Model to predict posttraumatic stress disorder following childbirth
    BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2017
    Co-Authors: Lydia King, Kirstie Mckenzie-mcharg, Antje Horsch
    Abstract:

    Background One third of women describes their childbirth as traumatic and between 0.8 and 6.9% goes on to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Cognitive Model of PTSD has been shown to be applicable to a range of trauma samples. However, childbirth is qualitatively different to other trauma types and special consideration needs to be taken when applying it to this population. Previous studies have investigated some Cognitive variables in isolation but no study has so far looked at all the key processes described in the Cognitive Model. This study therefore aimed to investigate whether theoretically-derived variables of the Cognitive Model explain unique variance in postnatal PTSD symptoms when key demographic, obstetric and clinical risk factors are controlled for. Method One-hundred and fifty-seven women who were between 1 and 12 months post-partum ( M  = 6.5 months) completed validated questionnaires assessing PTSD and depressive symptoms, childbirth experience, postnatal social support, trauma memory, peritraumatic processing, negative appraisals, dysfunctional Cognitive and behavioural strategies and obstetric as well as demographic risk factors in an online survey. Results A PTSD screening questionnaire suggested that 5.7% of the sample might fulfil diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Overall, risk factors alone predicted 43% of variance in PTSD symptoms and Cognitive behavioural factors alone predicted 72.7%. A final Model including both risk factors and Cognitive behavioural factors explained 73.7% of the variance in PTSD symptoms, 37.1% of which was unique variance predicted by Cognitive factors. Conclusions All variables derived from Ehlers and Clark’s Cognitive Model significantly explained variance in PTSD symptoms following childbirth, even when clinical, demographic and obstetric were controlled for. Our findings suggest that the CBT Model is applicable and useful as a way of understanding and informing the treatment of PTSD following childbirth.

Adrian Wells - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • further tests of a Cognitive Model of generalized anxiety disorder metacognitions and worry in gad panic disorder social phobia depression and nonpatients
    Behavior Therapy, 2001
    Co-Authors: Adrian Wells, Karin Carter
    Abstract:

    Advances in treating generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are likely to result from a better understanding of the dysfunctional Cognitive mechanisms underlying persistent worrying. In a Cognitive Model of GAD, Wells (1995) proposed that pathological worry is maintained by maladaptive metacognitions (negative beliefs about worry concerning uncontrollability and danger, and negative appraisal of worrying [meta-worry]) and linked behaviors. Twenty-four patients with GAD were compared with sex-matched groups — social phobia, panic disorder, and nonpatients — on measures of negative metacognitions and worry. It was hypothesized that patients with GAD would obtain higher negative metaCognitive belief scores and higher meta-worry scores than the other groups; differences in negative metacognitions would be independent of the general frequency of worry. A group of individuals with major depression was also examined as a subsidiary exploration of relative metaCognitive and worry characteristics of this disorder. All of the hypotheses were upheld in the univariate ANOVAs. There was a loss of one hypothesized significant difference between the GAD and panic disorder groups in meta-worry when general worry frequency was controlled. However, the GAD group still had higher meta-worry scores than the panic group. This effect appears to be the result of patients with panic having intermediate meta-worry scores falling between the GAD and other groups. Differences between the GAD group and all other groups in negative metaCognitive beliefs concerning uncontrollability and danger remained when general worry was controlled. The results add further support to the Cognitive Model, and treatment implications are briefly discussed.

  • meta cognition and worry a Cognitive Model of generalized anxiety disorder
    Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1995
    Co-Authors: Adrian Wells
    Abstract:

    A meta-Cognitive classification and analysis of factors contributing to the development of problematic worry is presented. Dimensions of meta-beliefs, meta-worry, Cognitive consciousness, and strategies can be distinguished. A Cognitive Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder is advanced based on this framework in which GAD results from an interaction between the motivated use of worry as a coping strategy, negative appraisal of worry, and worry control attempts. These factors result from combinations of dysfunctional meta-beliefs and contribute to subjectively diminished Cognitive control. The Model presents new implications for a Cognitive therapy of GAD, and these are illustrated with a single case treatment study.