The Experts below are selected from a list of 249 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Yoshitaka Shibata - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Performance Evaluation of V2V and V2R Communication Based on 2-Wavelength Cognitive Wireless Network on Road State Information GIS Platform
Advances in Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems, 2020Co-Authors: Akira Sakuraba, Goshi Sato, Yoshitaka Shibata, Noriki UchidaAbstract:In this paper, performance evaluation of V2V and V2I communication introduces Cognitive Wireless communication method which is designed for exchanging of road sensing information between the vehicle and vehicle and roadside server system for gathering and sharing road state information. N-wavelength Wireless Cognitive Network method is applied to improve the Network performance over the conventional Wireless Network. In our system, as basic control link, 920 MHz and 2.4 GHz and 5.6 GHz bands as data link are used. By combining those Wireless links, both long distance and highspeed data transmission are attained at the same time. The prototype system of road state information system is constructed to evaluate and compare the Network performance with the conventional single Wireless Network.
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performance evaluation of software defined and Cognitive Wireless Network based disaster resilient system
Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2015Co-Authors: Goshi Sato, Noriki Uchida, Yoshitaka ShibataAbstract:Through the information Network recovery experience on the East Japan Great Earthquake on March 11, 2011, we learned that the combination of various existing Wireless Network technologies such as satellite IP Network, 3G/LTE, Wi-Fi was useful in term of Network connectivity. In this paper, by integrating those Wireless Networks into a Cognitive Wireless Network, user can use this Cognitive Network as an access Network to Internet by selecting the best performance Network among the possible Network links even though the serious disaster occurred and some of those Network links were seriously damaged. We also introduce an Open Flow based access Network to automatically control link and route selections within the Cognitive Wireless Network to Internet by periodically monitoring and evaluating their Network states. In order to verify the usefulness of our proposed system, a prototype of Open Flow based Cognitive Wireless Network system is constructed by connecting the disaster areas in the East Japan Great Earthquake and its performance is evaluated.
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Resilient disaster Network based on software defined Cognitive Wireless Network technology
Mobile Information Systems, 2015Co-Authors: Goshi Sato, Noriki Uchida, Yoshitaka ShibataAbstract:In order to temporally recover the information Network infrastructure in\ndisaster areas from the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, various\nWireless Network technologies such as satellite IP Network, 3G, and\nWi-Fi were effectively used. However, since those Wireless Networks are\nindividually introduced and installed but not totally integrated, some\nof Networks were congested due to the sudden Network traffic generation\nand unbalanced traffic distribution, and eventually the total Network\ncould not effectively function. In this paper, we propose a disaster\nresilient Network which integrates various Wireless Networks into a\nCognitive Wireless Network that users can use as an access Network to\nthe Internet at the serious disaster occurrence. We designed and\ndeveloped the disaster resilient Network based on software defined\nNetwork (SDN) technology to automatically select the best Network link\nand route among the possible access Networks to the Internet by\nperiodically monitoring their Network states and evaluate those using\nextended AHP method. In order to verify the usefulness of our proposed\nsystem, a prototype system is constructed and its performance is\nevaluated.
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AINA - Performance Evaluation of Software Defined and Cognitive Wireless Network Based Disaster Resilient System
2015 IEEE 29th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2015Co-Authors: Goshi Sato, Noriki Uchida, Yoshitaka ShibataAbstract:Through the information Network recovery experience on the East Japan Great Earthquake on March 11, 2011, we learned that the combination of various existing Wireless Network technologies such as satellite IP Network, 3G/LTE, Wi-Fi was useful in term of Network connectivity. In this paper, by integrating those Wireless Networks into a Cognitive Wireless Network, user can use this Cognitive Network as an access Network to Internet by selecting the best performance Network among the possible Network links even though the serious disaster occurred and some of those Network links were seriously damaged. We also introduce an Open Flow based access Network to automatically control link and route selections within the Cognitive Wireless Network to Internet by periodically monitoring and evaluating their Network states. In order to verify the usefulness of our proposed system, a prototype of Open Flow based Cognitive Wireless Network system is constructed by connecting the disaster areas in the East Japan Great Earthquake and its performance is evaluated.
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BWCCA - Performance Evaluation of Software Defined and Cognitive Wireless Network Based Disaster Resilient System
2014 Ninth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing Communication and Applications, 2014Co-Authors: Goshi Sato, Noriki Uchida, Koji Hashimoto, Yoshitaka ShibataAbstract:Through the information Network recovery experience on the East Japan Great Earthquake on March 11, 2011, we learned that the combination of various existing Wireless Network technologies such as satellite IP Network, 3G/LTE, Wi-Fi was useful in term of connectivity. In this paper, by integrating those Wireless Networks into a Cognitive Wireless Network, user can use this Cognitive Network as an access Network to Internet by selecting the best performance Network among the possible Network links even though the serious disaster occurred and some of those Network links were seriously damaged. We also introduce an OpenFlow based access Network to automatically control link selection and route selections within the Cognitive Wireless Network to Internet by periodically monitoring evaluating their Network states. In order to verify the usefulness of our proposed system, a prototype Openflow based Cognitive Wireless Network system is constructed by connection the disaster areas in the East Japan Great Earthquake and its performance is evaluated.
Noriki Uchida - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Performance Evaluation of V2V and V2R Communication Based on 2-Wavelength Cognitive Wireless Network on Road State Information GIS Platform
Advances in Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems, 2020Co-Authors: Akira Sakuraba, Goshi Sato, Yoshitaka Shibata, Noriki UchidaAbstract:In this paper, performance evaluation of V2V and V2I communication introduces Cognitive Wireless communication method which is designed for exchanging of road sensing information between the vehicle and vehicle and roadside server system for gathering and sharing road state information. N-wavelength Wireless Cognitive Network method is applied to improve the Network performance over the conventional Wireless Network. In our system, as basic control link, 920 MHz and 2.4 GHz and 5.6 GHz bands as data link are used. By combining those Wireless links, both long distance and highspeed data transmission are attained at the same time. The prototype system of road state information system is constructed to evaluate and compare the Network performance with the conventional single Wireless Network.
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performance evaluation of software defined and Cognitive Wireless Network based disaster resilient system
Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2015Co-Authors: Goshi Sato, Noriki Uchida, Yoshitaka ShibataAbstract:Through the information Network recovery experience on the East Japan Great Earthquake on March 11, 2011, we learned that the combination of various existing Wireless Network technologies such as satellite IP Network, 3G/LTE, Wi-Fi was useful in term of Network connectivity. In this paper, by integrating those Wireless Networks into a Cognitive Wireless Network, user can use this Cognitive Network as an access Network to Internet by selecting the best performance Network among the possible Network links even though the serious disaster occurred and some of those Network links were seriously damaged. We also introduce an Open Flow based access Network to automatically control link and route selections within the Cognitive Wireless Network to Internet by periodically monitoring and evaluating their Network states. In order to verify the usefulness of our proposed system, a prototype of Open Flow based Cognitive Wireless Network system is constructed by connecting the disaster areas in the East Japan Great Earthquake and its performance is evaluated.
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Resilient disaster Network based on software defined Cognitive Wireless Network technology
Mobile Information Systems, 2015Co-Authors: Goshi Sato, Noriki Uchida, Yoshitaka ShibataAbstract:In order to temporally recover the information Network infrastructure in\ndisaster areas from the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, various\nWireless Network technologies such as satellite IP Network, 3G, and\nWi-Fi were effectively used. However, since those Wireless Networks are\nindividually introduced and installed but not totally integrated, some\nof Networks were congested due to the sudden Network traffic generation\nand unbalanced traffic distribution, and eventually the total Network\ncould not effectively function. In this paper, we propose a disaster\nresilient Network which integrates various Wireless Networks into a\nCognitive Wireless Network that users can use as an access Network to\nthe Internet at the serious disaster occurrence. We designed and\ndeveloped the disaster resilient Network based on software defined\nNetwork (SDN) technology to automatically select the best Network link\nand route among the possible access Networks to the Internet by\nperiodically monitoring their Network states and evaluate those using\nextended AHP method. In order to verify the usefulness of our proposed\nsystem, a prototype system is constructed and its performance is\nevaluated.
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AINA - Performance Evaluation of Software Defined and Cognitive Wireless Network Based Disaster Resilient System
2015 IEEE 29th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2015Co-Authors: Goshi Sato, Noriki Uchida, Yoshitaka ShibataAbstract:Through the information Network recovery experience on the East Japan Great Earthquake on March 11, 2011, we learned that the combination of various existing Wireless Network technologies such as satellite IP Network, 3G/LTE, Wi-Fi was useful in term of Network connectivity. In this paper, by integrating those Wireless Networks into a Cognitive Wireless Network, user can use this Cognitive Network as an access Network to Internet by selecting the best performance Network among the possible Network links even though the serious disaster occurred and some of those Network links were seriously damaged. We also introduce an Open Flow based access Network to automatically control link and route selections within the Cognitive Wireless Network to Internet by periodically monitoring and evaluating their Network states. In order to verify the usefulness of our proposed system, a prototype of Open Flow based Cognitive Wireless Network system is constructed by connecting the disaster areas in the East Japan Great Earthquake and its performance is evaluated.
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BWCCA - Performance Evaluation of Software Defined and Cognitive Wireless Network Based Disaster Resilient System
2014 Ninth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing Communication and Applications, 2014Co-Authors: Goshi Sato, Noriki Uchida, Koji Hashimoto, Yoshitaka ShibataAbstract:Through the information Network recovery experience on the East Japan Great Earthquake on March 11, 2011, we learned that the combination of various existing Wireless Network technologies such as satellite IP Network, 3G/LTE, Wi-Fi was useful in term of connectivity. In this paper, by integrating those Wireless Networks into a Cognitive Wireless Network, user can use this Cognitive Network as an access Network to Internet by selecting the best performance Network among the possible Network links even though the serious disaster occurred and some of those Network links were seriously damaged. We also introduce an OpenFlow based access Network to automatically control link selection and route selections within the Cognitive Wireless Network to Internet by periodically monitoring evaluating their Network states. In order to verify the usefulness of our proposed system, a prototype Openflow based Cognitive Wireless Network system is constructed by connection the disaster areas in the East Japan Great Earthquake and its performance is evaluated.
Anthony Ephremides - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Stable throughput in a Cognitive Wireless Network
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2013Co-Authors: Anthony Fanous, Anthony EphremidesAbstract:We study, from a Network layer perspective, the effect of an Ad-Hoc secondary Network with N nodes accessing the spectrum licensed to a primary node. If the sensing is perfect, then the secondary nodes do not interfere with the primary node and thus do not affect its stable throughput. In case of imperfect sensing, it is shown that if the primary node's arrival rate is less than some calculated value, then the secondary transmissions do not affect its queueing stability; otherwise, the secondary nodes should regulate their transmission parameters to reduce their interference on the primary. It is also shown that in contrast with the primary user's maximum stable throughput rate which strictly decreases with increased sensing errors, the throughput of the secondary nodes might increase with sensing errors as more transmission opportunities become available to them. Finally, we explore the use of the secondary nodes as relays of the primary node's traffic to compensate for the interference they might cause. In this case, for appropriate modulation scheme and under perfect sensing, it is shown that the more secondary nodes in the system, the better for the primary user in terms of his stable throughput. Meanwhile, the secondary nodes might benefit from relaying by having access to a larger number of idle slots becoming available to them due to the increase of the service rate of the primary. For the case of a single secondary node, the proposed relaying protocol guarantees that either both the primary and the secondary benefit from relaying or none of them does.
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effect of secondary nodes on the primary s stable throughput in a Cognitive Wireless Network
International Symposium on Information Theory, 2012Co-Authors: Anthony Fanous, Anthony EphremidesAbstract:We consider a Cognitive Network consisting of one primary source-destination pair and N secondary Cognitive source-destination pairs that randomly access the channel during the primary user's idle slots. We first study the effect of the secondary nodes' transmission parameters such as power and channel access probabilities on the stable throughput of the primary node. If the sensing is perfect, then the secondary nodes do not interfere with the primary node and thus do not affect its stable throughput. In case of imperfect sensing, it is shown that if the primary node's arrival rate is less than some calculated value, then the secondary transmissions do not affect its queueing stability; otherwise, the secondary nodes should regulate their transmission parameters to reduce their interference on the primary. Finally, we propose a multinode relaying protocol based on distributed space-time orthogonal block codes, that uses the secondary nodes as relays of the primary node's traffic to compensate for the interference they might cause. In this case, for appropriate modulation scheme and under perfect sensing, it is shown that the more secondary nodes in the system, the better for the primary user in terms of his stable throughput. Meanwhile, the secondary nodes might benefit from relaying by having access to a larger number of idle slots becoming available to them due to the increase of the service rate of the primary.
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stable throughput in a Cognitive Wireless Network
arXiv: Information Theory, 2012Co-Authors: Anthony Fanous, Anthony EphremidesAbstract:We study, from a Network layer perspective, the effect of an Ad-Hoc secondary Network with N nodes randomly accessing the spectrum licensed to a primary node during the idle slots of the primary user. If the sensing is perfect, then the secondary nodes do not interfere with the primary node and hence do not affect its stable throughput. In case of imperfect sensing, it is shown that if the primary user's arrival rate is less than some calculated finite value, Cognitive nodes can employ any transmission power or probabilities without affecting the primary user's stability; otherwise, the secondary nodes should control their transmission parameters to reduce the interference on the primary. It is also shown that in contrast with the primary's maximum stable throughput which strictly decreases with increased sensing errors, the throughput of the secondary nodes might increase with sensing errors as more transmission opportunities become available to them. Finally, we explore the use of the secondary nodes as relays of the primary node's traffic to compensate for the interference they might cause. We introduce a relaying protocol based on distributed space-time coding that forces all the secondary nodes that are able to decode a primary's unsuccessful packet to relay that packet whenever the primary is idle. In this case, for appropriate modulation scheme and under perfect sensing, it is shown that the more secondary nodes in the system, the better for the primary user in terms of his stable throughput. Meanwhile, the secondary nodes might benefit from relaying by having access to a larger number of idle slots due to the increase of the service rate of the primary. For the case of a single secondary node, the proposed relaying protocol guarantees that either both the primary and the secondary benefit from relaying or none of them does.
K Takahata - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Network relief activity with Cognitive Wireless Network for large scale disaster
Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2012Co-Authors: Noriki Uchida, K Takahata, Yoshitaka ShibataAbstract:On March 11, 2011, a massive 9.0 magnitude earthquake hit the Pacific Ocean nearby Northeastern Japan causing damage with blackouts, fire, tsunami and nuclear plant crisis. A devastating tsunami swept over cities and farmland in the northern part of the country and set off warnings as far away the west coast of the United States and South America. Recorded as 9.0 on the Richter scale, it was the most powerful quake ever to hit the country. Because of this large scale disaster, communication Network was break down in wide area of the Northern Japan, and the coast side was especially heavily damaged. The disconnection of communication system brought serious problems for rescue and evacuation, and it was also caused the delay of the activities. This paper is the report of Network relief activities for reactivating communication system in the coast side of Iwate Prefecture, and it is discussed about what kinds of requirements is needed for such a large scale disaster. With our activities, electricity and fuel are seriously needed at the first. Then, satellite system was effective for reactivating Network connection in the severe disaster area.
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never die Network based on Cognitive Wireless Network and satellite system for large scale disaster
J. Wirel. Mob. Networks Ubiquitous Comput. Dependable Appl., 2012Co-Authors: Noriki Uchida, Yoshitaka Shibata, K Takahata, Norio ShiratoriAbstract:The Great East Japan Earthquake caused many casualties and radiation contamination from the Fukushima nuclear power plant, and many problems still remain in the disaster area. The communication Network was severely affected by the earthquake. The Network disconnection greatly delayed the rescue work and isolated many residential areas. This lack of robust Network connection has become one of the major topics for any discussion of a Disaster Information Network System. This paper proposes a Never Die Network (NDN) which will consist of a Cognitive Wireless Network (CWN) and a Satellite Network. The best possible Wireless links and routes are selected out of multiple Wireless Networks. This proposal, first of all, puts forward a cognition cycle which has a continuous Network and user changing environment. Secondly, the optimal link selection will adapt the extended Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method by a change of Network environment and user policy during a disaster. Then, if the Network environment or user environment can be changed, a proper route selection method can be conducted by the proposed extended Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) method with Min-Max AHP values. The simulation described in this paper contains an evaluation of the proposed methods by comparing a single ordinal Wireless Network system and a CWN for the disaster situations. The probable effectiveness of the proposed methods is discussed in this paper.
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never die Network extended with Cognitive Wireless Network for disaster information system
Complex Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems, 2011Co-Authors: Noriki Uchida, Yoshitaka Shibata, K Takahata, Norio ShiratoriAbstract:In the actual disaster case, there is a certain possibility that electric power line is damaged and power energy cannot be supplied to those communication Network devices, and eventually those Wireless LANs cannot be functioned. Although mobile Wireless Network is easy to reconstruct than wired Network, there may be the case that Network disconnection is not affordable after disaster. That is, Disaster Information System needs a robust Never Die Network (NDN) which will be unaffected by any changes in environment after severe disaster. Satellite Network System is one of possible solution for such a severe disaster, but it has some problems like low throughput, large latency, high cost, and so on. On the other hands, single Wireless communication like IEEE802.11a/b/g also have some problems like a possible transmission distance, throughput limitation for maintaining QoS for urgent user's situations. Therefore, NDN needs to consider about additional functions for these problems of Satellite and Wireless Network System. In this paper, we introduce Satellite System for optimal transmission control method in Cognitive Wireless Network in order to consider with severe disaster. First, as our previous study, proper Wireless link and route selection is held by Extend AHP and Extend AODV with Min-Max AHP value methods for optimal transmission control in Cognitive Wireless Network. Then, check-alive function, alternate data transmission function, possible alternative route suggestion, and Network reconfiguration are introduced to our proposed Disaster Information Network by using Satellite System. In the simulation, ns2 are used for the computational results to the effectiveness of the suggested transmission methods in the hybrid system of Cognitive Wireless and satellite Network system.
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optimal route selection method with satellite system for Cognitive Wireless Network in disaster information Network
Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2011Co-Authors: Noriki Uchida, Goshi Sato, K Takahata, Yoshitaka ShibataAbstract:Cognitive Wireless Network consisted of multiple different types of Wireless interface is one of efficient Wireless transmission methods for Disaster Information Network, because it solves single Wireless Network problems like characteristics of Wireless frequency or congestion form the use of same radio frequency. However, even if Disaster Information Network consisted of Cognitive Wireless Network, some of Wireless node might be broken after severe disaster is happened. Therefore, it is necessary to consider about additional functions which the system never die. In this paper, we introduce Satellite System for optimal transmission control method in Cognitive Wireless Network in order to consider with severe disaster. First, as our previous study, proper Wireless link and route selection is held by Extend AHP and Extend AODV with Min-Max AHP value methods for optimal transmission control in Cognitive Wireless Network. Then, check-alive function, alternate data transmission function, possible alternative route suggestion, and Network reconfiguration are introduced to our proposed Disaster Information Network by using Satellite System. In the simulation, ns2 are used for the computational results to the effectiveness of the suggested transmission methods in the hybrid system of Cognitive Wireless and satellite Network system.
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INCoS - Cognitive Wireless Network for Large Scale Disaster
2011 Third International Conference on Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems, 2011Co-Authors: Noriki Uchida, K Takahata, Yoshitaka ShibataAbstract:Severe damages hits at the Northern part of Japan on March 11, 2011. A massive 9.0 magnitude earthquake caused Network disconnection over the wide area of Japan, and it brought serious damages with blackouts, fire, tsunami and nuclear plant crisis. Recorded as 9.0 on the Richter scale, it was the most powerful quake ever to hit Japan. At this disaster, our project team held Network relief activities in some coast cities in Iwate prefecture. The satellite system and 3G system is provided as the Network relief activities. In this paper, our Network relief activities in evacuated places or disaster headquarters are introduced. Then, with the consideration of the activities, the policies under large scale disaster are discussed for the proposal data transmission methods of Cognitive Wireless Network.
Anthony Fanous - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Stable throughput in a Cognitive Wireless Network
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2013Co-Authors: Anthony Fanous, Anthony EphremidesAbstract:We study, from a Network layer perspective, the effect of an Ad-Hoc secondary Network with N nodes accessing the spectrum licensed to a primary node. If the sensing is perfect, then the secondary nodes do not interfere with the primary node and thus do not affect its stable throughput. In case of imperfect sensing, it is shown that if the primary node's arrival rate is less than some calculated value, then the secondary transmissions do not affect its queueing stability; otherwise, the secondary nodes should regulate their transmission parameters to reduce their interference on the primary. It is also shown that in contrast with the primary user's maximum stable throughput rate which strictly decreases with increased sensing errors, the throughput of the secondary nodes might increase with sensing errors as more transmission opportunities become available to them. Finally, we explore the use of the secondary nodes as relays of the primary node's traffic to compensate for the interference they might cause. In this case, for appropriate modulation scheme and under perfect sensing, it is shown that the more secondary nodes in the system, the better for the primary user in terms of his stable throughput. Meanwhile, the secondary nodes might benefit from relaying by having access to a larger number of idle slots becoming available to them due to the increase of the service rate of the primary. For the case of a single secondary node, the proposed relaying protocol guarantees that either both the primary and the secondary benefit from relaying or none of them does.
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effect of secondary nodes on the primary s stable throughput in a Cognitive Wireless Network
International Symposium on Information Theory, 2012Co-Authors: Anthony Fanous, Anthony EphremidesAbstract:We consider a Cognitive Network consisting of one primary source-destination pair and N secondary Cognitive source-destination pairs that randomly access the channel during the primary user's idle slots. We first study the effect of the secondary nodes' transmission parameters such as power and channel access probabilities on the stable throughput of the primary node. If the sensing is perfect, then the secondary nodes do not interfere with the primary node and thus do not affect its stable throughput. In case of imperfect sensing, it is shown that if the primary node's arrival rate is less than some calculated value, then the secondary transmissions do not affect its queueing stability; otherwise, the secondary nodes should regulate their transmission parameters to reduce their interference on the primary. Finally, we propose a multinode relaying protocol based on distributed space-time orthogonal block codes, that uses the secondary nodes as relays of the primary node's traffic to compensate for the interference they might cause. In this case, for appropriate modulation scheme and under perfect sensing, it is shown that the more secondary nodes in the system, the better for the primary user in terms of his stable throughput. Meanwhile, the secondary nodes might benefit from relaying by having access to a larger number of idle slots becoming available to them due to the increase of the service rate of the primary.
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stable throughput in a Cognitive Wireless Network
arXiv: Information Theory, 2012Co-Authors: Anthony Fanous, Anthony EphremidesAbstract:We study, from a Network layer perspective, the effect of an Ad-Hoc secondary Network with N nodes randomly accessing the spectrum licensed to a primary node during the idle slots of the primary user. If the sensing is perfect, then the secondary nodes do not interfere with the primary node and hence do not affect its stable throughput. In case of imperfect sensing, it is shown that if the primary user's arrival rate is less than some calculated finite value, Cognitive nodes can employ any transmission power or probabilities without affecting the primary user's stability; otherwise, the secondary nodes should control their transmission parameters to reduce the interference on the primary. It is also shown that in contrast with the primary's maximum stable throughput which strictly decreases with increased sensing errors, the throughput of the secondary nodes might increase with sensing errors as more transmission opportunities become available to them. Finally, we explore the use of the secondary nodes as relays of the primary node's traffic to compensate for the interference they might cause. We introduce a relaying protocol based on distributed space-time coding that forces all the secondary nodes that are able to decode a primary's unsuccessful packet to relay that packet whenever the primary is idle. In this case, for appropriate modulation scheme and under perfect sensing, it is shown that the more secondary nodes in the system, the better for the primary user in terms of his stable throughput. Meanwhile, the secondary nodes might benefit from relaying by having access to a larger number of idle slots due to the increase of the service rate of the primary. For the case of a single secondary node, the proposed relaying protocol guarantees that either both the primary and the secondary benefit from relaying or none of them does.