The Experts below are selected from a list of 72771 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Richard M Bird - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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vats in federations and Common Markets
Social Science Research Network, 2012Co-Authors: Richard M BirdAbstract:The most striking tax development of the last half century has been the worldwide rise of the VAT. Most countries now have national VATs. In addition, several large federal countries – Brazil, Canada, and India – also have regional (state or provincial) VATs that, like national VATs, are general consumption taxes administered in principle through a transaction-based credit-invoice approach. Although these three countries are very different, and each established such a tax for its own reasons, in different ways, and with varying degrees of success, on the whole these regional VATs appear to work. While the taxes in Brazil and India are by no means perfect, they appear to be less economically distorting than the taxes they replaced – gross receipts taxes in Brazil and pre-retail stage sales taxes in India – while being little or no more difficult to administer. The experience with better designed and administered regional VATs in Canada shows clearly that dual VATs can work well in a federal country. Canadian experience may offer some useful lessons for VATs in Common Markets like the European Union (EU).
Vincent Vicard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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trade conflict and political integration explaining the heterogeneity of regional trade agreements
European Economic Review, 2012Co-Authors: Vincent VicardAbstract:Many historians argue that the main goal of European trade integration was the preservation of peace. This paper investigates whether this reasoning is relevant for the EU and other regional trade agreements (RTAs). I provide empirical evidence that customs unions and Common Markets (deep RTAs) do reduce the probability of war between members. Partial scope and free trade agreements (shallow RTAs) however have no effect on war probabilities. Accordingly, international insecurity has a differential impact on incentives to create RTAs. Deep RTAs are signed between countries that are involved in many interstate disputes and that have low trade costs with the rest of the world, whereas the opposite is true for shallow RTAs.
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trade conflicts and political integration explaining the heterogeneity of regional trade agreements
Research Papers in Economics, 2008Co-Authors: Vincent VicardAbstract:This paper investigates the determinants of the shape of regional trade agreements (RTAs). Because the world is constituted by independent political entities, international trade flows take place in a system where property rights are unsecured and RTAs should be understood as regulation mechanisms. In this theoretical framework, trade and security issues interact in the formation of RTAs, so that their determinants differ according to their level of political integration, defined by their ability to promote the negotiated settlement of conflicts. Empirical results confirm that countries more subject to interstate disputes and naturally more opened to trade are more likely to create politically integrated regional agreements, such as Common Markets or custom unions. On the contrary, international insecurity deters less integrated agreements implying a weak institutional framework, such as preferential or free trade agreements.
Sijbren Cnossen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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vat coordination in Common Markets and federations lessons from european experience
Social Science Research Network, 2010Co-Authors: Sijbren CnossenAbstract:The European experience shows that destination-based state VATs can be administered successfully in Common Markets without border controls, such as the EU, and in federations, such as the US. The existence of a (supra)national VAT would facilitate but is not a conditio sine qua non for exercising compliance control over state VATs. To control cross-border fraud, the focus should be on effective cross-border audit, which, in the US, could be performed by the IRS. These findings, strongly corroborated by Canadian experience, augur well for replacing state RSTs in the US by state VATs with or without the umbrella of an overarching federal VAT.California here we come!
Oliver Oldman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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value added tax a comparative approach
2006Co-Authors: Alan Schenk, Oliver OldmanAbstract:1. Survey of taxes on consumption and income and introduction to Value Added Tax Appendix A to chapter 1 - development taxation 2. Forms of consumption-based taxes and altering the tax base 3. Varieties of VAT in use 4. Registration, taxpayer, and taxable business activity 5. Taxable supplies of goods and services and tax invoices 6. The Tax Credit mechanism 7. Introduction to cross-border aspects of VAT 8. Timing and valuation rules 9. Zero rating and exemptions and government entities and non-profit organizations 10. Gambling and financial services (other than insurance) 11. Insurance 12. Inter-jurisdictional aspects of VAT in federal countries and Common Markets 13. Real property 14. Proposals for US tax on consumption Appendices.
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value added tax a comparative approach in theory and practice
2001Co-Authors: Alan Schenk, Oliver OldmanAbstract:Survey of tax consumption and indirect taxes and introduction to value added tax forms of consumption-based taxes and altering the tax base registration, business activity and taxable sales of goods and services time of supply and valuation rules the tax credit mechanism zero rating and exemptions introduction to cross-border aspects of VAT and the service sector governmental entities and nonprofit organizations financial services insurance real property inter-jurisdictional aspects of VAT in federal countries and Common Markets telecommunications, electronic commerce and transportation transition rules under a value added tax proposals for US tax on consumption appendix A -VAT and sales tax rates around the world appendix B - integrated text of the sixth directive appendix C - ABA model VAT statute.
Nolutho Diko - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of afcfta on food security sustainability an analysis of the cereals trade in the sadc region
Sustainability, 2020Co-Authors: Michael Takudzwa Pasara, Nolutho DikoAbstract:The signing of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) has stimulated a lot of trade potential in Africa that could see the continent significantly improving its intra-trade levels, thereby boosting the economic welfare of Africans. In light of food security sustainability in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, this paper employed the World Integrated Trade Solution, Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade (WITS-SMART) simulation model to assess the potential effects of the AfCFTA on trade in cereals. Cereals have been regarded as the most critical component of food security. The model indicated trading partners for each of the 15 SADC countries, their level of trade creation, trade diversion, consumer surplus, welfare and revenue effects of any regional trade agreement. The results indicated that the AfCFTA will only lead to positive outcomes in four (Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar and Namibia) of the fifteen SADC countries, with the rest remaining unchanged. In general, previously closed economies, that is, economies which were not part of a free trade agreement (FTA) or a deeper arrangement will stand to gain more than open economies because they are already opened up at the free trade level, which is equivalent to the AfCFTA. Thus, as far as cereals and food security is concerned, the AfCFTA will add minimal value. However, the overall value gains are likely to be greater when all food categories are included in the simulations. In general, the study recommends that African countries should deepen their integration levels to perhaps Common Markets where production factors, that is, labour and capital, become mobile. This will have multiplier effects in improving continental food security sustainability from a trade perspective.