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James Ciment - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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news and features health situation in former Communist Bloc is dire says unicef
Western Journal of Medicine, 2000Co-Authors: James CimentAbstract:Marking the tenth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, the United Nations Children's Fund (Unicef) has issued a report on the social ramifications of the transition to market economies in the former Communist Bloc. The report, After the Fall: the Human Impact of Ten Years of Transition, states that women and children have suffered especially hard. Although the report chronicles a host of economic and social problems, its findings on health are particularly disturbing, especially on the reappearance of so called poverty diseases. The number of cases of diphtheria in Russia and Ukraine rose from about 1900 cases in 1990 to 43,000 in 1998. Poliomyelitis, which had been virtually eliminated in the former Soviet Union, has reappeared in the Central Asian Republics and Ukraine. Tuberculosis is also on the rise in the western parts of the former Soviet Union, with children accounting for over 10% of new cases. Cases of sexually transmitted diseases are increasing as well. Syphilis, practically eliminated by 1990, has re-emerged in the former Soviet Union, with some 221 cases per 100,000 people in 1998, more than 100 times the average of the European Union. Meanwhile, the number of cases of HIV infection in the western part of the former Soviet Union had climbed from 30,000 in 1994 to 270,000 by the end of 1998. “It is safe to say,” the report argues, “that these areas now face an epidemic of HIV and AIDS.” Several factors are behind these disturbing trends, the reports' authors conclude. Although some countries in the region have fared better than others in terms of health statistics, every single one has cut its spending on health care over the past 10 years. Mean-while, the despair caused by economic collapse has led to soaring drug misuse, alcoholism, injury, and suicide rates among young people. In the Czech Republic, for example, teenagers aged 15 to 19 were twice as likely to end their own lives in 1994 as they were in 1990. Asked to cite any encouraging signs in the region, Patrick McCormick, a spokesperson for Unicef's Research Center in Florence, which published the report, said, “there is a freedom now.” But, he added, “children are paying too high a price for that freedom and they are not in a position to benefit from it.”
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Health situation in former Communist Bloc is dire, says Unicef.
The Western journal of medicine, 2000Co-Authors: James CimentAbstract:Marking the tenth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, the United Nations Children's Fund (Unicef) has issued a report on the social ramifications of the transition to market economies in the former Communist Bloc. The report, After the Fall: the Human Impact of Ten Years of Transition, states that women and children have suffered especially hard. Although the report chronicles a host of economic and social problems, its findings on health are particularly disturbing, especially on the reappearance of so called poverty diseases. The number of cases of diphtheria in Russia and Ukraine rose from about 1900 cases in 1990 to 43,000 in 1998. Poliomyelitis, which had been virtually eliminated in the former Soviet Union, has reappeared in the Central Asian Republics and Ukraine. Tuberculosis is also on the rise in the western parts of the former Soviet Union, with children accounting for over 10% of new cases. Cases of sexually transmitted diseases are increasing as well. Syphilis, practically eliminated by 1990, has re-emerged in the former Soviet Union, with some 221 cases per 100,000 people in 1998, more than 100 times the average of the European Union. Meanwhile, the number of cases of HIV infection in the western part of the former Soviet Union had climbed from 30,000 in 1994 to 270,000 by the end of 1998. “It is safe to say,” the report argues, “that these areas now face an epidemic of HIV and AIDS.” Several factors are behind these disturbing trends, the reports' authors conclude. Although some countries in the region have fared better than others in terms of health statistics, every single one has cut its spending on health care over the past 10 years. Mean-while, the despair caused by economic collapse has led to soaring drug misuse, alcoholism, injury, and suicide rates among young people. In the Czech Republic, for example, teenagers aged 15 to 19 were twice as likely to end their own lives in 1994 as they were in 1990. Asked to cite any encouraging signs in the region, Patrick McCormick, a spokesperson for Unicef's Research Center in Florence, which published the report, said, “there is a freedom now.” But, he added, “children are paying too high a price for that freedom and they are not in a position to benefit from it.”
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Health Situation in Former Communist Bloc Is Dire, Says Unicef
BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 1999Co-Authors: James CimentAbstract:Marking the tenth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, the United Nations Children's Fund (Unicef) has issued a report on the social ramifications of the transition to market economies in the former Communist Bloc. The report, After the Fall: the Human Impact of Ten Years of Transition, states that women and children have suffered especially hard Although the report chronicles a host of economic and social problems, its findings on health are particularly disturbing, especially on the …
Maria Joao Guedes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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was the collapse of the Communist Bloc a game changer in the stock markets left wing vs right wing political preferences and stock market development
Research in International Business and Finance, 2017Co-Authors: Gabriel Geller, Maria Joao GuedesAbstract:The fall of communism in Eastern Europe is a historical event which had political, social and economic repercussions worldwide. Our research examines the association between stock market development and the way that left/right-wing power was exercised. Our results show that this historical event was a game changer! Up until the fall of the Communist Bloc in 1991, the power of the left was negatively associated with stock market development, however over the post-fall period this association becomes positive. Additionally, our findings also show that the left/right-wing conflict is only determinant in the case of emerging economies, which may be explained by the fact that these countries are less-developed institutionally and economically, and thus provide more scope for political preferences to overcome institutions.
Cezar Stanciu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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autonomy and ideology brezhnev ceausescu and the world Communist movement
Contemporary European History, 2014Co-Authors: Cezar StanciuAbstract:One of Leonid Brezhnev's primary goals when he acceded to party leadership in the Soviet Union was to restore Moscow's control over the world Communist movement, severely undermined by the Sino-Soviet dispute. Nicolae Ceausescu of Romania was determined to prevent this, in order to consolidate his country's autonomy in the Communist Bloc. The Sino-Soviet dispute offered the political and ideological framework for autonomy, as the Romanian Communists claimed their neutrality in the dispute. This article describes Ceausescu's efforts to sabotage Brezhnev's attempts to have China condemned by an international meeting of Communist parties between 1967 and 1969. His basic ideological argument was that unity of world communism should have a polycentric meaning.
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A Rebirth of Diplomacy: The Foreign Policy of Communist Romania between Subordination and Autonomy, 1948–1962
Diplomacy & Statecraft, 2013Co-Authors: Cezar StanciuAbstract:Nicolae Ceausescu of Romania was well-known during the Cold War as a non-conformist voice in the Communist Bloc, especially because of his opposition to the Soviet Union and spectacular foreign policy initiatives. But was that line Ceausescu's creation? This analysis examines the sources of Romania's dynamic and autonomous foreign policy in the Cold War and shows that the origins of this foreign policy can be traced back to Ceausescu's predecessor, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. The shock caused by de-Stalinisation and Nikita Khrushchev's reformist policies saw the Romanian party leadership limit its dependence on the Soviet Union, both politically and economically. Romania's foreign policy experienced a revival starting from the tumultuous moments when Gheorghiu-Dej listened to Khrushchev's Secret Report at the 20th Congress in February 1956. Fearing the loss of his position in power, Gheorghiu-Dej saw relations outside the Communist Bloc as a source of stability.
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Crisis management in the Communist Bloc: Romania's policy towards the USSR in the aftermath of the Prague Spring
Cold War History, 2012Co-Authors: Cezar StanciuAbstract:On 21 August 1968, when Soviet tanks were entering Prague liquidating the ‘Prague Spring’, Romanian party leader Nicolae Ceausescu publicly condemned the intervention as a violation of national sovereignty. Such aggressive attitude lasted only a few days, after which he tried to appease Moscow. This article retraces Ceausescu's decisions and motivations in the years 1968-1970, which were aimed at eliminating what he perceived as the risk of a similar intervention in Romania. Also, it answers a fundamental question: did the Soviet-led intervention in Czechoslovakia determine an abandonment of Romania's policy of autonomy in the Communist Bloc?
Demetri Baches - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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FREEDOM AND TRADE
Transportation Research Record, 1991Co-Authors: David T Hartgen, Gradia M Gbarbea, Demetri BachesAbstract:Political changes in Eastern Europe and Soviet democratic movements are likely to bring about changes in trade among nations and increases in transportation requirements. The impact of these changes in freedom, market structure, and governmental status on world trade is estimated in this paper. The primary regional beneficiaries of change are identified. Using a data base consisting of 237 country pairs that report on trade flows, a gravity-type model is calibrated in which 1988 trade flows are related to freedom level, government type, socioeconomic variables, country GNP, shipment times, and extent of free market economy. The model is then used to forecast future (1993) trade under several political scenarios. Results show that baseline trade growth (i.e., trend increases in country GNP) will be about 31% during 1988 to 1993; reunification of Germany or freeing up of Communist Bloc governments and economies will increase trade by an additional 3.5 to 11.5% over the base case. Most of the increases will be limited to trade with Eastern European and Communist Bloc nations. On the other hand, a "world freedom" scenario would increase trade about 70%, most dramatically in African and Asian developing nations. This compares with a 57% increase from vastly improved shipping infrastructure, the benefits of which would flow primarily to currently industrialized nations. It is concluded that trade will increase more if market economies are introduced, rather than if transportation infrastructure is improved. In summary, nations now not free should be encouraged to become so, not be given more transportation infrastructure to increase trade. The shortest path to increased trade is increased freedom.
Mark S. Ellis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Purging the Past: The Current State of Lustration Laws in the Former Communist Bloc
Law and Contemporary Problems, 1996Co-Authors: Mark S. EllisAbstract:Following the 1989 “democratic revolutions,” there was an immediate, though not surprising, backlash against former Communist regimes. Throughout Eastern Europe, it was widely perceived that former Communists could not be trusted to carry out democratic reforms. In this context, an important debate surfaced that focused on questions of culpability for crimes committed by former Communist regimes. Options ranged from providing amnesty or pardon, prosecuting individuals, or outlawing the Communist Party. Indeed, many of the newly constituted governments reacted swiftly by outlawing the Party, prosecuting anyone deemed to have had connections to the Party or the Secret Police, or restricting those individuals from certain government and non-government posts. Lustration laws, though controversial, remain the most commonly used device for screening and “prosecuting” former Communist leaders, candidates for office, and selected public employees. These laws, which generally rely on information contained in Secret Police files, are used to determine whether suspected individuals collaborated with the former state security service. The international community has generally opposed the lustration process. This article presents a brief overview of the current status of such laws and regulations in the former Communist Bloc.