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Dimitrios N Bikiaris - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of maleic anhydride on the mechanical and thermal properties of hemp/high-density polyethylene green composites
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2015Co-Authors: E Roumeli, Zoe Terzopoulou, E Pavlidou, K Chrissafis, Electra Papadopoulou, Eleftheria Athanasiadou, Kostas S Triantafyllidis, Dimitrios N BikiarisAbstract:In the present work, the effective use of polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) copolymer as a Compatibilizer in high-density polyethylene composites containing 10–50 mass% hemp fibers was evaluated through mechanical and thermal properties measurements. The results revealed a significant reinforcement on the tensile strength of the composites as a consequence of the incorporation of the Compatibilizer. Less pronounced effects were found on the elongation at break and impact strength of the composites. The notable enhancement of tensile strength on the compatibilized composites was related to the improved adhesion of hemp with the matrix in the presence of PE-g-MA, which was revealed through scanning electron microscopy observations. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses suggested that covalent bonding occurs between the fibers and the matrix in the highest PE-g-MA concentrations. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments revealed that the presence of Compatibilizer increases the crystallinity of the composites. Thermogravimetry studies revealed that for low Compatibilizer concentrations the thermal stability of the composites is further reduced, while for the highest concentration, when bonding occurs, it is enhanced. The biodegradation studies of all the composites revealed that the incorporation of Compatibilizer enhances the stability of the composites, especially in the higher concentrations, and reduces their final residue.
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effect of maleic anhydride on the mechanical and thermal properties of hemp high density polyethylene green composites
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2015Co-Authors: E Roumeli, Zoe Terzopoulou, E Pavlidou, K Chrissafis, Electra Papadopoulou, Eleftheria Athanasiadou, Kostas S Triantafyllidis, Dimitrios N BikiarisAbstract:In the present work, the effective use of polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) copolymer as a Compatibilizer in high-density polyethylene composites containing 10–50 mass% hemp fibers was evaluated through mechanical and thermal properties measurements. The results revealed a significant reinforcement on the tensile strength of the composites as a consequence of the incorporation of the Compatibilizer. Less pronounced effects were found on the elongation at break and impact strength of the composites. The notable enhancement of tensile strength on the compatibilized composites was related to the improved adhesion of hemp with the matrix in the presence of PE-g-MA, which was revealed through scanning electron microscopy observations. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses suggested that covalent bonding occurs between the fibers and the matrix in the highest PE-g-MA concentrations. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments revealed that the presence of Compatibilizer increases the crystallinity of the composites. Thermogravimetry studies revealed that for low Compatibilizer concentrations the thermal stability of the composites is further reduced, while for the highest concentration, when bonding occurs, it is enhanced. The biodegradation studies of all the composites revealed that the incorporation of Compatibilizer enhances the stability of the composites, especially in the higher concentrations, and reduces their final residue.
Hanafi Ismail - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the influence of maleic anhydride grafted polymers as Compatibilizer on the properties of polypropylene and cyclic natural rubber blends
Journal of Polymer Research, 2019Co-Authors: I P Mahendra, Hanafi Ismail, Basuki Wirjosentono, Jose A Mendez, V CausinAbstract:The enhancement of mechanical properties of immiscible blend, i.e. polypropylene/ cyclic natural rubber (PP/CNR), could be achieved by incorporating a Compatibilizer into the blend system. The main challenge is how to compatibilize the two materials with distinct characteristic of saturated and apolar structures. As Compatibilizers, copolymer of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (POLYBOND 3002 and POLYBOND 3200) and maleic anhydride-grafted cyclic natural rubber (CNR-g-MA) were incorporated with PP/CNR (80/20 wt.%) blends in different weight ratios. The impact of those Compatibilizers were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), which shows a homogenous phase of PP matrix indicating a homogenous dispersion of CNR into PP matrix. Thermogravimetry (TGA) analysis confirmed that the addition of Compatibilizers improved the thermal stability of blends. The Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) curve shows that the glass transition temperature (Tg) was significantly decreased due to the maleic anhydride-grafted polymers incorporation. The decrease of CNR’s Tg value implies that the incorporation of maleic anhydride-grafted polymer into PP/CNR blends can improve blend compatibility. The compatibilization was further confirmed by an increase in tensile strength of compatibilized blends.
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taro powder colocasia esculenta filler reinforced recycled high density polyethylene ethylene vinyl acetate composites effect of different filler loading and high density polyethylene grafted glycolic acid as Compatibilizer
2018Co-Authors: Fatimah Abd Rajak Hamim, Supri Abdul Ghani, Firuz Zainuddin, Hanafi IsmailAbstract:Abstract In this research, the properties of recycled high density polyethylene (RHDPE)/ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) composites reinforced with taro powder (TP) filler at various filler loading were prepared by a melt blending process using Brabender Plasticoder machine at temperature of 160°C and rotor speed of 50 rpm. Prepared synthesize Compatibilizer, high density polyethylene grafted glycolic acid (HDPE-g-GA) was used to improve compatibility between matrix and filler while enhancing the properties of RHDPE/EVA/TP composites. The effect of filler loading and Compatibilizer on the tensile properties, swelling behavior, water absorption, morphological and thermal properties of RHDPE/EVA/TP composites were evaluated. The results showed that the tensile strength, elongation at break, and percentage mass swell substantially decreased with addition of TP filler whereas modulus of elasticity and water absorption properties increased. Incorporation of HDPE-g-GA improved the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity while reducing the elongation at break, percentage mass swell, and water absorption behavior of RHDPE/EVA/TP/HDPE-g-GA composites. Morphology of the tensile fractured surface observed by scanning electron microscopy exhibited better distribution and dispersion of TP filler in RHDPE/EVA/TP for compatibilized composites compared to the uncompatibilized composites. Thermal degradation analysis was analyzed with thermal gravimetric analyzer, revealing an improvement in thermal stability of RHDPE/EVA/TP composites for 5–25 phr of TP filler. However, compatibilized RHDPE/EVA/TP/HDPE-g-GA showed a slight decrement in thermal stability. Analysis by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) revealed a decreasing trend in all of the degrees of crystallinity of the composites with addition of TP filler. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy discovered structural modification in the composites after compatibilized with HDPE-g-GA Compatibilizer.
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Taro Powder (Colocasia esculenta) Filler Reinforced Recycled High Density Polyethylene/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Composites: Effect of Different Filler Loading and High Density Polyethylene Grafted Glycolic Acid as Compatibilizer
Natural Fibre Reinforced Vinyl Ester and Vinyl Polymer Composites, 2018Co-Authors: Fatimah Abd Rajak Hamim, Supri Abdul Ghani, Firuz Zainuddin, Hanafi IsmailAbstract:Abstract In this research, the properties of recycled high density polyethylene (RHDPE)/ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) composites reinforced with taro powder (TP) filler at various filler loading were prepared by a melt blending process using Brabender Plasticoder machine at temperature of 160°C and rotor speed of 50 rpm. Prepared synthesize Compatibilizer, high density polyethylene grafted glycolic acid (HDPE-g-GA) was used to improve compatibility between matrix and filler while enhancing the properties of RHDPE/EVA/TP composites. The effect of filler loading and Compatibilizer on the tensile properties, swelling behavior, water absorption, morphological and thermal properties of RHDPE/EVA/TP composites were evaluated. The results showed that the tensile strength, elongation at break, and percentage mass swell substantially decreased with addition of TP filler whereas modulus of elasticity and water absorption properties increased. Incorporation of HDPE-g-GA improved the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity while reducing the elongation at break, percentage mass swell, and water absorption behavior of RHDPE/EVA/TP/HDPE-g-GA composites. Morphology of the tensile fractured surface observed by scanning electron microscopy exhibited better distribution and dispersion of TP filler in RHDPE/EVA/TP for compatibilized composites compared to the uncompatibilized composites. Thermal degradation analysis was analyzed with thermal gravimetric analyzer, revealing an improvement in thermal stability of RHDPE/EVA/TP composites for 5–25 phr of TP filler. However, compatibilized RHDPE/EVA/TP/HDPE-g-GA showed a slight decrement in thermal stability. Analysis by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) revealed a decreasing trend in all of the degrees of crystallinity of the composites with addition of TP filler. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy discovered structural modification in the composites after compatibilized with HDPE-g-GA Compatibilizer.
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effects of epoxidized nature rubber on high density polyethylene recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber banana skin powder composites
Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2015Co-Authors: Ragunathan Santiagoo, Hanafi Ismail, Sam Sung Ting, Azlinda Abdul Ghani, Awiezan MislanAbstract:The Compatibilizer effect of ENR-50 on the tensile properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE)/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr)/banana skin powder (BSP)/ composites has been studies. HDPE/NBRr/BSP composites were prepared by melt mixing technique using twin-screw at 180 °C for 9 minutes at rotor speed 50 rpm. The six different composites studied were 100/0/5, 80/20/5, 70/30/5, 60/40/5, 50/50/5, and 40/60/5. As for compatibilized composite a fix 5 wt% of ENR-50 was evaluated. The specimens were analysed for tensile strength and elongation at break (Eb). The results showed that tensile strength and the elongation at break were decreases with the increasing of NBRr loading. However for ENR-50 compatibilized composites, higher tensile strength and elongation at break was recorded. The ENR-50 was found to be an excellent Compatibilizer for HDPE/NBRr/BSP composites.
Jukka Seppälä - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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lewis acidic polypropylene for compatibilization of polypropylene microsilica composites
Polymer Composites, 2011Co-Authors: Sami Lipponen, Antti Nykänen, Janne Ruokolainen, Jukka SeppäläAbstract:Polypropylene (PP) was compounded with submicron size silica filler particles (microsilica, μSi) up to 30 wt-%. In addition, three external Compatibilizers, with characteristic functionalities, were studied to examine their influence in the mechanical properties of the PP/μSi composites. As a result, the modulus of the composite increased while the other tensile values deteriorated in correlation with increased filler concentration. The addition of an external Compatibilizer reduced this deterioration, but the reduction was dependent on the type of the Compatibilizer used. The influence of an acid functionalized Compatibilizer was unsubstantial while the fluorosilane and the Lewis acidic phenylsilane functionalized polypropylenes acted as effective Compatibilizers. In addition to examining the tensile properties, the toughness of the composites was evaluated as well. The microsilica filler was found to act as toughening agent since the Brittle-to-Ductile transition point of the composite increased by 2-3 orders of magnitude at high filler concentrations. However, this increase in the toughness was rapidly lost when an effective Compatibilizer was used to bind the filler with the matrix. This observation was consistent with the common understanding of the filler toughening mechanism, where particle-matrix debonding is a prerequisite for facilitating the plastic stretch of the polymer ligaments between filler particles. In our case, however, the few filler aggregates in the polymer matrix also played a crucial role. While in uncompatibilized composites the filler aggregates remained passive (could not be seen at the fracture surface), the addition of an effective Compatibilizer activated these aggregates to promote crack initiation and/or propagation. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
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Lewis Acidic Polypropylene for Compatibilization of Polypropylene/Microsilica Composites
Polymer Composites, 2011Co-Authors: Sami Lipponen, Antti Nykänen, Janne Ruokolainen, Jukka SeppäläAbstract:Polypropylene (PP) was compounded with submicron size silica filler particles (microsilica, μSi) up to 30 wt-%. In addition, three external Compatibilizers, with characteristic functionalities, were studied to examine their influence in the mechanical properties of the PP/μSi composites. As a result, the modulus of the composite increased while the other tensile values deteriorated in correlation with increased filler concentration. The addition of an external Compatibilizer reduced this deterioration, but the reduction was dependent on the type of the Compatibilizer used. The influence of an acid functionalized Compatibilizer was unsubstantial while the fluorosilane and the Lewis acidic phenylsilane functionalized polypropylenes acted as effective Compatibilizers. In addition to examining the tensile properties, the toughness of the composites was evaluated as well. The microsilica filler was found to act as toughening agent since the Brittle-to-Ductile transition point of the composite increased by 2-3 orders of magnitude at high filler concentrations. However, this increase in the toughness was rapidly lost when an effective Compatibilizer was used to bind the filler with the matrix. This observation was consistent with the common understanding of the filler toughening mechanism, where particle-matrix debonding is a prerequisite for facilitating the plastic stretch of the polymer ligaments between filler particles. In our case, however, the few filler aggregates in the polymer matrix also played a crucial role. While in uncompatibilized composites the filler aggregates remained passive (could not be seen at the fracture surface), the addition of an effective Compatibilizer activated these aggregates to promote crack initiation and/or propagation. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
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Compatibilization of PP/elastomer/microsilica composites with functionalized polyolefins: Effect on microstructure and mechanical properties
Polymer, 2005Co-Authors: Riku Uotila, Ulla Hippi, Santeri Paavola, Jukka SeppäläAbstract:The morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene/elastomer/silica composites were investigated with the aim of improving stiffness and impact resistance. Two different types of silica were tested: Precipitated silica and polymer grade microsilica (silica fume). The composites were compatibilized with commercial polypropylene and polyethylene containing maleic anhydride functionality as a means of controlling their microstructure and ultimately their mechanical properties. Comparisons were made with surface coated silica and hydroxyl-functionalized copolymers prepared with metallocene catalysts. The effect of adding the polymeric Compatibilizers was assessed by morphology studies, thermal analysis and mechanical testing. Significant improvements in impact strength were obtained by tailoring the microstructure of polypropylene/elastomer/microsilica composites. With introduction of PP-g-MAH as Compatibilizer, stiffness was enhanced simultaneously with impact strength. DSC curves of crystallization provided evidence to support the formation of different microstructures.
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compatibilization of pp elastomer microsilica composites with functionalized polyolefins effect on microstructure and mechanical properties
Polymer, 2005Co-Authors: Riku Uotila, Ulla Hippi, Santeri Paavola, Jukka SeppäläAbstract:The morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene/elastomer/silica composites were investigated with the aim of improving stiffness and impact resistance. Two different types of silica were tested: Precipitated silica and polymer grade microsilica (silica fume). The composites were compatibilized with commercial polypropylene and polyethylene containing maleic anhydride functionality as a means of controlling their microstructure and ultimately their mechanical properties. Comparisons were made with surface coated silica and hydroxyl-functionalized copolymers prepared with metallocene catalysts. The effect of adding the polymeric Compatibilizers was assessed by morphology studies, thermal analysis and mechanical testing. Significant improvements in impact strength were obtained by tailoring the microstructure of polypropylene/elastomer/microsilica composites. With introduction of PP-g-MAH as Compatibilizer, stiffness was enhanced simultaneously with impact strength. DSC curves of crystallization provided evidence to support the formation of different microstructures.
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functionalization of polypropylene with oxazoline and reactive blending of pp with pbt in a corotating twin screw extruder
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1997Co-Authors: Tommi Vainio, Morand Lambla, Jukka SeppäläAbstract:The aim of this study was to prepare a compatibilized PP/PBT blend in a twin-screw extruder, using oxazoline-functionalized PP. First we prepared the functionalized PP (PP-g-OXA), and then we used it as a Compatibilizer in the subsequent reactive blending stage. Polypropylene was successfully functionalized by ricinoloxazoline maleinate in a corotating twin-screw extruder using a melt free radical grafting technique. Grafting yields up to 2.1 phr were achieved. This functionalized PP used as a Compatibilizer markedly improved the mechanical properties of the uncompatibilized PP/PBT (PBT content 30 wt %) blend. Significant improvements were observed, especially in impact strength (Charpy) and elongation at break of the compatibilized blends. The increased interactions between the phases were characterized by SEM analysis, DMTA, and DSC experiments. The properties of the blend greatly depended on the degradation of the PP during grafting. An optimal content of Compatibilizer exists, which is dependent on the degradation of PP, grafting yield of oxazoline monomer, and on the amount of free, ungrafted monomer present in the Compatibilizer. These factors can be adjusted by properly choosing the processing conditions and chemical parameters. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 883–894, 1997
E Roumeli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of maleic anhydride on the mechanical and thermal properties of hemp/high-density polyethylene green composites
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2015Co-Authors: E Roumeli, Zoe Terzopoulou, E Pavlidou, K Chrissafis, Electra Papadopoulou, Eleftheria Athanasiadou, Kostas S Triantafyllidis, Dimitrios N BikiarisAbstract:In the present work, the effective use of polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) copolymer as a Compatibilizer in high-density polyethylene composites containing 10–50 mass% hemp fibers was evaluated through mechanical and thermal properties measurements. The results revealed a significant reinforcement on the tensile strength of the composites as a consequence of the incorporation of the Compatibilizer. Less pronounced effects were found on the elongation at break and impact strength of the composites. The notable enhancement of tensile strength on the compatibilized composites was related to the improved adhesion of hemp with the matrix in the presence of PE-g-MA, which was revealed through scanning electron microscopy observations. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses suggested that covalent bonding occurs between the fibers and the matrix in the highest PE-g-MA concentrations. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments revealed that the presence of Compatibilizer increases the crystallinity of the composites. Thermogravimetry studies revealed that for low Compatibilizer concentrations the thermal stability of the composites is further reduced, while for the highest concentration, when bonding occurs, it is enhanced. The biodegradation studies of all the composites revealed that the incorporation of Compatibilizer enhances the stability of the composites, especially in the higher concentrations, and reduces their final residue.
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effect of maleic anhydride on the mechanical and thermal properties of hemp high density polyethylene green composites
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2015Co-Authors: E Roumeli, Zoe Terzopoulou, E Pavlidou, K Chrissafis, Electra Papadopoulou, Eleftheria Athanasiadou, Kostas S Triantafyllidis, Dimitrios N BikiarisAbstract:In the present work, the effective use of polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) copolymer as a Compatibilizer in high-density polyethylene composites containing 10–50 mass% hemp fibers was evaluated through mechanical and thermal properties measurements. The results revealed a significant reinforcement on the tensile strength of the composites as a consequence of the incorporation of the Compatibilizer. Less pronounced effects were found on the elongation at break and impact strength of the composites. The notable enhancement of tensile strength on the compatibilized composites was related to the improved adhesion of hemp with the matrix in the presence of PE-g-MA, which was revealed through scanning electron microscopy observations. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses suggested that covalent bonding occurs between the fibers and the matrix in the highest PE-g-MA concentrations. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments revealed that the presence of Compatibilizer increases the crystallinity of the composites. Thermogravimetry studies revealed that for low Compatibilizer concentrations the thermal stability of the composites is further reduced, while for the highest concentration, when bonding occurs, it is enhanced. The biodegradation studies of all the composites revealed that the incorporation of Compatibilizer enhances the stability of the composites, especially in the higher concentrations, and reduces their final residue.
Mohd Nazarul Zaman Mohd Nazir - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Improvement in the mechanical performance and interfacial behavior of kenaf fiber reinforced high density polyethylene composites by the addition of maleic anhydride grafted high density polyethylene
Journal of Polymer Research, 2014Co-Authors: Fauzani Md. Salleh, Aziz Hassan, Rosiyah Yahya, Ruth A. Lafia-araga, Ahmad Danial Azzahari, Mohd Nazarul Zaman Mohd NazirAbstract:The effects of Compatibilizer on the tensile, flexural and interfacial adhesion behavior of kenaf fiber reinforced high density polyethylene composites were investigated. The addition of maleic anhydride grafted high density polyethylene (MA-HDPE) as Compatibilizer into the composites was found to improve the mechanical properties and the adhesion behavior of the composites. These improvements were due to the improved compatibility between matrix and fiber. 8 % MA-HDPE loading provided maximum enhancement in tensile and flexural properties when compared to the other Compatibilizer contents. Meanwhile, uncompatibilized composites showed poorer mechanical properties and interfacial behavior relative to the compatibilized composites. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the changed chemical structures by the appearance of stretching vibration of the ester carbonyl groups (C = O) around 1725 cm^−1 to 1742 cm^−1 and the peak of hydroxyl group at 3327 cm^−1 in the compatibilized composites. This indicates that the maleic anhydride has bonded to the kenaf fiber through esterification reaction, giving rise to strong interfacial bonding between the matrix and fiber. The improvement in the interfacial behavior was evident from the tensile fracture surface morphology using a field emission scanning electron microscopy.