The Experts below are selected from a list of 133077 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Sabine Houot - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Modelling the fate of PAH added with Composts in amended soil according to the origin of the exogenous organic matter.
Science of the Total Environment, 2017Co-Authors: Khaled Brimo, Sabine Houot, Stéphanie Ouvrard, Francois Lafolie, Patricia GarnierAbstract:A new model that was able to simulate the behaviours of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) during Composting and after the addition of the Composts to agricultural soil is presented here. This model associates modules that describe the physical, biological and biochemical processes involved in PAH dynamics in soils, along with a module describing the Compost degradation resulting in PAH release. The model was calibrated from laboratory incubations using three (14)C-PAHs, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene, and three different Composts consisting of two mature and one non-mature Composts. First, the labelled PAHs were added to the Compost over 28days, and spiked Composts were then added to the soil over 55days. The model calculates the proportion of biogenic and physically bound residues in the non-extractable compartment of PAHs at the end of the Compost incubation to feed the initial conditions of the model for soil amended with Composts. For most of the treatments, a single parameter set enabled to simulate the observed dynamics of PAHs adequately for all the amended soil treatments using a Bayesian approach. However, for fluoranthene, different parameters that were able to simulate the growth of a specific microbial biomass had to be considered for mature Compost. Processes that occurred before the Compost application to the soil strongly influenced the fate of PAHs in the soil. Our results showed that the PAH dissipation during Compost incubation was higher in mature Composts because of the higher specific microbial activity, while the PAH dissipation in amended soil was higher in the non-mature Compost because of the higher availability of PAHs and the higher co-metabolic microbial activity.
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increased nitrogen availability in soil after repeated Compost applications use of the pastis model to separate short and long term effects
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2013Co-Authors: Maha Chalhoub, Yves Coquet, Francois Lafolie, Patricia Garnier, Bruno Mary, Sabine HouotAbstract:Abstract Regular application of Composts on cropped soils has been shown to restore soil organic matter contents. The effect of repeated applications of three urban Composts on the nitrogen (N) dynamics in a cropped loamy soil was compared to farmyard manure application and a control receiving no amendment. Each amendment application brought on average 250–400 kg ha −1 of total N. After five applications, total organic N increased in amended soils from 9 to 27% compared to control and the increase of soil organic N corresponded to 32–79% of total N brought by the amendments. The PASTIS model was used to describe the N balance in the soil-plant system during the 2 years after a sixth amendment application and provided correct predictions of N dynamics in cropped plots. The N availability increased in all treatments receiving organic amendments. The N availability in the soils amended with urban Composts or manure was predominantly driven by the biodegradability of the organic amendments, their mineral N content and by the cropping conditions. Composts with high biodegradability exhibited higher proportion of N recovery by plants (21% for the municipal solid waste Compost) during the year following their application, while more stabilised Composts (biowaste Compost, co-Compost of sludge and green wastes) increased the N availability mainly through the increase of soil organic N content and mineralisation after several Compost applications (6–8% of the soil organic N increase). Mature Composts behaved comparably to FYM, except that for FYM very little N from the last application was available. Regular Compost applications equivalent to 200 kg N ha −1 every other year could increase N availability for crops of 50–70 kg N ha −1 over the 2 years of the crop rotation. However, the most stabilised Composts led to a higher crop N recovery but also to potential higher amounts of leached N compared to less mature Composts.
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Use of urban Composts for the regeneration of a burnt Mediterranean soil: A laboratory approach
Journal of Environmental Management, 2012Co-Authors: Antoine Cellier, C Francou, Sabine Houot, Christine Ballini, Thierry Gauquelin, Virginie BaldyAbstract:In Mediterranean region, forest fires are a major problem leading to the desertification of the environment. Use of Composts is considered as a solution for soil and vegetation rehabilitation. In this study, we determined under laboratory conditions the effects of three urban Composts and their mode of application (laid on the soil surface or mixed into the soil) on soil restoration after fire: a municipal waste Compost (MWC), a Compost of sewage sludge mixed with green waste (SSC) and a green waste Compost (GWC). Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralisation, total microbial biomass, fungal biomass and soil characteristics were measured during 77-day incubations in microcosms. The impact of Composts input on hydrological behaviour related to erodibility was estimated by measuring runoff, retention and percolation (i.e. infiltration) of water using a rainfall simulator under laboratory conditions. Input of Composts increased organic matter and soil nutrient content, and enhanced C and N mineralisation and total microbial biomass throughout the incubations, whereas it increased sporadically fungal biomass. For all these parameters, the MWC induced the highest improvement while GWC input had no significant effect compared to the control. Composts mixed with soil weakly limited runoff and infiltration whereas Composts laid at the soil surface significantly reduced runoff and increased percolation and retention, particularly with the MWC.
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Potential mineralization of various organic pollutants during Composting
Pedosphere, 2012Co-Authors: Sabine Houot, Christine Verge-leviel, M PoitrenaudAbstract:The objectives of this work were to determine the potentialmineralizationofvariousorganicpollutants that are likely found in Compostable materials duringComposting, and to evaluate the participation of the microflora of the thermophilic and maturation Composting phases in pollutantmineralization. Four Composts were used: a biowaste Compost (BioW), a municipal solid waste Compost (MSW), a green waste Compost (GW) and a co-Compost of green waste and sludge (GW+S). In each Composting plant, two samples were withdrawn: one in the thermophilic phase (fresh Compost) and one in the maturation phase (mature Compost) to have the microflora of thermophilic and maturation phases active, respectively. The mineralizationof 5 organicpollutants, 3 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (i.e., phenanthrene, fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene), 1 herbicide (dicamba) and 1 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB, congener 52), was measured in a laboratory setting during incubations at 60 C in fresh Composts and at 28 C in mature Composts. All molecules were 14C-labeled, which allowed the mineralizationof the molecules to be measured by trapping of produced 14CO2 in NaOH. Their volatilization was also measured by trapping molecules on glass wool impregnated with paraffin oil. Mineralizationof the organic molecules was only observed when the maturation microflora was present in the mature Composts or when it was inoculated into the fresh Compost. Phenanthrene mineralizationof up to 60% in the fresh GW+S Compost was the only exception. Mineralizationof PAH decreased when the complexity of the PAH molecules increased. Mineralizationof phenanthrene and fluoranthene reached 50%-70% in all mature Composts. Benzo(a)pyrene was mineralized (30%) only in the MSW mature Compost. Dicamba was moderately mineralized (30%-40%). Finally, no PCB mineralization was detected, but 20% of the PCB had volatilized after 12 d at 60 C. No clear difference was observed in the degrading capacity of the different Composts, and the major difference was the larger mineralizing capacity of the maturation microflora compared with the thermophilic microflora.
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soil aggregate stability improvement with urban Composts of different maturities
Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2007Co-Authors: M. Annabi, C Francou, M Poitrenaud, Sabine Houot, Le Y BissonnaisAbstract:Organic matter controls aggregate stability in loam soils. Intensive farming can lead to a decrease in soil organic matter content. In areas where livestock have disappeared, the recycling of Composted urban organic wastes on agricultural soils may represent a valuable source of organic matter for restoring soil organic matter content. The effects on the aggregate stability of a silt loam soil of three urban Composts (a municipal solid waste Compost, a co-Compost of sewage sludge and green waste, and a biowaste Compost) sampled at two different stages of maturity (immature and mature Composts) were studied during laboratory incubations. The results were related to (i) Compost organic matter biodegradability, biochemical fractions, and humic substance content, (ii) microbial activity evaluated through organic C mineralization and microbial and fungal biomass evolution, (iii) hot-water-extractable polysaccharides, and (iv) aggregate hydrophobicity as revealed by the water drop penetration time test. Both immature and mature Composts increased aggregate stability via different mechanisms. After immature Compost addition, the enhanced microbial activity mainly improved aggregate stability by increasing water repellency. The fungal biomass was particularly involved in aggregate stabilization. The municipal solid waste Compost was more efficient at improving resistance to slaking, probably because of its larger labile organic pool that enhanced microbial activity. The addition of mature Composts immediately improved aggregate stability with similar efficiency for all Composts but to a lesser extent than improvements from immature Composts. The observed increase of interparticular cohesion could be due to the inward diffusion of binding organic substances within the aggregates.
Julie Faverial - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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End-product quality of Composts produced under tropical and temperate climates using different raw materials: A meta-analysis
Journal of Environmental Management, 2016Co-Authors: Julie Faverial, Jorge Sierra, Maryline Boval, Daniel SauvantAbstract:A meta-analysis on end-product quality of 442 Composts was performed to assess the effects of climate and raw materials on Compost quality. The analysis was performed using an ANOVA including a mixed model with nested factors (climate, raw material and publication effect). Tropical Composts presented lower carbon, nitrogen, potassium and soluble-carbon contents, and higher electrical conductivity. The results suggest that Compost quality in the tropics was affected by weather conditions during Composting (e.g. high temperature and rainfall), which induced high losses of carbon and nutrients. For most properties, industrial, sewage sludge and manure-based Composts displayed the highest quality under both climates, while the contrary was found for household and municipal solid waste-based Composts. The publication effect represented >50% of total variance, which was mainly due to the heterogeneity of the Composting procedures. The meta-analysis was found to be a helpful tool to analyse the imbalanced worldwide database on Compost quality.
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Multivariate Analysis of the Determinants of the End-Product Quality of Manure-Based Composts and VermiComposts Using Bayesian Network Modelling
PLoS ONE, 2016Co-Authors: Julie Faverial, Denis Cornet, Jacky Paul, Jorge SierraAbstract:Previous studies indicated that the quality of tropical Composts is poorer than that of Composts produced in temperate regions. The aim of this study was to test the type of manure, the use of co-Composting with green waste, and the stabilization method for their ability to improve Compost quality in the tropics. We produced 68 Composts and vermiComposts that were analysed for their C, lignin and NPK contents throughout the Composting process. Bayesian networks were used to assess the mechanisms controlling Compost quality. The concentration effect, for C and lignin, and the initial blend quality, for NPK content, were the main factors affecting Compost quality. Cattle manure Composts presented the highest C and lignin contents, and poultry litter Composts exhibited the highest NPK content. Co-Composting improved quality by enhancing the concentration effect, which reduced the impact of C and nutrient losses. VermiComposting did not improve Compost quality; co-Composting without earthworms thus appears to be a suitable stabilization method under the conditions of this study because it produced high quality Composts and is easier to implement.
Merja Itavaara - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Priming effect as determined by adding ^14C-glucose to modified controlled Composting test
Biodegradation, 2002Co-Authors: Marja Tuomela, Sari Karjomaa, Annele Hatakka, Merja ItavaaraAbstract:The development of new biodegradable packaging materials, especially biodegradable plastics, has created a need for biodegradability testing. The European standard for controlled Composting test was used in this study for assessing if the addition of a test material results in excess CO_2 production in Compost. This effect, designated as the priming effect, would give an erroneous result for biodegradation, which is based on CO_2 formation from the test material. Glucose was selected as a test substrate because it is the degradation product of starch and cellulose, which are major compounds of many packaging materials. Both ^14C-glucose and non-labelled glucose was applied to nine Compost samples of variable stability and agefrom two weeks to 1.5 years. CO_2 and ^14CO_2 evolution were measured during the incubation. Biodegradation of glucose in unstable Composts (age leq6 months) was negative and ^14CO_2 evolution was poor, although the respective Composts without glucose produced relatively high amounts of CO_2. It was concluded that a negative priming effect was observed in unstable Composts, in which glucose remained mostly non-degraded and apparently inhibited the mineralization of native organic matter in the Compost. In stable Composts (age ≥6 months), biodegradation of glucose was high and approximately equal to ^14C-glucose mineralization, i.e., the Composts showed no priming effect. Young Composts were unsuitable for controlled Composting test due to lack of stability. It is important to ensure that the Compost inoculum used for the test is sufficiently stable.
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Priming effect as determined by adding 14C-glucose to modified controlled Composting test.
Biodegradation, 2002Co-Authors: Marja Tuomela, Sari Karjomaa, Annele Hatakka, Merja ItavaaraAbstract:The development of new biodegradable packaging materials, especially biodegradable plastics, has created a need for biodegradability testing. The European standard for controlled Composting test was used in this study for assessing if the addition of a test material results in excess CO2 production in Compost. This effect, designated as the priming effect, would give an erroneous result for biodegradation, which is based on CO2 formation from the test material. Glucose was selected as a test substrate because it is the degradation product of starch and cellulose, which are major compounds of many packaging materials. Both 14 C-glucose and non-labelled glucose was applied to nine Compost samples of variable stability and age from two weeks to 1.5 years. CO2 and 14 CO2 evolution were measured during the incubation. Biodegradation of glucose in unstable Composts (age ≤6 months) was negative and 14 CO2 evolution was poor, although the respective Composts without glucose produced relatively high amounts of CO2. It was concluded that a negative priming effect was observed in unstable Composts, in which glucose remained mostly non-degraded and apparently inhibited the mineralization of native organic matter in the Compost. In stable Composts (age ≥6 months), biodegradation of glucose was high and approximately equal to 14 C-glucose mineralization, i.e., the Composts showed no priming effect. Young Composts were unsuitable for controlled Composting test due to lack of stability. It is important to ensure that the Compost inoculum used for the test is sufficiently stable.
Jorge Sierra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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End-product quality of Composts produced under tropical and temperate climates using different raw materials: A meta-analysis
Journal of Environmental Management, 2016Co-Authors: Julie Faverial, Jorge Sierra, Maryline Boval, Daniel SauvantAbstract:A meta-analysis on end-product quality of 442 Composts was performed to assess the effects of climate and raw materials on Compost quality. The analysis was performed using an ANOVA including a mixed model with nested factors (climate, raw material and publication effect). Tropical Composts presented lower carbon, nitrogen, potassium and soluble-carbon contents, and higher electrical conductivity. The results suggest that Compost quality in the tropics was affected by weather conditions during Composting (e.g. high temperature and rainfall), which induced high losses of carbon and nutrients. For most properties, industrial, sewage sludge and manure-based Composts displayed the highest quality under both climates, while the contrary was found for household and municipal solid waste-based Composts. The publication effect represented >50% of total variance, which was mainly due to the heterogeneity of the Composting procedures. The meta-analysis was found to be a helpful tool to analyse the imbalanced worldwide database on Compost quality.
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Multivariate Analysis of the Determinants of the End-Product Quality of Manure-Based Composts and VermiComposts Using Bayesian Network Modelling
PLoS ONE, 2016Co-Authors: Julie Faverial, Denis Cornet, Jacky Paul, Jorge SierraAbstract:Previous studies indicated that the quality of tropical Composts is poorer than that of Composts produced in temperate regions. The aim of this study was to test the type of manure, the use of co-Composting with green waste, and the stabilization method for their ability to improve Compost quality in the tropics. We produced 68 Composts and vermiComposts that were analysed for their C, lignin and NPK contents throughout the Composting process. Bayesian networks were used to assess the mechanisms controlling Compost quality. The concentration effect, for C and lignin, and the initial blend quality, for NPK content, were the main factors affecting Compost quality. Cattle manure Composts presented the highest C and lignin contents, and poultry litter Composts exhibited the highest NPK content. Co-Composting improved quality by enhancing the concentration effect, which reduced the impact of C and nutrient losses. VermiComposting did not improve Compost quality; co-Composting without earthworms thus appears to be a suitable stabilization method under the conditions of this study because it produced high quality Composts and is easier to implement.
Daniel Sauvant - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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End-product quality of Composts produced under tropical and temperate climates using different raw materials: A meta-analysis
Journal of Environmental Management, 2016Co-Authors: Julie Faverial, Jorge Sierra, Maryline Boval, Daniel SauvantAbstract:A meta-analysis on end-product quality of 442 Composts was performed to assess the effects of climate and raw materials on Compost quality. The analysis was performed using an ANOVA including a mixed model with nested factors (climate, raw material and publication effect). Tropical Composts presented lower carbon, nitrogen, potassium and soluble-carbon contents, and higher electrical conductivity. The results suggest that Compost quality in the tropics was affected by weather conditions during Composting (e.g. high temperature and rainfall), which induced high losses of carbon and nutrients. For most properties, industrial, sewage sludge and manure-based Composts displayed the highest quality under both climates, while the contrary was found for household and municipal solid waste-based Composts. The publication effect represented >50% of total variance, which was mainly due to the heterogeneity of the Composting procedures. The meta-analysis was found to be a helpful tool to analyse the imbalanced worldwide database on Compost quality.
