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Shilin Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the complete chloroplast genome sequence of the medicinal plant salvia miltiorrhiza
PLOS ONE, 2013Co-Authors: Jun Qian, Jingyuan Song, Jiang Xu, Xiaohui Pang, Xianen Li, Chuyuan Li, Haibin Xu, Shilin ChenAbstract:Salvia miltiorrhiza is an important medicinal plant with great economic and medicinal value. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza, the first sequenced member of the Lamiaceae family, is reported here. The genome is 151,328 bp in length and exhibits a typical quadripartite structure of the large (LSC, 82,695 bp) and small (SSC, 17,555 bp) single-copy regions, separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 25,539 bp). It contains 114 unique genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs and four rRNAs. The genome structure, gene order, GC content and codon usage are similar to the typical angiosperm cp genomes. Four forward, three inverted and seven tandem repeats were detected in the Salvia miltiorrhiza cp genome. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis among the 30 asterid cp genomes revealed that most SSRs are AT-rich, which contribute to the overall AT richness of these cp genomes. Additionally, fewer SSRs are distributed in the protein-coding sequences compared to the non-coding regions, indicating an uneven distribution of SSRs within the cp genomes. Entire cp genome comparison of Salvia miltiorrhiza and three other Lamiales cp genomes showed a high degree of sequence similarity and a relatively high divergence of intergenic spacers. Sequence divergence analysis discovered the ten most divergent and ten most conserved genes as well as their length variation, which will be helpful for phylogenetic studies in asterids. Our analysis also supports that both regional and functional constraints affect gene sequence evolution. Further, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a sister relationship between Salvia miltiorrhiza and Sesamum indicum. The complete cp genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza reported in this paper will facilitate population, phylogenetic and cp genetic engineering studies of this medicinal plant.
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the complete chloroplast genome sequence of the medicinal plant salvia miltiorrhiza
PLOS ONE, 2013Co-Authors: Jun Qian, Jingyuan Song, Xiaohui Pang, Huanhuan Gao, Yingjie Zhu, Hui Yao, Chao Sun, Juyan Liu, Shilin ChenAbstract:Salvia miltiorrhiza is an important medicinal plant with great economic and medicinal value. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza, the first sequenced member of the Lamiaceae family, is reported here. The genome is 151,328 bp in length and exhibits a typical quadripartite structure of the large (LSC, 82,695 bp) and small (SSC, 17,555 bp) single-copy regions, separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 25,539 bp). It contains 114 unique genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs and four rRNAs. The genome structure, gene order, GC content and codon usage are similar to the typical angiosperm cp genomes. Four forward, three inverted and seven tandem repeats were detected in the Salvia miltiorrhiza cp genome. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis among the 30 asterid cp genomes revealed that most SSRs are AT-rich, which contribute to the overall AT richness of these cp genomes. Additionally, fewer SSRs are distributed in the protein-coding sequences compared to the non-coding regions, indicating an uneven distribution of SSRs within the cp genomes. Entire cp genome comparison of Salvia miltiorrhiza and three other Lamiales cp genomes showed a high degree of sequence similarity and a relatively high divergence of intergenic spacers. Sequence divergence analysis discovered the ten most divergent and ten most conserved genes as well as their length variation, which will be helpful for phylogenetic studies in asterids. Our analysis also supports that both regional and functional constraints affect gene sequence evolution. Further, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a sister relationship between Salvia miltiorrhiza and Sesamum indicum. The complete cp genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza reported in this paper will facilitate population, phylogenetic and cp genetic engineering studies of this medicinal plant.
Saucedo Carabez, José Ramón - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Efecto del viroide de la mancha de sol en el rendimiento y calidad de frutos en aguacate de Michoacán.
Colegio de Postgraduados (COLPOS), 2013Co-Authors: Saucedo Carabez, José RamónAbstract:Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) es una enfermedad considerada de importancia económica que se reportó en México en 2009. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del ASBVd en el rendimiento y calidad de frutos en aguacate de Michoacán debido a la importancia de la enfermedad y del cultivo. Cuatro árboles sanos fueron comparados con cuatro asintomáticos y cuatro sintomáticos del cultivar ‘Hass’ y de la selección ‘Méndez’ en 2 huertos con diferente manejo. En campo se registró el rendimiento total de los árboles. En cada árbol se midió el peso, diámetro ecuatorial (DE), diámetro polar (DP) de 100 frutos y la incidencia de frutos con síntomas. Frutos ‘Hass’ de cinco condiciones: Frutos sanos de árboles sanos (C1), frutos sanos de árboles asintomáticos (C2), frutos sanos de árboles sintomáticos (C3), frutos sintomáticos con severidad clase 1 (C4), frutos con severidad clase 2 (C5) se cosecharon en 2011 y 2012 para evaluar las variables de cambio de coloración, firmeza, pérdida de peso y el contenido mineral en etapa de madurez fisiológica y comercial. El peso total en frutos ‘Hass’ con síntomas fue reducido en más del 50 % y mayor al 75 % en ‘Méndez’ en ambos huertos, mientras que los asintomáticos hubo una reducción mayor en ‘Méndez’ con un 58 % y 30 % en ‘Hass’. Las variables de peso en 100 frutos, DP y DE fueron estadísticamente menores en árboles sintomáticos con respecto a árboles sanos y asintomáticos. La incidencia de frutos ‘Hass’ con síntomas fue mayor a 45 % y mayor a 20 % en ‘Méndez’. C1, C2 y C3 maduraron de manera uniforme y no mostraron diferencias significativas en ninguna de las variables evaluadas, mientras que C4 y C5 presentaron una maduración irregular, relacionada a una firmeza y cambio de coloración más lento con una pérdida de peso menor. El contenido mineral no presentó ninguna diferencia significativa en ninguna de las dos etapas. _______________ ABSTRACT: The effect of Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) was evaluated in four healthy, four asymptomatic (molecularly positive), and four symptomatic trees of cv. Hass (Persea americana) and Mendez in grove 1 in Uruapan County. Four healthy and four symptomatic trees were evaluated in grove 2 in Tingambato County. The total Hass fruit weight from symptomatic trees was significantly (75 %) reduced (213 vs 751 kg from healthy trees) in grove 1 and 52 % (124 vs 255 kg) in grove 2 (Tukey, p=0.05). This reduction was more severe in Mendez, 83 % in grove 1 (183 vs 1,053 kg) and 76 % in grove 2 (82 vs 340 kg). Yield of asymptomatic trees was 58 % reduced in Mendez and 30 % in Hass. The average weight of 100 fruits was 13-28 % reduced in Hass and 20-27 % in Mendez in groves 2 and 1 respectively. The equatorial diameter of 100 symptomatic fruits was 8 % lower in Hass in both groves, and 20-28 % in Mendez. The polar diameter decreased by 8-10 % in Hass and 10-11 % in Mendez. The incidence of symptomatic fruits was 46-62 % in Hass and 20-28 % in Mendez. Yield of ASBVd symptomatic Hass and Mendez tress was significantly reduced and fruit morphology was negatively affected. Hass fruits (Persea americana) from five classes: healthy from healthy trees (C1), asymptomatic from asymptomatic trees (C2), asymptomatic from symptomatic trees (C3), symptomatic severity class 1 (C4), symptomatic severity class 2 (C5) were harvested in 2011 and 2012. ASBVd effect of on postharvest quality was evaluated by measuring the firmness, colour, weight loss, dry matter, mineral and oil content. C4 and C5 were significantly different (Tukey, p=0.05) in longer firmness, less dark coloration and less weight loss compared to C1, C2 and C3. Firmness in C4 and C5 was Ready To Eat (RTE) and not Soft (Soft) on the eighth day, while C1, C2 and C3 reached on the sixth day. Coloration in C1, C2 and C3 was black on the eighth day, whereas in C4 and C5 remained 75 % obscure. Weight loss in C4 and C5 was 1.4 g/day and C1, C2 and C3 was 2 g/day. Dry matter, mineral and oil content were similar in the five classes. ASBVd affected postharvest quality of symptomatic fruits. Asymptomatic fruits satisfy the international quality standards
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Efecto del viroide de la mancha de sol en el rendimiento y calidad de frutos en aguacate de Michoacán.
Colegio de Postgraduados (COLPOS), 2013Co-Authors: Saucedo Carabez, José RamónAbstract:Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) es una enfermedad considerada de importancia económica que se reportó en México en 2009. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del ASBVd en el rendimiento y calidad de frutos en aguacate de Michoacán debido a la importancia de la enfermedad y del cultivo. Cuatro árboles sanos fueron comparados con cuatro asintomáticos y cuatro sintomáticos del cultivar ‘Hass’ y de la selección ‘Méndez’ en 2 huertos con diferente manejo. En campo se registró el rendimiento total de los árboles. En cada árbol se midió el peso, diámetro ecuatorial (DE), diámetro polar (DP) de 100 frutos y la incidencia de frutos con síntomas. Frutos ‘Hass’ de cinco condiciones: Frutos sanos de árboles sanos (C1), frutos sanos de árboles asintomáticos (C2), frutos sanos de árboles sintomáticos (C3), frutos sintomáticos con severidad clase 1 (C4), frutos con severidad clase 2 (C5) se cosecharon en 2011 y 2012 para evaluar las variables de cambio de coloración, firmeza, pérdida de peso y el contenido mineral en etapa de madurez fisiológica y comercial. El peso total en frutos ‘Hass’ con síntomas fue reducido en más del 50 % y mayor al 75 % en ‘Méndez’ en ambos huertos, mientras que los asintomáticos hubo una reducción mayor en ‘Méndez’ con un 58 % y 30 % en ‘Hass’. Las variables de peso en 100 frutos, DP y DE fueron estadísticamente menores en árboles sintomáticos con respecto a árboles sanos y asintomáticos. La incidencia de frutos ‘Hass’ con síntomas fue mayor a 45 % y mayor a 20 % en ‘Méndez’. C1, C2 y C3 maduraron de manera uniforme y no mostraron diferencias significativas en ninguna de las variables evaluadas, mientras que C4 y C5 presentaron una maduración irregular, relacionada a una firmeza y cambio de coloración más lento con una pérdida de peso menor. El contenido mineral no presentó ninguna diferencia significativa en ninguna de las dos etapas. _______________ ABSTRACT: The effect of Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) was evaluated in four healthy, four asymptomatic (molecularly positive), and four symptomatic trees of cv. Hass (Persea americana) and Mendez in grove 1 in Uruapan County. Four healthy and four symptomatic trees were evaluated in grove 2 in Tingambato County. The total Hass fruit weight from symptomatic trees was significantly (75 %) reduced (213 vs 751 kg from healthy trees) in grove 1 and 52 % (124 vs 255 kg) in grove 2 (Tukey, p=0.05). This reduction was more severe in Mendez, 83 % in grove 1 (183 vs 1,053 kg) and 76 % in grove 2 (82 vs 340 kg). Yield of asymptomatic trees was 58 % reduced in Mendez and 30 % in Hass. The average weight of 100 fruits was 13-28 % reduced in Hass and 20-27 % in Mendez in groves 2 and 1 respectively. The equatorial diameter of 100 symptomatic fruits was 8 % lower in Hass in both groves, and 20-28 % in Mendez. The polar diameter decreased by 8-10 % in Hass and 10-11 % in Mendez. The incidence of symptomatic fruits was 46-62 % in Hass and 20-28 % in Mendez. Yield of ASBVd symptomatic Hass and Mendez tress was significantly reduced and fruit morphology was negatively affected. Hass fruits (Persea americana) from five classes: healthy from healthy trees (C1), asymptomatic from asymptomatic trees (C2), asymptomatic from symptomatic trees (C3), symptomatic severity class 1 (C4), symptomatic severity class 2 (C5) were harvested in 2011 and 2012. ASBVd effect of on postharvest quality was evaluated by measuring the firmness, colour, weight loss, dry matter, mineral and oil content. C4 and C5 were significantly different (Tukey, p=0.05) in longer firmness, less dark coloration and less weight loss compared to C1, C2 and C3. Firmness in C4 and C5 was Ready To Eat (RTE) and not Soft (Soft) on the eighth day, while C1, C2 and C3 reached on the sixth day. Coloration in C1, C2 and C3 was black on the eighth day, whereas in C4 and C5 remained 75 % obscure. Weight loss in C4 and C5 was 1.4 g/day and C1, C2 and C3 was 2 g/day. Dry matter, mineral and oil content were similar in the five classes. ASBVd affected postharvest quality of symptomatic fruits. Asymptomatic fruits satisfy the international quality standards.Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias, especialista en Fitopatología).- Colegio de Postgraduados, 2013.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)
Jun Qian - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the complete chloroplast genome sequence of the medicinal plant salvia miltiorrhiza
PLOS ONE, 2013Co-Authors: Jun Qian, Jingyuan Song, Jiang Xu, Xiaohui Pang, Xianen Li, Chuyuan Li, Haibin Xu, Shilin ChenAbstract:Salvia miltiorrhiza is an important medicinal plant with great economic and medicinal value. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza, the first sequenced member of the Lamiaceae family, is reported here. The genome is 151,328 bp in length and exhibits a typical quadripartite structure of the large (LSC, 82,695 bp) and small (SSC, 17,555 bp) single-copy regions, separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 25,539 bp). It contains 114 unique genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs and four rRNAs. The genome structure, gene order, GC content and codon usage are similar to the typical angiosperm cp genomes. Four forward, three inverted and seven tandem repeats were detected in the Salvia miltiorrhiza cp genome. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis among the 30 asterid cp genomes revealed that most SSRs are AT-rich, which contribute to the overall AT richness of these cp genomes. Additionally, fewer SSRs are distributed in the protein-coding sequences compared to the non-coding regions, indicating an uneven distribution of SSRs within the cp genomes. Entire cp genome comparison of Salvia miltiorrhiza and three other Lamiales cp genomes showed a high degree of sequence similarity and a relatively high divergence of intergenic spacers. Sequence divergence analysis discovered the ten most divergent and ten most conserved genes as well as their length variation, which will be helpful for phylogenetic studies in asterids. Our analysis also supports that both regional and functional constraints affect gene sequence evolution. Further, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a sister relationship between Salvia miltiorrhiza and Sesamum indicum. The complete cp genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza reported in this paper will facilitate population, phylogenetic and cp genetic engineering studies of this medicinal plant.
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the complete chloroplast genome sequence of the medicinal plant salvia miltiorrhiza
PLOS ONE, 2013Co-Authors: Jun Qian, Jingyuan Song, Xiaohui Pang, Huanhuan Gao, Yingjie Zhu, Hui Yao, Chao Sun, Juyan Liu, Shilin ChenAbstract:Salvia miltiorrhiza is an important medicinal plant with great economic and medicinal value. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza, the first sequenced member of the Lamiaceae family, is reported here. The genome is 151,328 bp in length and exhibits a typical quadripartite structure of the large (LSC, 82,695 bp) and small (SSC, 17,555 bp) single-copy regions, separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 25,539 bp). It contains 114 unique genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs and four rRNAs. The genome structure, gene order, GC content and codon usage are similar to the typical angiosperm cp genomes. Four forward, three inverted and seven tandem repeats were detected in the Salvia miltiorrhiza cp genome. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis among the 30 asterid cp genomes revealed that most SSRs are AT-rich, which contribute to the overall AT richness of these cp genomes. Additionally, fewer SSRs are distributed in the protein-coding sequences compared to the non-coding regions, indicating an uneven distribution of SSRs within the cp genomes. Entire cp genome comparison of Salvia miltiorrhiza and three other Lamiales cp genomes showed a high degree of sequence similarity and a relatively high divergence of intergenic spacers. Sequence divergence analysis discovered the ten most divergent and ten most conserved genes as well as their length variation, which will be helpful for phylogenetic studies in asterids. Our analysis also supports that both regional and functional constraints affect gene sequence evolution. Further, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a sister relationship between Salvia miltiorrhiza and Sesamum indicum. The complete cp genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza reported in this paper will facilitate population, phylogenetic and cp genetic engineering studies of this medicinal plant.
Chansa Cha - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Computational study of the chair–chair interconversion and stereoelectronic interactions in 1,2,3‐trithiacyclo‐hexane (1,2,3‐trithiane)
Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry, 2004Co-Authors: Fillmore Freeman, Chansa ChaAbstract:Ab initio theory, density functional theory (DFT) and Moller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) with the 6–31G(d), 6–31++G(d), 6–31G(d,p), 6–31+G(d,p), 6–31++G(d,p), 6–311G(d,p) and 6–311+G(d,p) basis sets were used to study stereoelectronic hyperconjugative interactions and the mechanism of the chair–chair conformational interconversion in 1,2,3-trithiacyclohexane (1,2,3-trithiane). The relative energies, enthalpies, entropies, free energies and structural parameters of the chair, 1,4-twist and 2,5-twist conformers, a distorted 1,4-boat transition state and a 2,5-boat transition state were calculated. The HF calculated energy difference (ΔE) between the chair conformer of 1,2,3-trithiane and the distorted 1,4-boat transition state was 10.59 kcal mol−1 (1 kcal=4.184 kJ). The 1,4-twist conformer and the 2,5-boat transition state are close in energy, as are the 2,5-twist conformer and the distorted 1,4-boat transition state. B3LYP/6–311+G(d,p) calculated the chair conformer of 1,2,3-trithiane to be 5.83, 10.09, and 5.96 kcal mol−1, respectively, lower in energy than the 1,4-twist conformer, 2,5-twist conformer and 2,5-boat transition state. Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations were used to connect the transition state between the chair conformer and the 1,4-twist conformer. B3LYP/6–31+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6–311+G(d,p) calculated this transition state to be 14.25 kcal mol−1 higher in energy than the chair conformer. In the chair conformer, the respective C4—H and C6—H bond lengths are equal, but the C5—Heq bond is longer than the C5—Hax bond. In the 1,4-twist conformer, the C4—Hiso bond lengths are equal, the C5—Hψeq bond is longer than the C5—Hψax bond and the C6—H bond lengths are equal. In the 2,5-twist conformer, equal C—H bond lengths are found at C4 and at C5, but the C6—Hψeq bond is longer than the C6—Hψax bond. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Additional material for this paper is available in Wiley Intersciene
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computational study of the chair chair interconversion and stereoelectronic interactions in 1 2 3 trithiacyclo hexane 1 2 3 trithiane
Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry, 2004Co-Authors: Fillmore Freeman, Chansa ChaAbstract:Ab initio theory, density functional theory (DFT) and Moller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) with the 6–31G(d), 6–31++G(d), 6–31G(d,p), 6–31+G(d,p), 6–31++G(d,p), 6–311G(d,p) and 6–311+G(d,p) basis sets were used to study stereoelectronic hyperconjugative interactions and the mechanism of the chair–chair conformational interconversion in 1,2,3-trithiacyclohexane (1,2,3-trithiane). The relative energies, enthalpies, entropies, free energies and structural parameters of the chair, 1,4-twist and 2,5-twist conformers, a distorted 1,4-boat transition state and a 2,5-boat transition state were calculated. The HF calculated energy difference (ΔE) between the chair conformer of 1,2,3-trithiane and the distorted 1,4-boat transition state was 10.59 kcal mol−1 (1 kcal=4.184 kJ). The 1,4-twist conformer and the 2,5-boat transition state are close in energy, as are the 2,5-twist conformer and the distorted 1,4-boat transition state. B3LYP/6–311+G(d,p) calculated the chair conformer of 1,2,3-trithiane to be 5.83, 10.09, and 5.96 kcal mol−1, respectively, lower in energy than the 1,4-twist conformer, 2,5-twist conformer and 2,5-boat transition state. Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations were used to connect the transition state between the chair conformer and the 1,4-twist conformer. B3LYP/6–31+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6–311+G(d,p) calculated this transition state to be 14.25 kcal mol−1 higher in energy than the chair conformer. In the chair conformer, the respective C4—H and C6—H bond lengths are equal, but the C5—Heq bond is longer than the C5—Hax bond. In the 1,4-twist conformer, the C4—Hiso bond lengths are equal, the C5—Hψeq bond is longer than the C5—Hψax bond and the C6—H bond lengths are equal. In the 2,5-twist conformer, equal C—H bond lengths are found at C4 and at C5, but the C6—Hψeq bond is longer than the C6—Hψax bond. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Additional material for this paper is available in Wiley Intersciene
Xiaohui Pang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the complete chloroplast genome sequence of the medicinal plant salvia miltiorrhiza
PLOS ONE, 2013Co-Authors: Jun Qian, Jingyuan Song, Jiang Xu, Xiaohui Pang, Xianen Li, Chuyuan Li, Haibin Xu, Shilin ChenAbstract:Salvia miltiorrhiza is an important medicinal plant with great economic and medicinal value. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza, the first sequenced member of the Lamiaceae family, is reported here. The genome is 151,328 bp in length and exhibits a typical quadripartite structure of the large (LSC, 82,695 bp) and small (SSC, 17,555 bp) single-copy regions, separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 25,539 bp). It contains 114 unique genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs and four rRNAs. The genome structure, gene order, GC content and codon usage are similar to the typical angiosperm cp genomes. Four forward, three inverted and seven tandem repeats were detected in the Salvia miltiorrhiza cp genome. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis among the 30 asterid cp genomes revealed that most SSRs are AT-rich, which contribute to the overall AT richness of these cp genomes. Additionally, fewer SSRs are distributed in the protein-coding sequences compared to the non-coding regions, indicating an uneven distribution of SSRs within the cp genomes. Entire cp genome comparison of Salvia miltiorrhiza and three other Lamiales cp genomes showed a high degree of sequence similarity and a relatively high divergence of intergenic spacers. Sequence divergence analysis discovered the ten most divergent and ten most conserved genes as well as their length variation, which will be helpful for phylogenetic studies in asterids. Our analysis also supports that both regional and functional constraints affect gene sequence evolution. Further, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a sister relationship between Salvia miltiorrhiza and Sesamum indicum. The complete cp genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza reported in this paper will facilitate population, phylogenetic and cp genetic engineering studies of this medicinal plant.
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the complete chloroplast genome sequence of the medicinal plant salvia miltiorrhiza
PLOS ONE, 2013Co-Authors: Jun Qian, Jingyuan Song, Xiaohui Pang, Huanhuan Gao, Yingjie Zhu, Hui Yao, Chao Sun, Juyan Liu, Shilin ChenAbstract:Salvia miltiorrhiza is an important medicinal plant with great economic and medicinal value. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza, the first sequenced member of the Lamiaceae family, is reported here. The genome is 151,328 bp in length and exhibits a typical quadripartite structure of the large (LSC, 82,695 bp) and small (SSC, 17,555 bp) single-copy regions, separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 25,539 bp). It contains 114 unique genes, including 80 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs and four rRNAs. The genome structure, gene order, GC content and codon usage are similar to the typical angiosperm cp genomes. Four forward, three inverted and seven tandem repeats were detected in the Salvia miltiorrhiza cp genome. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis among the 30 asterid cp genomes revealed that most SSRs are AT-rich, which contribute to the overall AT richness of these cp genomes. Additionally, fewer SSRs are distributed in the protein-coding sequences compared to the non-coding regions, indicating an uneven distribution of SSRs within the cp genomes. Entire cp genome comparison of Salvia miltiorrhiza and three other Lamiales cp genomes showed a high degree of sequence similarity and a relatively high divergence of intergenic spacers. Sequence divergence analysis discovered the ten most divergent and ten most conserved genes as well as their length variation, which will be helpful for phylogenetic studies in asterids. Our analysis also supports that both regional and functional constraints affect gene sequence evolution. Further, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a sister relationship between Salvia miltiorrhiza and Sesamum indicum. The complete cp genome sequence of Salvia miltiorrhiza reported in this paper will facilitate population, phylogenetic and cp genetic engineering studies of this medicinal plant.
