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Stephen G Macdonell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • source code authorship analysis for supporting the cybercrime investigation process
    International Conference on E-Business and Telecommunication Networks, 2004
    Co-Authors: Georgia Frantzeskou, Stefanos Gritzalis, Stephen G Macdonell
    Abstract:

    Cybercrime has increased in severity and frequency in the recent years and because of this, it has become a major concern for companies, universities and organizations. The anonymity offered by the Internet has made the task of tracing criminal identity difficult. One study field that has contributed in tracing criminals is authorship analysis on e-mails, messages and programs. This paper contains a study on source code authorship analysis. The aim of the research efforts in this area is to identify the author of a particular piece of code by examining its programming style characteristics. Borrowing extensively from the existing fields of linguistics and software metrics, this field attempts to investigate various aspects of Computer program authorship. Source code authorship analysis could be implemented in cases of cyber attacks, plagiarism and Computer Fraud. In this paper we present the set of tools and techniques used to achieve the goal of authorship identification, a review of the research efforts in the area and a new taxonomy on source code authorship analysis.

  • software forensics extending authorship analysis techniques to Computer programs
    The Journal of Law and Information Science, 2002
    Co-Authors: Stephen G Macdonell, Donna Buckingham, Andrew R Gray, Philip Sallis
    Abstract:

    Software forensics is the analysis of the syntactic, structural and semantic form of software in order to identify, characterise and discriminate between the authors of software products for some legal purpose. Determining software authorship may be important in several contexts: civil litigation involving allegations of software theft or plagiarism or apportioning liability for software failure; criminal litigation in relation to Computer Fraud or software attacks on Computer systems using viruses and other similar means. Our focus is on forensic analysis of software source code, the structured English-like implementation of the algorithm selected to undertake the task at hand. We use a fictionalised version of a recent case to illustrate the potential of software forensics to provide evidence and also review in detail the judicial reception of such material.

  • identified integrated dictionary based extraction of non language dependent token information for forensic identification examination and discrimination a dictionary based system for extracting source code metrics for software forensics
    International Conference on Software Engineering, 1998
    Co-Authors: Andrew R Gray, Philip Sallis, Stephen G Macdonell
    Abstract:

    The frequency and severity of Computer-based attacks such as viruses and worms, logic bombs, trojan horses, Computer Fraud, and plagiarism of software code have all become of increasing concern to many of those involved with information systems. Part of the difficulty experienced in collecting evidence regarding the attack or theft in such situations has been the definition and collection of appropriate measurements to use in models of authorship, With this purpose in mind a system called IDENTIFIED is being developed to assist with the task of software forensics which is the use of software code authorship analysis for legal or official purposes. IDENTIFIED uses combinations of wildcards and special characters to define count-based metrics, allows for hierarchical metametric definitions, automates much of the file handling task, extracts metric values from source code, and assists with the analysis and modelling processes. It is hoped that the availability of such tools will encourage more detailed research into this area of ever-increasing importance.

Orin S. Kerr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Computer crime law 2018 summer supplement
    Social Science Research Network, 2018
    Co-Authors: Orin S. Kerr
    Abstract:

    This document is the 2018 Summer Supplement for Kerr's Computer Crime Law (4th Edition 2018). It covers legal developments from December 2017 through July 2018. New materials include a critical new Fourth Amendment case, Carpenter v. United States; an explanation of the new CLOUD Act on cross-border data requests and challenges on foreign conflicts grounds; new circuit court decisions diverging on how the Fourth Amendment's border search exception applies to Computer searches; new cases and notes interpreting the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act; and new decisions construing the Stored Communications Act.

  • Computer Crime Law (Introduction)
    SSRN Electronic Journal, 2018
    Co-Authors: Orin S. Kerr
    Abstract:

    The book covers every aspect of crime in the digital age. Topics range from Computer Fraud laws and international Computer crimes to Internet surveillance laws and the Fourth Amendment. It is part traditional casebook, part treatise. It both explains the law and presents many new and important questions of law that courts are only now beginning to consider. The book is suited either for a 3-credit course or a 2-credit seminar. It will appeal both to criminal law and procedure professors and those interested in cyberlaw or law and technology. No advanced knowledge of Computers and the Internet is required or assumed. The fourth edition of Kerr’s popular Computer crime law text includes many updates since the third edition in 2012. New cases and materials address topics such as encryption, the Computer hacking laws, Internet surveillance, the Cybersecurity Act of 2015, hacking back, drafting Computer warrants, the All Writs Act, the law of accessing foreign-stored e-mail, and the international application of the Fourth Amendment. The chapter on the Fourth Amendment has been substantially rewritten and reorganized to reflect the increasing integration of the Internet to Computer search and seizure law.

  • Computer crime law
    2006
    Co-Authors: Orin S. Kerr
    Abstract:

    The third edition of Kerr's popular Computer crimes text includes many updates since the second edition in 2009. New cases address topics such as the Computer hacking laws, economic espionage online, Internet threats, criminal copyright prosecutions, searching cell phones incident to arrest, applying the Fourth Amendment to the Internet, and the validity of Computer warrants. Two chapters have been restructured to make it easier for students to understand the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and the emerging rules for Computer searches. The book covers every aspect of crime in the digital age, and it is presented in an engaging and accessible style. Topics range from Computer Fraud laws and international Computer crimes to Internet surveillance laws and the Fourth Amendment. It is part traditional casebook, part treatise. It both straightforwardly explains the law and presents many exciting and new questions of law that courts are only now beginning to consider. The book is ideally suited either for a 3-credit course or a 2-credit seminar. It will appeal both to criminal law professors and those interested in cyberlaw or law and technology. No advanced knowledge of Computers and the Internet is required or assumed. Computer crime law has become an increasingly important area of criminal practice, and this book provides the ideal introduction to the field. Many U.S. Attorney's Offices have dedicated Computer crime units, as have many state Attorney General offices. Any student with a background in this emerging area of law will have a leg up on the competition. Students will also find the book easy and fun to read, while professors will appreciate the accessible introduction to an important new field with many open questions for legal scholars. The materials are authored by Orin Kerr, the Fred C. Stevenson Research Professor at George Washington University Law School and a leading authority on the law of Computer crime.

Andrew R Gray - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • software forensics extending authorship analysis techniques to Computer programs
    The Journal of Law and Information Science, 2002
    Co-Authors: Stephen G Macdonell, Donna Buckingham, Andrew R Gray, Philip Sallis
    Abstract:

    Software forensics is the analysis of the syntactic, structural and semantic form of software in order to identify, characterise and discriminate between the authors of software products for some legal purpose. Determining software authorship may be important in several contexts: civil litigation involving allegations of software theft or plagiarism or apportioning liability for software failure; criminal litigation in relation to Computer Fraud or software attacks on Computer systems using viruses and other similar means. Our focus is on forensic analysis of software source code, the structured English-like implementation of the algorithm selected to undertake the task at hand. We use a fictionalised version of a recent case to illustrate the potential of software forensics to provide evidence and also review in detail the judicial reception of such material.

  • identified integrated dictionary based extraction of non language dependent token information for forensic identification examination and discrimination a dictionary based system for extracting source code metrics for software forensics
    International Conference on Software Engineering, 1998
    Co-Authors: Andrew R Gray, Philip Sallis, Stephen G Macdonell
    Abstract:

    The frequency and severity of Computer-based attacks such as viruses and worms, logic bombs, trojan horses, Computer Fraud, and plagiarism of software code have all become of increasing concern to many of those involved with information systems. Part of the difficulty experienced in collecting evidence regarding the attack or theft in such situations has been the definition and collection of appropriate measurements to use in models of authorship, With this purpose in mind a system called IDENTIFIED is being developed to assist with the task of software forensics which is the use of software code authorship analysis for legal or official purposes. IDENTIFIED uses combinations of wildcards and special characters to define count-based metrics, allows for hierarchical metametric definitions, automates much of the file handling task, extracts metric values from source code, and assists with the analysis and modelling processes. It is hoped that the availability of such tools will encourage more detailed research into this area of ever-increasing importance.

Philip Sallis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • software forensics extending authorship analysis techniques to Computer programs
    The Journal of Law and Information Science, 2002
    Co-Authors: Stephen G Macdonell, Donna Buckingham, Andrew R Gray, Philip Sallis
    Abstract:

    Software forensics is the analysis of the syntactic, structural and semantic form of software in order to identify, characterise and discriminate between the authors of software products for some legal purpose. Determining software authorship may be important in several contexts: civil litigation involving allegations of software theft or plagiarism or apportioning liability for software failure; criminal litigation in relation to Computer Fraud or software attacks on Computer systems using viruses and other similar means. Our focus is on forensic analysis of software source code, the structured English-like implementation of the algorithm selected to undertake the task at hand. We use a fictionalised version of a recent case to illustrate the potential of software forensics to provide evidence and also review in detail the judicial reception of such material.

  • identified integrated dictionary based extraction of non language dependent token information for forensic identification examination and discrimination a dictionary based system for extracting source code metrics for software forensics
    International Conference on Software Engineering, 1998
    Co-Authors: Andrew R Gray, Philip Sallis, Stephen G Macdonell
    Abstract:

    The frequency and severity of Computer-based attacks such as viruses and worms, logic bombs, trojan horses, Computer Fraud, and plagiarism of software code have all become of increasing concern to many of those involved with information systems. Part of the difficulty experienced in collecting evidence regarding the attack or theft in such situations has been the definition and collection of appropriate measurements to use in models of authorship, With this purpose in mind a system called IDENTIFIED is being developed to assist with the task of software forensics which is the use of software code authorship analysis for legal or official purposes. IDENTIFIED uses combinations of wildcards and special characters to define count-based metrics, allows for hierarchical metametric definitions, automates much of the file handling task, extracts metric values from source code, and assists with the analysis and modelling processes. It is hoped that the availability of such tools will encourage more detailed research into this area of ever-increasing importance.

Ric Simmons - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the failure of the Computer Fraud and abuse act time to take a new approach to regulating Computer crime
    Social Science Research Network, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ric Simmons
    Abstract:

    Whenever a legislature creates a technology-specific crime, it faces a number of challenges. First, there is a risk that the new statute will merely duplicate existing crimes, thus overcriminalizing the conduct and creating unnecessary confusion. Second, the legislature needs to ensure that it provides the proper guidance to prosecutors, citizens, and courts with regard to the new concepts that need to be defined. And finally, the legislature needs to ensure that the law can be amended and updated as the technology evolves.The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (“CFAA”) is an example of technology-specific criminal provisions that fails all of these tests. Much of the CFAA is comprised of extortion, Fraud, and criminal damaging statutes which prohibit conduct that is already covered by existing laws (or could be covered through minor changes to those laws). Meanwhile, the critical concepts of “loss,” “access,” and “authorization” in the statute remain poorly defined or completely undefined by the statute thirty years after it was first passed.The best solution to this problem is for Congress to stop trying to regulate Computer misconduct directly through legislation and empower an administrative agency to set more detailed and technical rules regarding what constitutes “Computer trespass.” Thirty years of the CFAA have demonstrated that Congress lacks either the expertise or the inclination (or both) to define the relatively new concept of “Computer trespass,” and the challenge is only becoming greater as the types of digital devices and the ways of communicating with these devices increase every year.