The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Christopher R Browning - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Neighborhood Structural Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and Sexual Risk
2016Co-Authors: Behavior Among Urban Youth, Christopher R Browning, Lori A Burrington, Jeanne Brooks-gunnAbstract:We draw on collective efficacy theory to extend a contextual model of early ado-lescent sexual behavior. Specifically, we hypothesize that neighborhood struc-tural disadvantage—as measured by levels of Concentrated Poverty, residential instability, and aspects of immigrant concentration—and diminished collective efficacy have consequences for the prevalence of early adolescent multiple sex-ual partnering. Findings from random effects multinomial logistic regression models of the number of sexual partners among a sample of youth, age 11 to 16, from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (N = 768) reveal evidence of neighborhood effects on adolescent higher-risk sexual activ-ity. Collective efficacy is negatively associated with having two or more sexual partners versus one (but not zero versus one) sexual partner. The effect of col-lective efficacy is dependent upon age: The regulatory effect of collective effi-cacy increases for older adolescents. 269 Young adolescents who initiate sexual activ-ity get a “head start ” on exposure to risks such as sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted fertility, at a time when their developmental status places them at a disadvantage in the as-sessment and management of these risks (Keating 2004; Steinberg 2005). In addition to these direct risks, early onset of sexual activity is associated with other indirect outcomes, such as diminished mental health and in-creased involvement in other risk behaviors (Meier 2002; Resnick et al. 1997; Tubman, Windle, and Windle 1996). It is not surprising, then, that researchers have devoted consider-able attention to the determinants of entry int
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neighborhood social disorganization and the acquisition of trichomoniasis among young adults in the united states
American Journal of Public Health, 2011Co-Authors: Jodi L Ford, Christopher R BrowningAbstract:Objectives. We examined relationships between neighborhood social disorganization and trichomoniasis among young US adults.Methods. We employed multilevel logistic regression modeling with secondary data from wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (2001–2002). The dependent variable—trichomoniasis—was measured via urine testing. The measures for neighborhood social disorganization were derived from the 2000 US Census—racial and ethnic composition, Concentrated Poverty, and residential instability. The sample comprised 11 370 individuals across 4912 neighborhoods.Results. Trichomoniasis was more likely in neighborhoods with higher concentrations of Black residents (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.30). However, this association was mediated by neighborhood Concentrated Poverty. Furthermore, young adults who lived in neighborhoods with higher concentrations of Poverty were significantly more likely to have trichomoniasis (AOR = 1.25; 95% CI =...
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neighborhood structural inequality collective efficacy and sexual risk behavior among urban youth
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 2008Co-Authors: Christopher R Browning, Tama Leventhal, Lori A Burrington, Jeanne BrooksgunnAbstract:We draw on collective efficacy theory to extend a contextual model of early adolescent sexual behavior. Specifically, we hypothesize that neighborhood structural disadvantage—as measured by levels of Concentrated Poverty, residential instability, and aspects of immigrant concentration—and diminished collective efficacy have consequences for the prevalence of early adolescent multiple sexual partnering. Findings from random effects multinomial logistic regression models of the number of sexual partners among a sample of youth, age 11 to 16, from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (N = 768) reveal evidence of neighborhood effects on adolescent higher-risk sexual activity. Collective efficacy is negatively associated with having two or more sexual partners versus one (but not zero versus one) sexual partner. The effect of collective efficacy is dependent upon age: The regulatory effect of collective efficacy increases for older adolescents.
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neighborhood context and racial differences in early adolescent sexual activity
Demography, 2004Co-Authors: Christopher R Browning, Tama Leventhal, Jeanne BrooksgunnAbstract:Evidence suggests that African American youths initiate sexual activity at earlier ages than do European American or Latino youths. Using data from a multilevel study in Chicago, we developed and tested a neighborhood-based model of the timing of first adolescent intercourse that emphasizes the impact of neighborhood structural disadvantage and collective efficacy on early sexual activity (at ages 11 to 16). In turn, we explored the extent to which neighborhood factors account for racial differences in the timing of first intercourse. The findings indicate that demographic background, family processes, peer influences, and developmental risk factors account for about 30% of the baseline increased likelihood of early sexual onset for African American youths compared with European American youths. However, a significant residual racial difference remained even after we considered a host of micro-level factors. Neighborhood-level Concentrated Poverty largely explained this residual racial difference. Collective efficacy also independently contributed to the delay of sexual onset. No significant baseline difference in age of sexual initiation was found between Latino and European American youths.
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Poverty affluence and income inequality neighborhood economic structure and its implications for health
Social Science & Medicine, 2003Co-Authors: Christopher R Browning, Kathleen A CagneyAbstract:In this paper, we attempt to verify that neighborhood economic structure influences individual health over and above other individual characteristics, and to comparatively evaluate the effects of neighborhood Concentrated affluence, Concentrated Poverty and income inequality in relation to individual health in the USA. We also explore physical environment, health-enhancing services, social hazards (crime) and social resources as mechanisms operating at the neighborhood level that may help to explain the influence of structural economic conditions on health. We use Hierarchical Ordinal Logit Models to examine a rich multi-level data set. Results indicate that affluence exerts significant contextual effects on self-rated health while Poverty and income inequality at the neighborhood level are not important structural factors. Moreover, we find that a composite measure of social resources distinguishes itself in both explaining the impact of Concentrated affluence and exerting an independent contextual effect on individual health. Physical environment, or the level of physical disorder in the neighborhood, also mediates the effect of affluence on self-rated health, although to a lesser degree than social resources. Our empirical findings suggest that different dimensions of economic structure do not in fact have unique and additive contributions to individual health; the presence of affluent residents is essential to sustain neighborhood social organization which in turn positively affect health.
Jacques Normand - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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providing affordable family housing and reducing residential segregation by income a systematic review
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2003Co-Authors: Laurie M Anderson, Joseph St Charles, Mindy Thompson Fullilove, Susan C Scrimshaw, Jonathan E Fielding, Jacques NormandAbstract:The inadequate supply of affordable housing for low-income families and the increasing spatial segregation of some households by income, race, ethnicity, or social class into unsafe neighborhoods are among the most prevalent community health concerns related to family housing. When affordable housing is not available to low-income households, family resources needed for food, medical or dental care, and other necessities are diverted to housing costs. Two housing programs intended to provide affordable housing and, concurrently, reduce the residential segregation of low-income families into unsafe neighborhoods of Concentrated Poverty, are reviewed: the creation of mixed-income housing developments and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Section 8 Rental Voucher Program. The effectiveness of mixed-income housing developments could not be ascertained by this systematic review because of a lack of comparative research. Scientific evidence was sufficient to conclude that rental voucher programs improve household safety as measured by reduced exposure to crimes against person and property and decreased neighborhood social disorder. Effectiveness of rental voucher programs on youth health risk behaviors, mental health status, and physical health status could not be determined because too few studies of adequate design and execution reported these outcomes.
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providing affordable family housing and reducing residential segregation by income a systematic review
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2003Co-Authors: Laurie M Anderson, Joseph St Charles, Mindy Thompson Fullilove, Susan C Scrimshaw, Jonathan E Fielding, Jacques NormandAbstract:Abstract Overview The inadequate supply of affordable housing for low-income families and the increasing spatial segregation of some households by income, race, ethnicity, or social class into unsafe neighborhoods are among the most prevalent community health concerns related to family housing. When affordable housing is not available to low-income households, family resources needed for food, medical or dental care, and other necessities are diverted to housing costs. Two housing programs intended to provide affordable housing and, concurrently, reduce the residential segregation of low-income families into unsafe neighborhoods of Concentrated Poverty, are reviewed: the creation of mixed-income housing developments and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Section 8 Rental Voucher Program. The effectiveness of mixed-income housing developments could not be ascertained by this systematic review because of a lack of comparative research. Scientific evidence was sufficient to conclude that rental voucher programs improve household safety as measured by reduced exposure to crimes against person and property and decreased neighborhood social disorder. Effectiveness of rental voucher programs on youth health risk behaviors, mental health status, and physical health status could not be determined because too few studies of adequate design and execution reported these outcomes.
Jeanne Brooksgunn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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neighborhood structural inequality collective efficacy and sexual risk behavior among urban youth
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 2008Co-Authors: Christopher R Browning, Tama Leventhal, Lori A Burrington, Jeanne BrooksgunnAbstract:We draw on collective efficacy theory to extend a contextual model of early adolescent sexual behavior. Specifically, we hypothesize that neighborhood structural disadvantage—as measured by levels of Concentrated Poverty, residential instability, and aspects of immigrant concentration—and diminished collective efficacy have consequences for the prevalence of early adolescent multiple sexual partnering. Findings from random effects multinomial logistic regression models of the number of sexual partners among a sample of youth, age 11 to 16, from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (N = 768) reveal evidence of neighborhood effects on adolescent higher-risk sexual activity. Collective efficacy is negatively associated with having two or more sexual partners versus one (but not zero versus one) sexual partner. The effect of collective efficacy is dependent upon age: The regulatory effect of collective efficacy increases for older adolescents.
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neighborhood context and racial differences in early adolescent sexual activity
Demography, 2004Co-Authors: Christopher R Browning, Tama Leventhal, Jeanne BrooksgunnAbstract:Evidence suggests that African American youths initiate sexual activity at earlier ages than do European American or Latino youths. Using data from a multilevel study in Chicago, we developed and tested a neighborhood-based model of the timing of first adolescent intercourse that emphasizes the impact of neighborhood structural disadvantage and collective efficacy on early sexual activity (at ages 11 to 16). In turn, we explored the extent to which neighborhood factors account for racial differences in the timing of first intercourse. The findings indicate that demographic background, family processes, peer influences, and developmental risk factors account for about 30% of the baseline increased likelihood of early sexual onset for African American youths compared with European American youths. However, a significant residual racial difference remained even after we considered a host of micro-level factors. Neighborhood-level Concentrated Poverty largely explained this residual racial difference. Collective efficacy also independently contributed to the delay of sexual onset. No significant baseline difference in age of sexual initiation was found between Latino and European American youths.
Laurie M Anderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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providing affordable family housing and reducing residential segregation by income a systematic review
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2003Co-Authors: Laurie M Anderson, Joseph St Charles, Mindy Thompson Fullilove, Susan C Scrimshaw, Jonathan E Fielding, Jacques NormandAbstract:The inadequate supply of affordable housing for low-income families and the increasing spatial segregation of some households by income, race, ethnicity, or social class into unsafe neighborhoods are among the most prevalent community health concerns related to family housing. When affordable housing is not available to low-income households, family resources needed for food, medical or dental care, and other necessities are diverted to housing costs. Two housing programs intended to provide affordable housing and, concurrently, reduce the residential segregation of low-income families into unsafe neighborhoods of Concentrated Poverty, are reviewed: the creation of mixed-income housing developments and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Section 8 Rental Voucher Program. The effectiveness of mixed-income housing developments could not be ascertained by this systematic review because of a lack of comparative research. Scientific evidence was sufficient to conclude that rental voucher programs improve household safety as measured by reduced exposure to crimes against person and property and decreased neighborhood social disorder. Effectiveness of rental voucher programs on youth health risk behaviors, mental health status, and physical health status could not be determined because too few studies of adequate design and execution reported these outcomes.
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providing affordable family housing and reducing residential segregation by income a systematic review
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2003Co-Authors: Laurie M Anderson, Joseph St Charles, Mindy Thompson Fullilove, Susan C Scrimshaw, Jonathan E Fielding, Jacques NormandAbstract:Abstract Overview The inadequate supply of affordable housing for low-income families and the increasing spatial segregation of some households by income, race, ethnicity, or social class into unsafe neighborhoods are among the most prevalent community health concerns related to family housing. When affordable housing is not available to low-income households, family resources needed for food, medical or dental care, and other necessities are diverted to housing costs. Two housing programs intended to provide affordable housing and, concurrently, reduce the residential segregation of low-income families into unsafe neighborhoods of Concentrated Poverty, are reviewed: the creation of mixed-income housing developments and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Section 8 Rental Voucher Program. The effectiveness of mixed-income housing developments could not be ascertained by this systematic review because of a lack of comparative research. Scientific evidence was sufficient to conclude that rental voucher programs improve household safety as measured by reduced exposure to crimes against person and property and decreased neighborhood social disorder. Effectiveness of rental voucher programs on youth health risk behaviors, mental health status, and physical health status could not be determined because too few studies of adequate design and execution reported these outcomes.
Robert J Sampson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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punishing and toxic neighborhood environments independently predict the intergenerational social mobility of black and white children
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019Co-Authors: Robert Manduca, Robert J SampsonAbstract:We use data on intergenerational social mobility by neighborhood to examine how social and physical environments beyond Concentrated Poverty predict children’s long-term well-being. First, we examine neighborhoods that are harsh on children’s development: those characterized by high levels of violence, incarceration, and lead exposure. Second, we examine potential supportive or offsetting mechanisms that promote children’s development, such as informal social control, cohesion among neighbors, and organizational participation. Census tract mobility estimates from linked income tax and Census records are merged with surveys and administrative records in Chicago. We find that exposure to neighborhood violence, incarceration, and lead combine to independently predict poor black boys’ later incarceration as adults and lower income rank relative to their parents, and poor black girls’ teenage motherhood. Features of neighborhood social organization matter less, but are selectively important. Results for poor whites also show that toxic environments independently predict lower social mobility, as do features of social organization, to a lesser extent. Overall, our measures contribute a 76% relative increase in explained variance for black male incarceration beyond that of Concentrated Poverty and other standard characteristics, an 18% increase for black male income rank (70% for whites), and a 17% increase for teenage motherhood of black girls (40% for whites).
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neighbourhood effects and beyond explaining the paradoxes of inequality in the changing american metropolis
Urban Studies, 2019Co-Authors: Robert J SampsonAbstract:American cities today are simultaneously the same and different from Wilson’s classic portrayal in The Truly Disadvantaged ([1987] 2012), first published over 30 years ago. Concentrated Poverty and...
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assessing neighborhood effects social processes and new directions in research
Review of Sociology, 2002Co-Authors: Robert J Sampson, Jeffrey D Morenoff, Thomas GannonrowleyAbstract:▪ Abstract This paper assesses and synthesizes the cumulative results of a new “neighborhood-effects” literature that examines social processes related to problem behaviors and health-related outcomes. Our review identified over 40 relevant studies published in peer-reviewed journals from the mid-1990s to 2001, the take-off point for an increasing level of interest in neighborhood effects. Moving beyond traditional characteristics such as Concentrated Poverty, we evaluate the salience of social-interactional and institutional mechanisms hypothesized to account for neighborhood-level variations in a variety of phenomena (e.g., delinquency, violence, depression, high-risk behavior), especially among adolescents. We highlight neighborhood ties, social control, mutual trust, institutional resources, disorder, and routine activity patterns. We also discuss a set of thorny methodological problems that plague the study of neighborhood effects, with special attention to selection bias. We conclude with promising ...