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Nikol Rummel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • example based learning integrating Cognitive and social Cognitive Research perspectives
    Educational Psychology Review, 2010
    Co-Authors: Tamara Van Gog, Nikol Rummel
    Abstract:

    Example-based learning has been studied from different perspectives. Cognitive Research has mainly focused on worked examples, which typically provide students with a written worked-out didactical solution to a problem to study. Social-Cognitive Research has mostly focused on modeling examples, which provide students the opportunity to observe an adult or a peer model performing the task. The model can behave didactically or naturally, and the observation can take place face to face, on video, as a screen recording of the model's computer screen, or as an animation. This article reviews the contributions of the Research on both types of example-based learning on questions such as why example-based learning is effective, for what kinds of tasks and learners it is effective, and how examples should be designed and delivered to students to optimize learning. This will show both the commonalities and the differences in Research on example-based learning conducted from both perspectives and might inspire the identification of new Research questions.

Kevin N Ochsner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • current directions in social Cognitive neuroscience
    Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Kevin N Ochsner
    Abstract:

    Social Cognitive neuroscience is an emerging discipline that seeks to explain the psychological and neural bases of socioemotional experience and behavior. Although Research in some areas is already well developed (e.g. perception of nonverbal social cues) investigation in other areas has only just begun (e.g. social interaction). Current studies are elucidating; the role of the amygdala in a variety of evaluative and social judgment processes, the role of medial prefrontal cortex in mental state attribution, how frontally mediated controlled processes can regulate perception and experience, and the way in which these and other systems are recruited during social interaction. Future progress will depend upon the development of programmatic lines of Research that integrate contemporary social Cognitive Research with Cognitive neuroscience theory and methodology.

Fred Paas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Co-thought gesturing supports more complex problem solving in subjects with lower visual working-memory capacity
    Psychological Research, 2020
    Co-Authors: Charly Eielts, Wim Pouw, Kim Ouwehand, Rolf A. Zwaan, Fred Paas
    Abstract:

    During silent problem solving, hand gestures arise that have no communicative intent. The role of such co-thought gestures in cognition has been understudied in Cognitive Research as compared to co-speech gestures. We investigated whether gesticulation during silent problem solving supported subsequent performance in a Tower of Hanoi problem-solving task, in relation to visual working-memory capacity and task complexity. Seventy-six participants were assigned to either an instructed gesture condition or a condition that allowed them to gesture, but without explicit instructions to do so. This resulted in three gesture groups: (1) non-gesturing; (2) spontaneous gesturing; (3) instructed gesturing. In line with the embedded/extended cognition perspective on gesture, gesturing benefited complex problem-solving performance for participants with a lower visual working-memory capacity, but not for participants with a lower spatial working-memory capacity.

Helena Matute - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • measuring software timing errors in the presentation of visual stimuli in Cognitive neuroscience experiments
    PLOS ONE, 2014
    Co-Authors: Pablo Garaizar, Miguel A Vadillo, Diego Lopezdeipina, Helena Matute
    Abstract:

    Because of the features provided by an abundance of specialized experimental software packages, personal computers have become prominent and powerful tools in Cognitive Research. Most of these programs have mechanisms to control the precision and accuracy with which visual stimuli are presented as well as the response times. However, external factors, often related to the technology used to display the visual information, can have a noticeable impact on the actual performance and may be easily overlooked by Researchers. The aim of this study is to measure the precision and accuracy of the timing mechanisms of some of the most popular software packages used in a typical laboratory scenario in order to assess whether presentation times configured by Researchers do not differ from measured times more than what is expected due to the hardware limitations. Despite the apparent precision and accuracy of the results, important issues related to timing setups in the presentation of visual stimuli were found, and they should be taken into account by Researchers in their experiments.

Elizabeth S Herrelko - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Cognitive Research in zoo housed chimpanzees influence of personality and impact on welfare
    American Journal of Primatology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Elizabeth S Herrelko, Sarahjane Vick, Hannah M Buchanansmith
    Abstract:

    We monitored chimpanzee welfare during the introduction of on-exhibit Cognitive Research training and testing, as measured by behavior and interest in such training, and related individual variation to personality assessments. We observed 11 chimpanzees (six males; five females) over a 16-month period and compared their behavior across three conditions: (1) Baseline (nontraining/Research situations) and (2) an on-going, off-exhibit program of Husbandry Training and (3) Research Pod Activities, on-exhibit, group training for Cognitive testing. There was considerable individual variation in their interest levels during Research sessions; females and those scoring higher for Openness were present more frequently (including those who actively participated and those who observed others participating), but interest did not vary in relation to rates of self-directed behaviors (SDBs), rank, or the level of social disruptions within the group (i.e. large-scale displays or fights). The frequency of SDBs was predicted by the Neuroticism personality factor, but did not differ across baseline and training contexts, indicating that these activities do not negatively impact welfare. We also explored vigilance as an indicator of social uncertainty, but social monitoring did not differ in relation to either social context or rank. Finally, we explored how the specific characteristics of the Research context impacted on SDBs; namely, social context, reward contingency, and visual access to keepers. SDBs increased only when visual access to keepers was restricted, suggesting that visual contact reduced uncertainty in novel training contexts. Overall, the introduction of a Cognitive Research program did not compromise welfare, and the chimpanzees’ repeated interest and willingness to participate suggests that the Research was enriching. Am. J. Primatol. 74:828-840, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.