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Murat Kadir Yesilyurt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • influence of blending ratio on the physicochemical properties of safflower oil methyl ester safflower oil safflower oil methyl ester diesel and safflower oil diesel
    Renewable Energy, 2016
    Co-Authors: Tanzer Eryilmaz, Murat Kadir Yesilyurt
    Abstract:

    In this study, the methyl ester production and characterization from safflower oil (SO) was examined. The seed were collected from Yozgat-Turkey and SO was obtained from safflower seeds using screw press. SO was transesterified with methanol and NaOH to obtain safflower oil methyl ester (SOME). SO and SOME show high amounts of linoleic acid of 62.29 and 61.17%, respectively. This result in better low temperature properties of SOME like cloud point (CP) of −5 °C, pour point (PP) of −14 °C, freezing point (FP) of −16 °C and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of −9 °C. Cold flow properties of SOME demonstrate its operational viability during the cold weather conditions and also it exhibited excellent transportation safety with flash point of 171 °C. It has been found that fuel properties of SOME indicate that SO can be considered as a future biodiesel source. Furthermore, viscosity, density, higher heating value (HHV), flash point, water content, pH, Copper Strip Corrosion, CP, PP, FP and CFPP of SOME-SO, SOME-Euro Diesel(ED) and SO-ED blends have been investigated and discussed in the light of biodiesel standards. The effects of temperature and fraction on density and viscosity of blends were studied and constants of these correlations vary depending on the type of blend.

  • Prediction of Kinematic Viscosities of Biodiesels Derived from Edible and Non-edible Vegetable Oils by Using Artificial Neural Networks
    Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2015
    Co-Authors: Tanzer Eryilmaz, Murat Kadir Yesilyurt, Alper Taner, Sadiye Ayse Celik
    Abstract:

    In the present study, the seeds named as wild mustard ( Sinapis arvensis L.) and safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) were used as feedstocks for production of biodiesels. In order to obtain wild mustard seed oil (WMO) and safflower seed oil (SO), screw press apparatus was used. wild mustard seed oil biodiesel (WMOB) and safflower seed oil biodiesel (SOB) were produced using methanol and NaOH by transesterification process. Various properties of these biodiesels such as density (883.62–886.35 $${{\rm kg\,\rm m}^{-3}}$$ kg m - 3 ), specific gravity (0.88442–0.88709), kinematic viscosity (5.75–4.11 $${{\rm mm}^{2}\,{\rm s}^{-1}}$$ mm 2 s - 1 ), calorific value (40.63–38.97 $${{\rm MJ\,\rm kg}^{-1}}$$ MJ kg - 1 ), flash point (171– $${175\,^{\circ}{\rm C}}$$ 175 ∘ C ), water content (328.19–412.15 $${{\rm mg\,\rm kg}^{-1}}$$ mg kg - 1 ), color (2.0–1.8), cloud point [5.8– $${(-4.7)\,^{\circ}{\rm C}]}$$ ( - 4.7 ) ∘ C ] , pour point [(–3.1)–(–13.1) $${\,^{\circ}{\rm C})}$$ ∘ C ) , cold filter plugging point [(−2.0)– $${(-9.0)\,^{\circ}{\rm C})}$$ ( - 9.0 ) ∘ C ) ], Copper Strip Corrosion (1a–1a) and pH (7.831–7.037) were determined. Furthermore, kinematic viscosities of biodiesels and euro-diesel (ED) were measured at 298.15–373.15 K intervals with 1 K increments. Four different equations were used to predict the viscosities of fuels. Regression analyses were done in MATLAB program, and $${R^{2}}$$ R 2 , correlation constants and root-mean-square error were determined. 1–7–7–3 artificial neural network (ANN) model with a back propagation learning algorithm was developed to predict the viscosities of fuels. The performance of neural network-based model was compared with the performance of viscosity prediction models using same observed data. It was found that ANN model consistently gave better predictions (0.9999 $${R^{2}}$$ R 2 values for all fuels) compared to these models. ANN model was showed 0.34 % maximum errors. Based on the results of this study, ANNs appear to be a promising technique for predicting viscosities of biodiesels.

  • Fuel Properties of Biodiesel Produced from Balci Variety Oil of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) / Aspir (Carthamus Tınctorıous L.) Yağının Balcı Türünden Üretilen Biyodizelin Yakıt Özellikleri
    International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 2014
    Co-Authors: Tanzer Eryilmaz, Murat Kadir Yesilyurt, Cüneyt Cesur, Emine Aydin
    Abstract:

    In this study, the production of biodiesel from the cold pressed oil of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) of Balci variety grown in Yozgat ecological condition has been carried out. The oil yield of Balci seed and the biodiesel output of the oil were studied in order to know the productivity of the oil. The fuel properties of biodiesel assessed includes, density (15 oC), flash point, kinematic viscosity (40 oC), cloud point, pour point, freezing point, water content, calorific value, pH and Copper Strip Corrosion. The fuel properties of the biodiesel produced were compared with that of TS EN 14214. Ozet: Bu calismada Yozgat ekolojik sartlarinda yetistirilmis olan aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) bitkisinin soguk presle elde edilen yagindan biyodizel uretimi gerceklestirilmistir. Yagin uretkenligini ogrenebilmek amaciyla Balci tohumunun yag ciktisi ve yagdan biyodizel uretimi incelenmistir. Biyodizelin yogunlugu (15 oC), parlama noktasi, kinematik viskozitesi (40 oC), bulutlanma noktasi, akma noktasi, donma noktasi, su icerigi, kalorifik degeri, pH degeri ve bakir soyma korozyon degeri degerlendirilmistir. Uretilen biyodizelin ozellikleri, TS EN 14214 standardindaki yakit ozellikleri ile karsilastirilmistir.

Ruslans Smigins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Selected Physicochemical Properties of Diethyl Ether/Rapeseed Oil Blends and Their Impact on Diesel Engine Smoke Opacity
    Energy & Fuels, 2018
    Co-Authors: Krzysztof Górski, Ruslans Smigins
    Abstract:

    In this paper, selected physicochemical properties such as kinematic viscosity (ν), density (ρ), lower heating value (LHV), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), miscibility, flash point (FP), coefficient of friction (μ), lubricity (WS1.4), surface tension (σ), and Copper Strip Corrosion (CSC) of diethyl ether/rapeseed oil blends were experimentally determined. Diethyl ether (DEE) was blended with rapeseed oil (RO) in volumetric ratios of 10, 20, 30, and 40%. The values of the LHV, kinematic viscosity, surface tension, and density of the blends were lower than the values obtained for the tested rapeseed oil. Especially, it was found that DEE has significant influence on the rapeseed oil viscosity value. The addition of merely 10% DEE to rapeseed oil decreased its viscosity by 50%. It was shown that the lubricity of all tested blends is reduced, but not as significantly as viscosity. Also, we confirmed that tested blends do not promote the Corrosion processes. What is more, it was found that the temperature o...

  • Selected Physicochemical Properties of Diethyl Ether/Rapeseed Oil Blends and Their Impact on Diesel Engine Smoke Opacity
    2018
    Co-Authors: Krzysztof Górski, Ruslans Smigins
    Abstract:

    In this paper, selected physicochemical properties such as kinematic viscosity (ν), density (ρ), lower heating value (LHV), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), miscibility, flash point (FP), coefficient of friction (μ), lubricity (WS1.4), surface tension (σ), and Copper Strip Corrosion (CSC) of diethyl ether/rapeseed oil blends were experimentally determined. Diethyl ether (DEE) was blended with rapeseed oil (RO) in volumetric ratios of 10, 20, 30, and 40%. The values of the LHV, kinematic viscosity, surface tension, and density of the blends were lower than the values obtained for the tested rapeseed oil. Especially, it was found that DEE has significant influence on the rapeseed oil viscosity value. The addition of merely 10% DEE to rapeseed oil decreased its viscosity by 50%. It was shown that the lubricity of all tested blends is reduced, but not as significantly as viscosity. Also, we confirmed that tested blends do not promote the Corrosion processes. What is more, it was found that the temperature of the CFPP decreased when DEE was added to RO and the miscibility of all tested fuel blends is excellent in a wide range of temperature changes. For this reason the results of our research suggest that DEE/RO blends seem to be usable for engines operated in the winter season. However, it should be confirmed in further engine research carried out in low temperature conditions. In this study the diesel smoke opacity (SO) was also measured in the condition of a free acceleration test according to requirements of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) Regulation No. 24. Results of these tests demonstrate that the diesel smoke opacity is reduced even by 55% for DEE40 blend compared with RO

S.a.p. Da Mota - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Gasoline-like hydrocarbons by catalytic cracking of soap phase residue of neutralization process of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq)
    Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2017
    Co-Authors: M.c. Santos, A. A. Mancio, D. E.l. Lhamas, D. H. De Abreu, D. A.r. De Castro, R. M. Lourenço, Anderson Mathias Pereira, M.s. Pereira, Hélio Da Silva Almeida, S.a.p. Da Mota
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this work, the soap phase residue of neutralization process of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) submitted to catalytic cracking to produce gasoline-like hydrocarbons fuels. The cracking reaction carried out in a stirred tank reactor of 143 L, operating in batch mode at 440 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, using 15% (wt.) Na2CO3 as catalyst. The organic liquid products (OLP) yield 71.34% (wt.) with an acid value of 1.07 mg KOH/g and kinematic viscosity of 1.90 mm2s−1, matching sulfur content, Copper Strip Corrosion, flash point, viscosity and density of ANP (Brazilian Petroleum Agency) N° 65 for diesel S10. The distillation of OLP carried out in laboratory scale according to the boiling temperature range of fossil fuels, yielding 6.69% (wt.) gasoline, 12.77% (wt.) kerosene, 15.52% (wt.) light diesel, and 38.02% heavy diesel-like hydrocarbons fuels, showing that Na2CO3 was more selective to convert salts of carboxylic acids into diesel-like hydrocarbons fuels. The GC–MS analysis showed that OLP is composed by 91.59% (wt.) hydrocarbons and 8.41% (wt.) oxygenates. The gasoline-like hydrocarbons fraction composed by 100% hydrocarbons with an acid value of 1.69 mg KOH/g and kinematic viscosity of 0.83 mm2s−1, matches many physicochemical parameters of ANP N° 40 for gasoline A, proving the technical feasibility of catalytic cracking process.

  • Deacidification of organic liquid products by fractional distillation in laboratory and pilot scales
    Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2017
    Co-Authors: C.c. Ferreira, A. A. Mancio, D. E.l. Lhamas, D. A.r. De Castro, M.s. Pereira, S.a.p. Da Mota, Elineia Castro Costa, Mirentxu Santos, A.c Leão, Sergio Duvoisin
    Abstract:

    Abstract This work aims to investigate the de-acidification of organic liquid products, obtained by catalytic cracking of palm oil ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq) using Na 2 CO 3 as catalyst, by fractional distillation. The distillation of OLP carried out in laboratory, using columns of different heights with and without reflux, and in pilot scale. OLP and distillation fractions physicochemical characterized for density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, saponification value, refractive index, ester index, free fatty acids, flash point, and Copper Strip Corrosion. The OLP analyzed by GC–MS and FT-IR, and light diesel-like fractions by FT-IR, NMR, and GC–MS. The experiments carried out in laboratory scale with and without reflux showed biofuels (distillates) yields between 62.15 and 76.41% and 71.65 and 89.44% (wt.), respectively, while that in pilot scale was 32.68% (wt.). For the experiments in laboratory scale, the yields of distillates decrease exponentially with column height, with and without reflux, while those of bottoms products increase exponentially. In addition, the yields of distillates and gas increase with increasing Na 2 CO 3 content, while that of bottom products decrease. The yield of light diesel-like fractions, with and without reflux ranged between 48.82 and 63.18, and 20.23 and 21.43% (wt.), respectively. The column height had no significant effect on the density of distillation fractions, with and without reflux. The densities of gasoline, kerosene, and light diesel with reflux, superpose exactly those of kerosene, light diesel, and heavy diesel without reflux. The kinematic viscosity of distillation fractions decreases with increasing column height for the experiments with and without reflux, while the acid values decrease. For the distillation experiments in pilot scale, the acid values of gasoline, kerosene, and light diesel-like fractions were 0.33, 0.42, and 0.34 mg KOH/g. FT-IR of distillation fractions in pilot scale and NMR of light diesel-like fraction in laboratory scale, column height of 50 cm, under reflux identified the presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons and the absence of carbonyl groups. The GC–MS analysis identified in OLP composition 92.84% (area.) hydrocarbons and 7.16% (area.) oxygenates. The light diesel-like fraction contains 100% hydrocarbons with an acid value of 0.34 mg KOH/g, density of 0.7862 g/cm 3 , and kinematic viscosity of 1.52 mm 2  s −1 , proving the feasibility of OLP de-acidification by fractional distillation.

  • Thermal catalytic cracking of crude palm oil at pilot scale: Effect of the percentage of Na2CO3 on the quality of biofuels
    Industrial Crops and Products, 2016
    Co-Authors: A. A. Mancio, D. E.l. Lhamas, M. E. Araújo, M.c. Santos, S.a.p. Da Mota, K.m.b. Da Costa, C.c. Ferreira, Raquel A. C. Leão, R.o.m.a. De Souza, Luiz E P Borges
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this study, the influence of catalyst content on the physical–chemical properties, yield, and chemical composition of organic liquid products (OLP) obtained by thermal catalytic cracking of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) was studied at a pilot scale. The experiments were carried out in a reactor of 143 L, running in batch mode at 450 °C and 1 atm, using 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (w/w) Na2CO3 as the catalyst. Physical–chemical characterization of OLP was conducted for acid value, saponification value, specific gravity, refractive index, kinematic viscosity, Copper Strip Corrosion, and flash point. The chemical composition of OLP was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). As the catalyst content increased, the kinematic viscosity of OLP decreased from 6.59 to 3.63 mm2 s−1 and the acid value from 51.56 to 1.26 mg KOH/g. The GC–MS analysis showed that OLP comprise hydrocarbons (normal paraffin, olefin, and naphthenic) and oxygenated compounds (carboxylic acids, alcohols, ketones, and esters), with a high dependency on the catalyst level. As the catalyst content increased, the concentration of hydrocarbons increased, whereas the concentration of oxygenates decreased. The optimal sodium carbonate catalyst level was found to be 15% (w/w). This gave the highest rate of conversion into biofuel, of which around 60% was OLP, and produced biofuels with the lowest acid values. The physical–chemical properties were within the limits fixed by ANP No. 65 (Diesel S10 specification) due to their high hydrocarbon content (92.84%) and low oxygenate content (7.16%). The hydrocarbons produced had characteristics similar to those of petroleum diesel, offering the potential to replace petroleum fuels without requiring deacidification or deoxygenation pretreatment.

  • Performance of thermochemical conversion of fat, oils, and grease into kerosene-like hydrocarbons in different production scales
    Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2016
    Co-Authors: H. Da Silva Almeida, D. A.r. De Castro, M.c. Santos, M.s. Pereira, O. A. Corrêa, J. G. Eid, H.j. Ribeiro, Lia Martins Pereira, A. De Andrade Aâncio, S.a.p. Da Mota
    Abstract:

    Abstract This work aims to investigate the effect of catalytic cracking of residual fat, oils, and grease (FOG) from grease traps in different production scales (bench, laboratory, and pilot) on the reaction products yields and OLP properties and the feasibility to produce kerosene-like hydrocarbons. The cracking experiments were carried out in batch mode at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, with 10% (wt.) Na 2 CO 3 using a laboratory scale cylindrical borosilicate-glass reactor of 143 mL, a bench scale stirred tank slurry reactor of 1.5 L, and a pilot scale stirred tank slurry reactor of 143 L (≈1:10:1000). The reaction liquid products were physical and chemical analyzed for acid and saponification values, density, kinematic viscosity, refractive index, and Copper Strip Corrosion. FT-IR analysis provided the qualitative chemical composition of OLP obtained in bench, laboratory, and pilot scales, as well as kerosene, light and heavy diesel-like hydrocarbons fractions obtained by distillation of OLP produced in pilot scale with 10% (wt.) Na 2 CO 3 . The chemical compositions of OLP and kerosene-like hydrocarbons fraction obtained in pilot scale determined by NMR and GC–MS. The results showed an OLP yield ranging from 62.90 to 66.57% (wt.), a coke yield ranging between 7.02 and 9.79% (wt.), and a gas yield ranging from 16.32 to 22.40% (wt.), showing a mean absolute percentage deviation of 2.12%, 11.88%, and 14.91% for OLP, gas, and coke yields respectively, obtained in different production scales (≈10:1000). The OLP acid values varied from 19.08 to 10.45 mg KOH/g, the density between 0.820 and 0.835 g/cm 3 , and the kinematic viscosity from 3.28 to 4.21 mm 2  s −1 . The yield of kerosene-like hydrocarbons fraction average 14.90% (wt.) with an acid value of 5.43 mg KOH/g, density of 0.740 g/cm 3 , and kinematic viscosity of 0.66 mm 2  s −1 , while those of light and heavy diesel-like hydrocarbons fractions average 32.01% (wt.) and 19.35% (wt.) respectively. FT-IR and NMR analysis of OLP and kerosene-like hydrocarbons fraction confirms the presence of functional groups characteristic of hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkanes, ring-containing alkenes, and ring-containing alkanes, and cycloalkanes) and oxygenates (carboxylic acids, ketones, fatty alcohols, and dienes). The GC–MS analysis of OLP and kerosene-like hydrocarbons fraction obtained in pilot scale with 10% (wt.) Na 2 CO 3 identified in OLP 76.97% hydrocarbons (39.44% alkenes, 31.91% alkanes, 4.12% ring-containing alkenes, and 1.50% ring-containing alkenes) and 23.03% oxygenates (12.14% carboxylic acids, 6.98% ketones, 1.90% fatty alcohols, and 2.01% dienes). The kerosene-like hydrocarbons fraction is composed by 94.62% (area) hydrocarbon (44.99% alkenes, 29.61% alkanes, 7.58% ring-containing alkenes, 6.15% ring-containing alkanes, 4.31% cycloalkanes, and 1.98% aromatics) and 5.38% (area) oxygenates (5.38% carboxylic acids), showing that catalytic cracking of scum from grease traps with 10% (wt.) Na 2 CO 3 is technically feasible.

D. A.r. De Castro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Gasoline-like hydrocarbons by catalytic cracking of soap phase residue of neutralization process of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq)
    Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2017
    Co-Authors: M.c. Santos, A. A. Mancio, D. E.l. Lhamas, D. H. De Abreu, D. A.r. De Castro, R. M. Lourenço, Anderson Mathias Pereira, M.s. Pereira, Hélio Da Silva Almeida, S.a.p. Da Mota
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this work, the soap phase residue of neutralization process of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) submitted to catalytic cracking to produce gasoline-like hydrocarbons fuels. The cracking reaction carried out in a stirred tank reactor of 143 L, operating in batch mode at 440 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, using 15% (wt.) Na2CO3 as catalyst. The organic liquid products (OLP) yield 71.34% (wt.) with an acid value of 1.07 mg KOH/g and kinematic viscosity of 1.90 mm2s−1, matching sulfur content, Copper Strip Corrosion, flash point, viscosity and density of ANP (Brazilian Petroleum Agency) N° 65 for diesel S10. The distillation of OLP carried out in laboratory scale according to the boiling temperature range of fossil fuels, yielding 6.69% (wt.) gasoline, 12.77% (wt.) kerosene, 15.52% (wt.) light diesel, and 38.02% heavy diesel-like hydrocarbons fuels, showing that Na2CO3 was more selective to convert salts of carboxylic acids into diesel-like hydrocarbons fuels. The GC–MS analysis showed that OLP is composed by 91.59% (wt.) hydrocarbons and 8.41% (wt.) oxygenates. The gasoline-like hydrocarbons fraction composed by 100% hydrocarbons with an acid value of 1.69 mg KOH/g and kinematic viscosity of 0.83 mm2s−1, matches many physicochemical parameters of ANP N° 40 for gasoline A, proving the technical feasibility of catalytic cracking process.

  • Deacidification of organic liquid products by fractional distillation in laboratory and pilot scales
    Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2017
    Co-Authors: C.c. Ferreira, A. A. Mancio, D. E.l. Lhamas, D. A.r. De Castro, M.s. Pereira, S.a.p. Da Mota, Elineia Castro Costa, Mirentxu Santos, A.c Leão, Sergio Duvoisin
    Abstract:

    Abstract This work aims to investigate the de-acidification of organic liquid products, obtained by catalytic cracking of palm oil ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq) using Na 2 CO 3 as catalyst, by fractional distillation. The distillation of OLP carried out in laboratory, using columns of different heights with and without reflux, and in pilot scale. OLP and distillation fractions physicochemical characterized for density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, saponification value, refractive index, ester index, free fatty acids, flash point, and Copper Strip Corrosion. The OLP analyzed by GC–MS and FT-IR, and light diesel-like fractions by FT-IR, NMR, and GC–MS. The experiments carried out in laboratory scale with and without reflux showed biofuels (distillates) yields between 62.15 and 76.41% and 71.65 and 89.44% (wt.), respectively, while that in pilot scale was 32.68% (wt.). For the experiments in laboratory scale, the yields of distillates decrease exponentially with column height, with and without reflux, while those of bottoms products increase exponentially. In addition, the yields of distillates and gas increase with increasing Na 2 CO 3 content, while that of bottom products decrease. The yield of light diesel-like fractions, with and without reflux ranged between 48.82 and 63.18, and 20.23 and 21.43% (wt.), respectively. The column height had no significant effect on the density of distillation fractions, with and without reflux. The densities of gasoline, kerosene, and light diesel with reflux, superpose exactly those of kerosene, light diesel, and heavy diesel without reflux. The kinematic viscosity of distillation fractions decreases with increasing column height for the experiments with and without reflux, while the acid values decrease. For the distillation experiments in pilot scale, the acid values of gasoline, kerosene, and light diesel-like fractions were 0.33, 0.42, and 0.34 mg KOH/g. FT-IR of distillation fractions in pilot scale and NMR of light diesel-like fraction in laboratory scale, column height of 50 cm, under reflux identified the presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons and the absence of carbonyl groups. The GC–MS analysis identified in OLP composition 92.84% (area.) hydrocarbons and 7.16% (area.) oxygenates. The light diesel-like fraction contains 100% hydrocarbons with an acid value of 0.34 mg KOH/g, density of 0.7862 g/cm 3 , and kinematic viscosity of 1.52 mm 2  s −1 , proving the feasibility of OLP de-acidification by fractional distillation.

  • Production of biofuels by thermal catalytic cracking of scum from grease traps in pilot scale
    Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2016
    Co-Authors: Hélio Da Silva Almeida, D. A.r. De Castro, M.c. Santos, M.s. Pereira, O. A. Corrêa, J. G. Eid, H.j. Ribeiro, Lia Martins Pereira, A. De Andrade Mâncio, J.a. Da Silva Souza
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this work, the residual fat material (scum) from grease traps were submitted to catalytic cracking in order to systematically investigate the feasibility to produce light and heavy diesel-like fractions. The cracking reactions were carried out in a stirred tank slurry reactor of 143 L, operating in batch mode at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere; using 5, 10, and 15% (wt.) activated Red Mud obtained by calcination at 1000 °C as catalyst. The catalyst was prepared and characterized by FT-IR, XRF, XRD, SEM, EDX, and BET. The organic liquid products (OLP) were physical chemistry analyzed for acid and saponification values, specific gravity, refractive index, kinematic viscosity, flash point, and Copper Strip Corrosion using AOCS and ASTM methods. The chemical composition of OLP, light and heavy diesel-like fractions were determined by FT-IR and GC⿿MS. The results showed an average OLP yield ranging from 62.34 to 75.92% (wt.) with acid values between 84.65 and 109.55 mg KOH/g, saponification values between 104.93 and 132.52 mg KOH/g, and kinematic viscosity between 10.96 and 14.08 mm2 s⿿1. For OLP obtained with 5% (wt.) activated Red Mud, the yield of light diesel-like fraction average 6.39% (wt.) with an acid value of 126.24 mg KOH/g, while that of heavy diesel-like fraction average 41.33% (wt.) with an acid value of 94.18 mg KOH/g. FT-IR analysis of OLP and diesel-like fractions confirms the presence of functional groups characteristic of hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkanes, ring-containing alkanes, and aromatics) and oxygenates (carboxylic acids, ketones, and esters). The GC-MS analysis of OLP and light diesel-like fraction obtained with 15% (wt.) activated Red Mud confirms that OLP is composed by 37.49% of hydrocarbons (10.83% alkenes, 14.16% alkanes, and 12.50 ring-containing alkanes) and 62.51% of oxygenates (59.49% carboxylic acids, 1.14% ketones, and 1.88 allyl esters). The light diesel-like fraction is composed by 73.86% of hydrocarbons (29.98% alkenes, 29.38% alkanes, 11.75% ring-containing alkanes, and 2.78% aromatics), and 26.14% of oxygenates compounds (23.48% carboxylic acids and 2.66% ketones), showing that thermal-catalytic cracking of scum from grease traps using activated red mud as catalyst is technically feasible.

  • Performance of thermochemical conversion of fat, oils, and grease into kerosene-like hydrocarbons in different production scales
    Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2016
    Co-Authors: H. Da Silva Almeida, D. A.r. De Castro, M.c. Santos, M.s. Pereira, O. A. Corrêa, J. G. Eid, H.j. Ribeiro, Lia Martins Pereira, A. De Andrade Aâncio, S.a.p. Da Mota
    Abstract:

    Abstract This work aims to investigate the effect of catalytic cracking of residual fat, oils, and grease (FOG) from grease traps in different production scales (bench, laboratory, and pilot) on the reaction products yields and OLP properties and the feasibility to produce kerosene-like hydrocarbons. The cracking experiments were carried out in batch mode at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, with 10% (wt.) Na 2 CO 3 using a laboratory scale cylindrical borosilicate-glass reactor of 143 mL, a bench scale stirred tank slurry reactor of 1.5 L, and a pilot scale stirred tank slurry reactor of 143 L (≈1:10:1000). The reaction liquid products were physical and chemical analyzed for acid and saponification values, density, kinematic viscosity, refractive index, and Copper Strip Corrosion. FT-IR analysis provided the qualitative chemical composition of OLP obtained in bench, laboratory, and pilot scales, as well as kerosene, light and heavy diesel-like hydrocarbons fractions obtained by distillation of OLP produced in pilot scale with 10% (wt.) Na 2 CO 3 . The chemical compositions of OLP and kerosene-like hydrocarbons fraction obtained in pilot scale determined by NMR and GC–MS. The results showed an OLP yield ranging from 62.90 to 66.57% (wt.), a coke yield ranging between 7.02 and 9.79% (wt.), and a gas yield ranging from 16.32 to 22.40% (wt.), showing a mean absolute percentage deviation of 2.12%, 11.88%, and 14.91% for OLP, gas, and coke yields respectively, obtained in different production scales (≈10:1000). The OLP acid values varied from 19.08 to 10.45 mg KOH/g, the density between 0.820 and 0.835 g/cm 3 , and the kinematic viscosity from 3.28 to 4.21 mm 2  s −1 . The yield of kerosene-like hydrocarbons fraction average 14.90% (wt.) with an acid value of 5.43 mg KOH/g, density of 0.740 g/cm 3 , and kinematic viscosity of 0.66 mm 2  s −1 , while those of light and heavy diesel-like hydrocarbons fractions average 32.01% (wt.) and 19.35% (wt.) respectively. FT-IR and NMR analysis of OLP and kerosene-like hydrocarbons fraction confirms the presence of functional groups characteristic of hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkanes, ring-containing alkenes, and ring-containing alkanes, and cycloalkanes) and oxygenates (carboxylic acids, ketones, fatty alcohols, and dienes). The GC–MS analysis of OLP and kerosene-like hydrocarbons fraction obtained in pilot scale with 10% (wt.) Na 2 CO 3 identified in OLP 76.97% hydrocarbons (39.44% alkenes, 31.91% alkanes, 4.12% ring-containing alkenes, and 1.50% ring-containing alkenes) and 23.03% oxygenates (12.14% carboxylic acids, 6.98% ketones, 1.90% fatty alcohols, and 2.01% dienes). The kerosene-like hydrocarbons fraction is composed by 94.62% (area) hydrocarbon (44.99% alkenes, 29.61% alkanes, 7.58% ring-containing alkenes, 6.15% ring-containing alkanes, 4.31% cycloalkanes, and 1.98% aromatics) and 5.38% (area) oxygenates (5.38% carboxylic acids), showing that catalytic cracking of scum from grease traps with 10% (wt.) Na 2 CO 3 is technically feasible.

  • Production of green diesel by thermal catalytic cracking of crude palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) in a pilot plant
    Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2014
    Co-Authors: S. D.p. Da Mota, A. A. Mancio, D. E.l. Lhamas, D. H. De Abreu, W. G. Dos Santos, D. A.r. De Castro, M. E. Araújo, R.m. Oliveira, M.s. Silva, Luiz E P Borges
    Abstract:

    In this work, the production of light diesel like fractions by thermal catalytic cracking of crude palm oil (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) has been systematically investigated in pilot scale. The cracking reactions were carried out in a reactor of 143 L, operating in batch mode at 450 °C and atmospheric pressure, using 20% (w/w) sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as catalyst. The reaction products called organic liquid products (OLP) were submitted to distillation using a laboratory scale column (Vigreux Column) of three stages in order to obtain light diesel like fractions. The catalyst has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, TGA and DTG. The OLP and the green diesel fractions have been physical-chemical characterized by officials AOCS, ASTM, and ABNT/NBR methods in terms of acid value, saponification value, density, refraction index, kinematics viscosity, Copper Strip Corrosion, carbon residue, flash point, and distillation curve. The chemical composition of green diesel has been determined by FTIR spectroscopy and GC-MS. The results show that the process yield on OLP was 65.86% (w/w) with an acid value of 1.02 mg KOH/g OLP and kinematic viscosity of 1.48 mm2/s, 30.24% (w/w) non-condensable gases, 2.5% (w/w) water, and 1.4% (w/w) coke. The yield on green diesel obtained by distillation average 24.9% (w/w), presenting an acid value of 1.68 mg KOH/g green diesel and kinematic viscosity of 1.48 mm2/s. The GC-MS analysis indicated that green diesel is composed of 91.38% (w/w) of hydrocarbons (31.27% normal paraffins, 54.44% olefins and 5.67% of naphthenics), and 8.62% (w/w) of oxygenates compounds.

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  • Gasoline-like hydrocarbons by catalytic cracking of soap phase residue of neutralization process of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq)
    Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2017
    Co-Authors: M.c. Santos, A. A. Mancio, D. E.l. Lhamas, D. H. De Abreu, D. A.r. De Castro, R. M. Lourenço, Anderson Mathias Pereira, M.s. Pereira, Hélio Da Silva Almeida, S.a.p. Da Mota
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this work, the soap phase residue of neutralization process of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) submitted to catalytic cracking to produce gasoline-like hydrocarbons fuels. The cracking reaction carried out in a stirred tank reactor of 143 L, operating in batch mode at 440 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, using 15% (wt.) Na2CO3 as catalyst. The organic liquid products (OLP) yield 71.34% (wt.) with an acid value of 1.07 mg KOH/g and kinematic viscosity of 1.90 mm2s−1, matching sulfur content, Copper Strip Corrosion, flash point, viscosity and density of ANP (Brazilian Petroleum Agency) N° 65 for diesel S10. The distillation of OLP carried out in laboratory scale according to the boiling temperature range of fossil fuels, yielding 6.69% (wt.) gasoline, 12.77% (wt.) kerosene, 15.52% (wt.) light diesel, and 38.02% heavy diesel-like hydrocarbons fuels, showing that Na2CO3 was more selective to convert salts of carboxylic acids into diesel-like hydrocarbons fuels. The GC–MS analysis showed that OLP is composed by 91.59% (wt.) hydrocarbons and 8.41% (wt.) oxygenates. The gasoline-like hydrocarbons fraction composed by 100% hydrocarbons with an acid value of 1.69 mg KOH/g and kinematic viscosity of 0.83 mm2s−1, matches many physicochemical parameters of ANP N° 40 for gasoline A, proving the technical feasibility of catalytic cracking process.

  • Thermal catalytic cracking of crude palm oil at pilot scale: Effect of the percentage of Na2CO3 on the quality of biofuels
    Industrial Crops and Products, 2016
    Co-Authors: A. A. Mancio, D. E.l. Lhamas, M. E. Araújo, M.c. Santos, S.a.p. Da Mota, K.m.b. Da Costa, C.c. Ferreira, Raquel A. C. Leão, R.o.m.a. De Souza, Luiz E P Borges
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this study, the influence of catalyst content on the physical–chemical properties, yield, and chemical composition of organic liquid products (OLP) obtained by thermal catalytic cracking of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) was studied at a pilot scale. The experiments were carried out in a reactor of 143 L, running in batch mode at 450 °C and 1 atm, using 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (w/w) Na2CO3 as the catalyst. Physical–chemical characterization of OLP was conducted for acid value, saponification value, specific gravity, refractive index, kinematic viscosity, Copper Strip Corrosion, and flash point. The chemical composition of OLP was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). As the catalyst content increased, the kinematic viscosity of OLP decreased from 6.59 to 3.63 mm2 s−1 and the acid value from 51.56 to 1.26 mg KOH/g. The GC–MS analysis showed that OLP comprise hydrocarbons (normal paraffin, olefin, and naphthenic) and oxygenated compounds (carboxylic acids, alcohols, ketones, and esters), with a high dependency on the catalyst level. As the catalyst content increased, the concentration of hydrocarbons increased, whereas the concentration of oxygenates decreased. The optimal sodium carbonate catalyst level was found to be 15% (w/w). This gave the highest rate of conversion into biofuel, of which around 60% was OLP, and produced biofuels with the lowest acid values. The physical–chemical properties were within the limits fixed by ANP No. 65 (Diesel S10 specification) due to their high hydrocarbon content (92.84%) and low oxygenate content (7.16%). The hydrocarbons produced had characteristics similar to those of petroleum diesel, offering the potential to replace petroleum fuels without requiring deacidification or deoxygenation pretreatment.

  • Production of biofuels by thermal catalytic cracking of scum from grease traps in pilot scale
    Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2016
    Co-Authors: Hélio Da Silva Almeida, D. A.r. De Castro, M.c. Santos, M.s. Pereira, O. A. Corrêa, J. G. Eid, H.j. Ribeiro, Lia Martins Pereira, A. De Andrade Mâncio, J.a. Da Silva Souza
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this work, the residual fat material (scum) from grease traps were submitted to catalytic cracking in order to systematically investigate the feasibility to produce light and heavy diesel-like fractions. The cracking reactions were carried out in a stirred tank slurry reactor of 143 L, operating in batch mode at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere; using 5, 10, and 15% (wt.) activated Red Mud obtained by calcination at 1000 °C as catalyst. The catalyst was prepared and characterized by FT-IR, XRF, XRD, SEM, EDX, and BET. The organic liquid products (OLP) were physical chemistry analyzed for acid and saponification values, specific gravity, refractive index, kinematic viscosity, flash point, and Copper Strip Corrosion using AOCS and ASTM methods. The chemical composition of OLP, light and heavy diesel-like fractions were determined by FT-IR and GC⿿MS. The results showed an average OLP yield ranging from 62.34 to 75.92% (wt.) with acid values between 84.65 and 109.55 mg KOH/g, saponification values between 104.93 and 132.52 mg KOH/g, and kinematic viscosity between 10.96 and 14.08 mm2 s⿿1. For OLP obtained with 5% (wt.) activated Red Mud, the yield of light diesel-like fraction average 6.39% (wt.) with an acid value of 126.24 mg KOH/g, while that of heavy diesel-like fraction average 41.33% (wt.) with an acid value of 94.18 mg KOH/g. FT-IR analysis of OLP and diesel-like fractions confirms the presence of functional groups characteristic of hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkanes, ring-containing alkanes, and aromatics) and oxygenates (carboxylic acids, ketones, and esters). The GC-MS analysis of OLP and light diesel-like fraction obtained with 15% (wt.) activated Red Mud confirms that OLP is composed by 37.49% of hydrocarbons (10.83% alkenes, 14.16% alkanes, and 12.50 ring-containing alkanes) and 62.51% of oxygenates (59.49% carboxylic acids, 1.14% ketones, and 1.88 allyl esters). The light diesel-like fraction is composed by 73.86% of hydrocarbons (29.98% alkenes, 29.38% alkanes, 11.75% ring-containing alkanes, and 2.78% aromatics), and 26.14% of oxygenates compounds (23.48% carboxylic acids and 2.66% ketones), showing that thermal-catalytic cracking of scum from grease traps using activated red mud as catalyst is technically feasible.

  • Performance of thermochemical conversion of fat, oils, and grease into kerosene-like hydrocarbons in different production scales
    Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2016
    Co-Authors: H. Da Silva Almeida, D. A.r. De Castro, M.c. Santos, M.s. Pereira, O. A. Corrêa, J. G. Eid, H.j. Ribeiro, Lia Martins Pereira, A. De Andrade Aâncio, S.a.p. Da Mota
    Abstract:

    Abstract This work aims to investigate the effect of catalytic cracking of residual fat, oils, and grease (FOG) from grease traps in different production scales (bench, laboratory, and pilot) on the reaction products yields and OLP properties and the feasibility to produce kerosene-like hydrocarbons. The cracking experiments were carried out in batch mode at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, with 10% (wt.) Na 2 CO 3 using a laboratory scale cylindrical borosilicate-glass reactor of 143 mL, a bench scale stirred tank slurry reactor of 1.5 L, and a pilot scale stirred tank slurry reactor of 143 L (≈1:10:1000). The reaction liquid products were physical and chemical analyzed for acid and saponification values, density, kinematic viscosity, refractive index, and Copper Strip Corrosion. FT-IR analysis provided the qualitative chemical composition of OLP obtained in bench, laboratory, and pilot scales, as well as kerosene, light and heavy diesel-like hydrocarbons fractions obtained by distillation of OLP produced in pilot scale with 10% (wt.) Na 2 CO 3 . The chemical compositions of OLP and kerosene-like hydrocarbons fraction obtained in pilot scale determined by NMR and GC–MS. The results showed an OLP yield ranging from 62.90 to 66.57% (wt.), a coke yield ranging between 7.02 and 9.79% (wt.), and a gas yield ranging from 16.32 to 22.40% (wt.), showing a mean absolute percentage deviation of 2.12%, 11.88%, and 14.91% for OLP, gas, and coke yields respectively, obtained in different production scales (≈10:1000). The OLP acid values varied from 19.08 to 10.45 mg KOH/g, the density between 0.820 and 0.835 g/cm 3 , and the kinematic viscosity from 3.28 to 4.21 mm 2  s −1 . The yield of kerosene-like hydrocarbons fraction average 14.90% (wt.) with an acid value of 5.43 mg KOH/g, density of 0.740 g/cm 3 , and kinematic viscosity of 0.66 mm 2  s −1 , while those of light and heavy diesel-like hydrocarbons fractions average 32.01% (wt.) and 19.35% (wt.) respectively. FT-IR and NMR analysis of OLP and kerosene-like hydrocarbons fraction confirms the presence of functional groups characteristic of hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkanes, ring-containing alkenes, and ring-containing alkanes, and cycloalkanes) and oxygenates (carboxylic acids, ketones, fatty alcohols, and dienes). The GC–MS analysis of OLP and kerosene-like hydrocarbons fraction obtained in pilot scale with 10% (wt.) Na 2 CO 3 identified in OLP 76.97% hydrocarbons (39.44% alkenes, 31.91% alkanes, 4.12% ring-containing alkenes, and 1.50% ring-containing alkenes) and 23.03% oxygenates (12.14% carboxylic acids, 6.98% ketones, 1.90% fatty alcohols, and 2.01% dienes). The kerosene-like hydrocarbons fraction is composed by 94.62% (area) hydrocarbon (44.99% alkenes, 29.61% alkanes, 7.58% ring-containing alkenes, 6.15% ring-containing alkanes, 4.31% cycloalkanes, and 1.98% aromatics) and 5.38% (area) oxygenates (5.38% carboxylic acids), showing that catalytic cracking of scum from grease traps with 10% (wt.) Na 2 CO 3 is technically feasible.