The Experts below are selected from a list of 2586 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Jiachen Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Fabrication and high-temperature properties of Y-TZP ceramic helical springs by a gel-casting process
    Ceramics International, 2015
    Co-Authors: Mengmeng Zhuang, Mingchao Wang, Yingna Zhao, Bin Zheng, Anran Guo, Jiachen Liu
    Abstract:

    Abstract A rectangular cross-section ceramic helical spring of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) was prepared by the gel-casting process. Both the compressive curves and comprehension rebound curves were tested at room temperature and high temperature. The results showed that springs obeyed Hooke׳s Law at room temperature, as the Compression Resilience ratio of the samples was nearly 100% under the condition of spring׳s security and no damping loss occurred during the process. Besides, mechanical failures of springs occurred under loads around 128 N with the deformation of 10%. With increasing test temperature the maximum load-carrying capacity of the spring decreased, while the maximum deformation increased. Besides, the load–Compression curve showed a yield step when the test temperature was above 800 °C. At elastic stage of spring under high temperature, the Compression Resilience ratio was also nearly 100%; however, the anelastic effect took place and energy loss increased with the increase in test temperature.

  • Synthesis and properties of lightweight flexible insulant composites with a mullite fiber-based hierarchical heterostructure
    Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015
    Co-Authors: Xue Dong, Anran Guo, Guofa Sui, Jiachen Liu
    Abstract:

    Abstract A novel mullite fibers-based hierarchical heterostructure were fabricated using a sol–gel method. The porous performs were fabricated by mixing the mullite fibers with the aluminum borate xerogel which is derived from the gelation of Al(OC4H9)3 and boric acid. After calcination, the preforms with different mole ratio of Al/B, transformed into the composites with hierarchical structures of the aluminum borate nanowhiskers/mullite fiber and alumina plate/aluminum borate nanowhiskers/mullite fiber. The formed aluminum borate nanowhiskers showed a uniform distribution on the mullite fibers, and the growth process may follow a self-catalysis mechanism. The fabricated hierarchical mullite fiber-based products possessed low density of 0.448 g/cm3, low thermal conductivity of 0.132 W/mK, high specific surface area of 230.7 m2/g and excellent elastic property with high Compression-Resilience of 92.7%, and were promising flexible insulant materials for the application in high-temperature heat sealing field.

  • structure formation process heat insulation property and cyclic Compression Resilience performance of mullite fibres whiskers frameworks
    RSC Advances, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Sue Ren, Haitao Geng
    Abstract:

    Mullite fibres/whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by mixed-slurry-filtration and heat-treating. Hierarchical fibres/whiskers structure formed in the frameworks through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction. Topaz rods as a transient product first formed in the frameworks, and then gradually transformed into mullite whiskers. Intersected mullite whiskers served as lap-jointing points of the fibres. The volume density, apparent porosity and thermal conductivity of the samples heat-treated at 1100–1500 °C were 0.402–0.541 g cm−3, 81.2–85% and 0.1191–0.1647 W m−1 k−1, respectively. Cyclic CompressionResilience performance (maximum stress = 0.4 MPa) of the samples was tested at room temperature. The Compression ratio, permanent deformation ratio and Resilience ratio of the samples in the first circle CompressionResilience test were 2.031–3.833%, 0.125–0.042% and 93.85–98.28%, respectively. The excellent thermal/mechanical properties indicated that the MF/MW frameworks were suitable for being applied as high temperature heat-insulation/sealing materials.

  • Structure formation process, heat-insulation property and cyclic CompressionResilience performance of mullite fibres/whiskers frameworks
    RSC Advances, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Sue Ren, Haitao Geng
    Abstract:

    Mullite fibres/whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by mixed-slurry-filtration and heat-treating. Hierarchical fibres/whiskers structure formed in the frameworks through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction. Topaz rods as a transient product first formed in the frameworks, and then gradually transformed into mullite whiskers. Intersected mullite whiskers served as lap-jointing points of the fibres. The volume density, apparent porosity and thermal conductivity of the samples heat-treated at 1100–1500 °C were 0.402–0.541 g cm−3, 81.2–85% and 0.1191–0.1647 W m−1 k−1, respectively. Cyclic CompressionResilience performance (maximum stress = 0.4 MPa) of the samples was tested at room temperature. The Compression ratio, permanent deformation ratio and Resilience ratio of the samples in the first circle CompressionResilience test were 2.031–3.833%, 0.125–0.042% and 93.85–98.28%, respectively. The excellent thermal/mechanical properties indicated that the MF/MW frameworks were suitable for being applied as high temperature heat-insulation/sealing materials.

  • Hierarchical mullite structures and their heat-insulation and Compression-Resilience properties
    Ceramics International, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Sue Ren, Haitao Geng
    Abstract:

    Abstract Near-net-shaped hierarchical structure-adjustable short mullite fibers/mullite whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by slurry-filtration and heat-treating method. The main structure of MF/MW framework was constituted by lap-jointed mullite fibers. Every single fiber in the framework was densely covered by mullite whiskers which formed through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction, and the fibers actually served as curved substrates for the mullite whiskers' growth. The lap-jointing points of the fibers were served by movable intersected mullite whiskers. Moreover, the microstructure of the frameworks could be adjusted by tailoring the raw materials mass ratio. The volume densities, the apparent porosities and the thermal conductivities of the MF/MW frameworks in different raw materials mass ratios were 0.459–0.487 g/cm 3 , 79.7–82.8% and 0.1356–0.1965 W/k m, respectively. The CompressionResilience property of the samples was tested under 0.4 MPa at room temperature. The Compression ratio and Resilience ratio of the MF/MW frameworks in different raw materials mass ratios were 1.63–2.25% and 92.67–98.16%, respectively. The MF/MW frameworks with advanced thermal and mechanical properties were considered to be promising high-temperature heat-insulation material.

Haitao Geng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • structure formation process heat insulation property and cyclic Compression Resilience performance of mullite fibres whiskers frameworks
    RSC Advances, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Sue Ren, Haitao Geng
    Abstract:

    Mullite fibres/whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by mixed-slurry-filtration and heat-treating. Hierarchical fibres/whiskers structure formed in the frameworks through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction. Topaz rods as a transient product first formed in the frameworks, and then gradually transformed into mullite whiskers. Intersected mullite whiskers served as lap-jointing points of the fibres. The volume density, apparent porosity and thermal conductivity of the samples heat-treated at 1100–1500 °C were 0.402–0.541 g cm−3, 81.2–85% and 0.1191–0.1647 W m−1 k−1, respectively. Cyclic CompressionResilience performance (maximum stress = 0.4 MPa) of the samples was tested at room temperature. The Compression ratio, permanent deformation ratio and Resilience ratio of the samples in the first circle CompressionResilience test were 2.031–3.833%, 0.125–0.042% and 93.85–98.28%, respectively. The excellent thermal/mechanical properties indicated that the MF/MW frameworks were suitable for being applied as high temperature heat-insulation/sealing materials.

  • Structure formation process, heat-insulation property and cyclic CompressionResilience performance of mullite fibres/whiskers frameworks
    RSC Advances, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Sue Ren, Haitao Geng
    Abstract:

    Mullite fibres/whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by mixed-slurry-filtration and heat-treating. Hierarchical fibres/whiskers structure formed in the frameworks through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction. Topaz rods as a transient product first formed in the frameworks, and then gradually transformed into mullite whiskers. Intersected mullite whiskers served as lap-jointing points of the fibres. The volume density, apparent porosity and thermal conductivity of the samples heat-treated at 1100–1500 °C were 0.402–0.541 g cm−3, 81.2–85% and 0.1191–0.1647 W m−1 k−1, respectively. Cyclic CompressionResilience performance (maximum stress = 0.4 MPa) of the samples was tested at room temperature. The Compression ratio, permanent deformation ratio and Resilience ratio of the samples in the first circle CompressionResilience test were 2.031–3.833%, 0.125–0.042% and 93.85–98.28%, respectively. The excellent thermal/mechanical properties indicated that the MF/MW frameworks were suitable for being applied as high temperature heat-insulation/sealing materials.

  • Hierarchical mullite structures and their heat-insulation and Compression-Resilience properties
    Ceramics International, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Sue Ren, Haitao Geng
    Abstract:

    Abstract Near-net-shaped hierarchical structure-adjustable short mullite fibers/mullite whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by slurry-filtration and heat-treating method. The main structure of MF/MW framework was constituted by lap-jointed mullite fibers. Every single fiber in the framework was densely covered by mullite whiskers which formed through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction, and the fibers actually served as curved substrates for the mullite whiskers' growth. The lap-jointing points of the fibers were served by movable intersected mullite whiskers. Moreover, the microstructure of the frameworks could be adjusted by tailoring the raw materials mass ratio. The volume densities, the apparent porosities and the thermal conductivities of the MF/MW frameworks in different raw materials mass ratios were 0.459–0.487 g/cm 3 , 79.7–82.8% and 0.1356–0.1965 W/k m, respectively. The CompressionResilience property of the samples was tested under 0.4 MPa at room temperature. The Compression ratio and Resilience ratio of the MF/MW frameworks in different raw materials mass ratios were 1.63–2.25% and 92.67–98.16%, respectively. The MF/MW frameworks with advanced thermal and mechanical properties were considered to be promising high-temperature heat-insulation material.

Shan Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • structure formation process heat insulation property and cyclic Compression Resilience performance of mullite fibres whiskers frameworks
    RSC Advances, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Sue Ren, Haitao Geng
    Abstract:

    Mullite fibres/whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by mixed-slurry-filtration and heat-treating. Hierarchical fibres/whiskers structure formed in the frameworks through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction. Topaz rods as a transient product first formed in the frameworks, and then gradually transformed into mullite whiskers. Intersected mullite whiskers served as lap-jointing points of the fibres. The volume density, apparent porosity and thermal conductivity of the samples heat-treated at 1100–1500 °C were 0.402–0.541 g cm−3, 81.2–85% and 0.1191–0.1647 W m−1 k−1, respectively. Cyclic CompressionResilience performance (maximum stress = 0.4 MPa) of the samples was tested at room temperature. The Compression ratio, permanent deformation ratio and Resilience ratio of the samples in the first circle CompressionResilience test were 2.031–3.833%, 0.125–0.042% and 93.85–98.28%, respectively. The excellent thermal/mechanical properties indicated that the MF/MW frameworks were suitable for being applied as high temperature heat-insulation/sealing materials.

  • Structure formation process, heat-insulation property and cyclic CompressionResilience performance of mullite fibres/whiskers frameworks
    RSC Advances, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Sue Ren, Haitao Geng
    Abstract:

    Mullite fibres/whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by mixed-slurry-filtration and heat-treating. Hierarchical fibres/whiskers structure formed in the frameworks through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction. Topaz rods as a transient product first formed in the frameworks, and then gradually transformed into mullite whiskers. Intersected mullite whiskers served as lap-jointing points of the fibres. The volume density, apparent porosity and thermal conductivity of the samples heat-treated at 1100–1500 °C were 0.402–0.541 g cm−3, 81.2–85% and 0.1191–0.1647 W m−1 k−1, respectively. Cyclic CompressionResilience performance (maximum stress = 0.4 MPa) of the samples was tested at room temperature. The Compression ratio, permanent deformation ratio and Resilience ratio of the samples in the first circle CompressionResilience test were 2.031–3.833%, 0.125–0.042% and 93.85–98.28%, respectively. The excellent thermal/mechanical properties indicated that the MF/MW frameworks were suitable for being applied as high temperature heat-insulation/sealing materials.

  • Hierarchical mullite structures and their heat-insulation and Compression-Resilience properties
    Ceramics International, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Sue Ren, Haitao Geng
    Abstract:

    Abstract Near-net-shaped hierarchical structure-adjustable short mullite fibers/mullite whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by slurry-filtration and heat-treating method. The main structure of MF/MW framework was constituted by lap-jointed mullite fibers. Every single fiber in the framework was densely covered by mullite whiskers which formed through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction, and the fibers actually served as curved substrates for the mullite whiskers' growth. The lap-jointing points of the fibers were served by movable intersected mullite whiskers. Moreover, the microstructure of the frameworks could be adjusted by tailoring the raw materials mass ratio. The volume densities, the apparent porosities and the thermal conductivities of the MF/MW frameworks in different raw materials mass ratios were 0.459–0.487 g/cm 3 , 79.7–82.8% and 0.1356–0.1965 W/k m, respectively. The CompressionResilience property of the samples was tested under 0.4 MPa at room temperature. The Compression ratio and Resilience ratio of the MF/MW frameworks in different raw materials mass ratios were 1.63–2.25% and 92.67–98.16%, respectively. The MF/MW frameworks with advanced thermal and mechanical properties were considered to be promising high-temperature heat-insulation material.

  • Microstructure of mullite fiber-based hierarchical structures adjusted by Al/Si mole ratio of the raw material powders
    Ceramics International, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Anran Guo
    Abstract:

    Abstract Mullite fiber-based hierarchical structures were prepared by mixed slurry filtration and heat-treating method. Mullite fibers׳ framework served as the main structure of the material, and mullite fibers acted as curved substrates for the secondary structures׳ growth. The secondary structures formed on the fibers through fluorine-catalyzed gas phase reaction, and their morphology could be adjusted by tailoring (Al/Si) mol of the raw material powders (mixed AlF 3 –SiO 2 powders). Inter-locked corundum hexagon plates as secondary structures grew on the mullite fibers when (Al/Si) mol of the raw material powders was 3/0. Mullite whiskers became the only secondary structures on the fibers when (Al/Si) mol of the raw material powders was 3/2–3/3. The inserted corundum plates or the intersected mullite whiskers acted as the unfixed lap-jointing points of the mullite fibers in the frameworks. The CompressionResilience performance of the frameworks was tested at 1 MPa, and the Resilience ratio of the frameworks was higher than 90%.

Feng Hou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • structure formation process heat insulation property and cyclic Compression Resilience performance of mullite fibres whiskers frameworks
    RSC Advances, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Sue Ren, Haitao Geng
    Abstract:

    Mullite fibres/whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by mixed-slurry-filtration and heat-treating. Hierarchical fibres/whiskers structure formed in the frameworks through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction. Topaz rods as a transient product first formed in the frameworks, and then gradually transformed into mullite whiskers. Intersected mullite whiskers served as lap-jointing points of the fibres. The volume density, apparent porosity and thermal conductivity of the samples heat-treated at 1100–1500 °C were 0.402–0.541 g cm−3, 81.2–85% and 0.1191–0.1647 W m−1 k−1, respectively. Cyclic CompressionResilience performance (maximum stress = 0.4 MPa) of the samples was tested at room temperature. The Compression ratio, permanent deformation ratio and Resilience ratio of the samples in the first circle CompressionResilience test were 2.031–3.833%, 0.125–0.042% and 93.85–98.28%, respectively. The excellent thermal/mechanical properties indicated that the MF/MW frameworks were suitable for being applied as high temperature heat-insulation/sealing materials.

  • Structure formation process, heat-insulation property and cyclic CompressionResilience performance of mullite fibres/whiskers frameworks
    RSC Advances, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Sue Ren, Haitao Geng
    Abstract:

    Mullite fibres/whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by mixed-slurry-filtration and heat-treating. Hierarchical fibres/whiskers structure formed in the frameworks through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction. Topaz rods as a transient product first formed in the frameworks, and then gradually transformed into mullite whiskers. Intersected mullite whiskers served as lap-jointing points of the fibres. The volume density, apparent porosity and thermal conductivity of the samples heat-treated at 1100–1500 °C were 0.402–0.541 g cm−3, 81.2–85% and 0.1191–0.1647 W m−1 k−1, respectively. Cyclic CompressionResilience performance (maximum stress = 0.4 MPa) of the samples was tested at room temperature. The Compression ratio, permanent deformation ratio and Resilience ratio of the samples in the first circle CompressionResilience test were 2.031–3.833%, 0.125–0.042% and 93.85–98.28%, respectively. The excellent thermal/mechanical properties indicated that the MF/MW frameworks were suitable for being applied as high temperature heat-insulation/sealing materials.

  • Hierarchical mullite structures and their heat-insulation and Compression-Resilience properties
    Ceramics International, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Sue Ren, Haitao Geng
    Abstract:

    Abstract Near-net-shaped hierarchical structure-adjustable short mullite fibers/mullite whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by slurry-filtration and heat-treating method. The main structure of MF/MW framework was constituted by lap-jointed mullite fibers. Every single fiber in the framework was densely covered by mullite whiskers which formed through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction, and the fibers actually served as curved substrates for the mullite whiskers' growth. The lap-jointing points of the fibers were served by movable intersected mullite whiskers. Moreover, the microstructure of the frameworks could be adjusted by tailoring the raw materials mass ratio. The volume densities, the apparent porosities and the thermal conductivities of the MF/MW frameworks in different raw materials mass ratios were 0.459–0.487 g/cm 3 , 79.7–82.8% and 0.1356–0.1965 W/k m, respectively. The CompressionResilience property of the samples was tested under 0.4 MPa at room temperature. The Compression ratio and Resilience ratio of the MF/MW frameworks in different raw materials mass ratios were 1.63–2.25% and 92.67–98.16%, respectively. The MF/MW frameworks with advanced thermal and mechanical properties were considered to be promising high-temperature heat-insulation material.

  • Microstructure of mullite fiber-based hierarchical structures adjusted by Al/Si mole ratio of the raw material powders
    Ceramics International, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Anran Guo
    Abstract:

    Abstract Mullite fiber-based hierarchical structures were prepared by mixed slurry filtration and heat-treating method. Mullite fibers׳ framework served as the main structure of the material, and mullite fibers acted as curved substrates for the secondary structures׳ growth. The secondary structures formed on the fibers through fluorine-catalyzed gas phase reaction, and their morphology could be adjusted by tailoring (Al/Si) mol of the raw material powders (mixed AlF 3 –SiO 2 powders). Inter-locked corundum hexagon plates as secondary structures grew on the mullite fibers when (Al/Si) mol of the raw material powders was 3/0. Mullite whiskers became the only secondary structures on the fibers when (Al/Si) mol of the raw material powders was 3/2–3/3. The inserted corundum plates or the intersected mullite whiskers acted as the unfixed lap-jointing points of the mullite fibers in the frameworks. The CompressionResilience performance of the frameworks was tested at 1 MPa, and the Resilience ratio of the frameworks was higher than 90%.

Sue Ren - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • structure formation process heat insulation property and cyclic Compression Resilience performance of mullite fibres whiskers frameworks
    RSC Advances, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Sue Ren, Haitao Geng
    Abstract:

    Mullite fibres/whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by mixed-slurry-filtration and heat-treating. Hierarchical fibres/whiskers structure formed in the frameworks through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction. Topaz rods as a transient product first formed in the frameworks, and then gradually transformed into mullite whiskers. Intersected mullite whiskers served as lap-jointing points of the fibres. The volume density, apparent porosity and thermal conductivity of the samples heat-treated at 1100–1500 °C were 0.402–0.541 g cm−3, 81.2–85% and 0.1191–0.1647 W m−1 k−1, respectively. Cyclic CompressionResilience performance (maximum stress = 0.4 MPa) of the samples was tested at room temperature. The Compression ratio, permanent deformation ratio and Resilience ratio of the samples in the first circle CompressionResilience test were 2.031–3.833%, 0.125–0.042% and 93.85–98.28%, respectively. The excellent thermal/mechanical properties indicated that the MF/MW frameworks were suitable for being applied as high temperature heat-insulation/sealing materials.

  • Structure formation process, heat-insulation property and cyclic CompressionResilience performance of mullite fibres/whiskers frameworks
    RSC Advances, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Sue Ren, Haitao Geng
    Abstract:

    Mullite fibres/whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by mixed-slurry-filtration and heat-treating. Hierarchical fibres/whiskers structure formed in the frameworks through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction. Topaz rods as a transient product first formed in the frameworks, and then gradually transformed into mullite whiskers. Intersected mullite whiskers served as lap-jointing points of the fibres. The volume density, apparent porosity and thermal conductivity of the samples heat-treated at 1100–1500 °C were 0.402–0.541 g cm−3, 81.2–85% and 0.1191–0.1647 W m−1 k−1, respectively. Cyclic CompressionResilience performance (maximum stress = 0.4 MPa) of the samples was tested at room temperature. The Compression ratio, permanent deformation ratio and Resilience ratio of the samples in the first circle CompressionResilience test were 2.031–3.833%, 0.125–0.042% and 93.85–98.28%, respectively. The excellent thermal/mechanical properties indicated that the MF/MW frameworks were suitable for being applied as high temperature heat-insulation/sealing materials.

  • Hierarchical mullite structures and their heat-insulation and Compression-Resilience properties
    Ceramics International, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shan Liu, Jiachen Liu, Feng Hou, Sue Ren, Haitao Geng
    Abstract:

    Abstract Near-net-shaped hierarchical structure-adjustable short mullite fibers/mullite whiskers frameworks (MF/MW frameworks) were prepared by slurry-filtration and heat-treating method. The main structure of MF/MW framework was constituted by lap-jointed mullite fibers. Every single fiber in the framework was densely covered by mullite whiskers which formed through fluorine-catalyzed gas-phase reaction, and the fibers actually served as curved substrates for the mullite whiskers' growth. The lap-jointing points of the fibers were served by movable intersected mullite whiskers. Moreover, the microstructure of the frameworks could be adjusted by tailoring the raw materials mass ratio. The volume densities, the apparent porosities and the thermal conductivities of the MF/MW frameworks in different raw materials mass ratios were 0.459–0.487 g/cm 3 , 79.7–82.8% and 0.1356–0.1965 W/k m, respectively. The CompressionResilience property of the samples was tested under 0.4 MPa at room temperature. The Compression ratio and Resilience ratio of the MF/MW frameworks in different raw materials mass ratios were 1.63–2.25% and 92.67–98.16%, respectively. The MF/MW frameworks with advanced thermal and mechanical properties were considered to be promising high-temperature heat-insulation material.