The Experts below are selected from a list of 39354 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Olivier Dangles - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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changes in the distribution of multispecies pest assemblages affect levels of Crop Damage in warming tropical andes
Global Change Biology, 2015Co-Authors: Veronica Crespoperez, Olivier Dangles, Jacques Regniere, Isabelle Chuine, Francois RebaudoAbstract:Climate induced species range shifts might create novel interactions among species that may outweigh direct climatic effects. In an agricultural context, climate change might alter the intensity of competition or facilitation interactions among pests with, potentially, negative consequences on the levels of Damage to Crop. This could threaten the productivity of agricultural systems and have negative impacts on food security, but has yet been poorly considered in studies. In this contribution, we constructed and evaluated process-based species distribution models for three invasive potato pests in the Tropical Andean Region. These three species have been found to co-occur and interact within the same potato tuber, causing different levels of Damage to Crop. Our models allowed us to predict the current and future distribution of the species and therefore, to assess how Damage to Crop might change in the future due to novel interactions. In general, our study revealed the main challenges related to distribution modeling of invasive pests in highly heterogeneous regions. It yielded different results for the three species, both in terms of accuracy and distribution, with one species surviving best at lower altitudes and the other two performing better at higher altitudes. As to future distributions our results suggested that the three species will show different responses to climate change, with one of them expanding to higher altitudes, another contracting its range and the other shifting its distribution to higher altitudes. These changes will result in novel areas of co-occurrence and hence, interactions of the pests, which will cause different levels of Damage to Crop. Combining population dynamics and species distribution models that incorporate interspecific trade-off relationships in different environments revealed a powerful approach to provide predictions about the response of an assemblage of interacting species to future environmental changes and their impact on process rates.
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Crop Damage increases with pest species diversity evidence from potato tuber moths in the tropical andes
Journal of Applied Ecology, 2009Co-Authors: Olivier Dangles, Veronica Mesias, Veronica Crespoperez, Jeanfrancois SilvainAbstract:Summary 1. Insect pests in agricultural systems are one of the major causes of Damage to Crop production and storage worldwide. However, the study of the effect of multiple pests on agricultural productivity has remained largely disconnected from the ongoing debate on how species diversity affects the productivity of ecosystems. The aim of our study is to use information from Crop studies to inform the debate on species diversity and ecosystem productivity. 2. We present the results of an experimental study that manipulated the species richness of three tuber feeding moth species (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) at constant larval density. We measured the influence of this manipulation on (1) Damage to the economically most important Crop in the Andean region, the potato Solanum tuberosum and (2) the performance of the moths as a consequence of feeding rates. 3. Our results showed that the three pest species together cause more Damage to the Crop than is predicted from the effects of each pest alone. This resulted in significant increases in pupal biomass and fecundity. 4. Potential mechanisms to explain our results are (1) more complete resource utilization and thus greater Crop Damage (feeding complementarity) and (2) negative interactions, where intra-specific interactions are greater than inter-specific interactions. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our findings may have important consequences for integrated pest management in poor tropical countries. Biodiversity in many tropical countries is decreasing rapidly, leading to reductions in ecosystem services such as biocontrol and pollination. At the same time an increasing number of species, many of them agricultural pests, are being introduced by humans. Our results show that the potential complementarity effects among pest species may increase Damage to field Crops to a larger extent than previously expected. Control strategies to limit the introduction of new pest species are therefore urgently needed in these countries where the daily management of biological resources is largely in the hands of poor rural people and local government staff with limited funding.
James J Murphy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the cost of Crop Damage caused by ozone air pollution from motor vehicles
Journal of Environmental Management, 1999Co-Authors: James J Murphy, Mark A Delucchi, Donald R Mccubbin, H KimAbstract:Abstract The effects of ozone air pollution on the agricultural sector are an important environmental challenge facing policy makers. Most studies of the economic impact of air pollution on agriculture have found that a 25% reduction in ambient ozone would provide benefits of at least $1–2 billion annually in the United States. This paper extends existing research by estimating the benefits of a reduction in emissions from a major source of ozone formation: motor-vehicle emissions. An agricultural production model is combined with an analysis of motor-vehicle emissions and air quality to estimate the impacts of emissions from six different motor-vehicle classes, at both the regional and national level. The benefits to the agricultural sector from completely eliminating ozone precursor emissions from motor vehicles ranges between $3·5 and $6·1 billion annually.
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the cost of Crop Damage caused by ozone air pollution from motor vehicles
Research Papers in Economics, 1996Co-Authors: James J Murphy, Mark A Delucchi, Donald R Mccubbin, H KimAbstract:The detrimental effects of ambient ozone on Crops, even at relatively low concentrations, are well-established (Thompson et al., 1976; Heck and Brandt, 1977; Heck et al., 1982; Environmental Protection Agency, 1984; California Air Resources Board, 1987; Olszyk et al., 1988a, 1988b; Heagle et al., 1986; McCool et al., 1986, Ashmore, 1991). Ozone enters plant leaves through the stomatal openings in the leaf surface and then produces byproducts that reduce the efficiency of photosynthesis (CARB, 1987). Research suggests that ozone, either alone or in combination with nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, may be responsible for up to 90 percent of U.S. Crop losses resulting from air pollution (Heck et al., 1982). In an effort to address this problem, the Clean Air Act and its amendments include air pollution Damages to vegetation as one of the criteria by which secondary national ambient air quality standards are evaluated (Adams et al., 1984). There is, of course, an economic cost associated with this reduced productivity. In this paper we use a formal model of agricultural production and demand to estimate the cost of Crop Damage1 due to all anthropogenic ozone air pollution, and to ozone air pollution attributable to motor-vehicle use in the U. S. in 1990.
Månsson Johan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Seeking greener pastures: Crop selection by Greylag Geese (Anser anser) during the moulting season
2021Co-Authors: Strong, Emily A., Redpath Steve, Montras-janer Teresa, Elmberg Johan, Månsson JohanAbstract:Over the last 40 years, many goose populations have recovered from historic lows and are now more numerous than ever. At the same time, geese have shifted from natural foraging habitats to securing most of their nutritional demands from agricultural fields, leading to Crop Damage and conflict with agriculture. We studied field use by Greylag Geese (Anser anser) in the agricultural landscape surrounding a main breeding and moulting lake in Sweden. From 2012 to 2016, weekly roadside surveys were conducted from May to July. Data were collected on goose numbers, Crop type and sward height in agricultural fields. Using a compositional analysis, we demonstrate that Greylag Geese show a strong selection for ley and pasture fields compared to other Crop types (rank order: ley/pasture > oat > barley > wheat > other Crops). This selection was consistent across years and between pre- and post-moult. Aside from ley and pasture, no other Crop types were selected for, as they were used less than expected given their availability. Irrespective of Crop type, geese foraged predominantly on short (0-10 cm) swards. The strong selection for ley and pasture may have been driven by higher nutritional quality of short, managed grass swards relative to other available foods. This suggests that during the summer grass fields may be more vulnerable to Damage compared to other Crop types. Our study provides a deeper understanding of the ecology of Greylag Geese, which may be used to inform management strategies focused on mitigating Crop Damage and alleviating conflict
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Relating national levels of Crop Damage to the abundance of large grazing birds: Implications for management
'Wiley', 2020Co-Authors: Montràs‐janer Teresa, Nilsson Lovisa, Tombre Ingunn, Knape Jonas, Pärt Tomas, Månsson JohanAbstract:1. Populations of large grazing birds have increased in Europe during the past five decades, raising conflicts between conservation and farming interests. Managing these conflicts requires knowledge about the currently unknown relationship between population sizes and Crop Damage levels. 2. We analysed unique data on reported, inspected and compensated Crop Damage caused by geese, swans and cranes together with data from population surveys in Sweden to investigate how bird abundance is related to Damage levels at the national scale between 2000 and 2015. 3. Over the study period, the annual number of Damage reports, yield loss and costs for compensation increased. These Crop Damage levels were positively related to national population indices of common crane, barnacle and greylag goose. The shape of these relationships varied between species and encompassed considerable uncertainty. However, on a year-to-year basis (detrended data) we found no evident association between Damage levels and bird numbers. 4. Yield loss and compensation costs per reported Damage did not increase with higher population indices of greylag goose, but they did so for barnacle goose. 5. Synthesis and applications. We present a novel study of the relationships between different Crop Damage level indicators (Damage reports, yield loss and compensation costs) and population numbers of large grazing birds. We identified a positive relationship with high uncertainty for all cases. We also identified the need to (a) better synchronize the monitoring of Damages and bird numbers in time and space and (b) further study the relationships between Damage levels and bird numbers at smaller (local and regional) and larger (flyway) spatial scales to reduce the uncertainty of the relationship and to gain a more holistic understanding of the syste
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Relating national levels of Crop Damage to the abundance of large grazing birds: Implications for management
'Wiley', 2020Co-Authors: Montràs‐janer Teresa, Nilsson Lovisa, Tombre Ingunn, Knape Jonas, Pärt Tomas, Månsson JohanAbstract:1. Populations of large grazing birds have increased in Europe during the past five decades, raising conflicts between conservation and farming interests. Managing these conflicts requires knowledge about the currently unknown relationship between population sizes and Crop Damage levels. 2. We analysed unique data on reported, inspected and compensated Crop Damage caused by geese, swans and cranes together with data from population surveys in Sweden to investigate how bird abundance is related to Damage levels at the national scale between 2000 and 2015. 3. Over the study period, the annual number of Damage reports, yield loss and costs for compensation increased. These Crop Damage levels were positively related to national population indices of common crane, barnacle and greylag goose. The shape of these relationships varied between species and encompassed considerable uncertainty. However, on a year-to-year basis (detrended data) we found no evident association between Damage levels and bird numbers. 4. Yield loss and compensation costs per reported Damage did not increase with higher population indices of greylag goose, but they did so for barnacle goose. 5. Synthesis and applications. We present a novel study of the relationships between different Crop Damage level indicators (Damage reports, yield loss and compensation costs) and population numbers of large grazing birds. We identified a positive relationship with high uncertainty for all cases. We also identified the need to (a) better synchronize the monitoring of Damages and bird numbers in time and space and (b) further study the relationships between Damage levels and bird numbers at smaller (local and regional) and larger (flyway) spatial scales to reduce the uncertainty of the relationship and to gain a more holistic understanding of the systempublishedVersio
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Spatio-temporal patterns of Crop Damage caused by geese, swans and cranes-Implications for Crop Damage prevention
2020Co-Authors: Montras-janer Teresa, Nilsson Lovisa, Tombre Ingunn, Knape Jonas, Pärt Tomas, Stoessel Marianne, Månsson JohanAbstract:European populations of geese, swans and cranes have increased considerably since the 1970s raising conflicts between conservation and farming interests. Crop Damage caused by geese, swans and cranes across the national scale needs a trans-boundary approach that captures the site-specific characteristics of Crop Damage at a more refined spatial scale, to deal with the high spatio-temporal variation inherent in the system and to avoid conflict displacement. In the present study we use long-term Crop Damage data (2000-2015) in Sweden to evaluate seasonal and annual patterns of Crop Damage. We show that Crop Damage increased over years but followed a fairly consistent seasonal pattern during the later parts of the study period. We show how these seasonal patterns differ across the country such that trans-boundary regions with similar patterns of Crop Damage, relating to different nuisance species and Damaged Crops, can be identified. These findings about spatio-temporal variation of Damage can be used to find appropriate scales of management units (e.g. areas with similar conditions), and to adapt Damage mitigation strategies to temporal and spatial-specific conditions, e.g. guidance of when and where certain Crop may be suitable as sacrificial Crops
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Conservation success or increased Crop Damage risk? The Natura 2000 network for a thriving migratory and protected bird
'Elsevier BV', 2019Co-Authors: Nilsson Lovisa, Bunnefeld Nils, Persson Jens, Žydelis Ramunas, Månsson JohanAbstract:Protected areas are important to support biodiversity and endangered species. However, they are often too small to fulfill the resource requirements of many large and mobile wildlife species, especially when congregating in large numbers. In such cases, wildlife may overflow onto surrounding human-dominated land and cause impacts. The aim of the EU Natura 2000 network is to increase supranational connectivity between protected areas for migratory and protected species such as the common crane (Grus grus). The crane population along the Western European flyway has been increasing rapidly in recent decades, with peaks of 200,000 cranes at specific Natura 2000 sites. We studied 32 GPS-tagged cranes over four migration periods, to test the use of the network by cranes and the potential for impacts on adjacent farmland. During the nighttime, the probability that roosting cranes were located on Natura 2000 sites was 97%. During daytime, the probability of foraging cranes being located on arable land was 68%. The probability of foraging cranes occurring on agricultural fields close to Natura 2000 sites decreased with distance. Such foraging patterns may fuel conflicts between conservation and agricultural objectives. To resolve these conflicts we suggest improved cross-boundary collaboration and policy development among involved states, combined with stakeholder participation to implement effective compensation and Damage prevention strategies which are focused upon networks of protected areasREF Compliant by Deposit in Stirling's Repositor
H Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the cost of Crop Damage caused by ozone air pollution from motor vehicles
Journal of Environmental Management, 1999Co-Authors: James J Murphy, Mark A Delucchi, Donald R Mccubbin, H KimAbstract:Abstract The effects of ozone air pollution on the agricultural sector are an important environmental challenge facing policy makers. Most studies of the economic impact of air pollution on agriculture have found that a 25% reduction in ambient ozone would provide benefits of at least $1–2 billion annually in the United States. This paper extends existing research by estimating the benefits of a reduction in emissions from a major source of ozone formation: motor-vehicle emissions. An agricultural production model is combined with an analysis of motor-vehicle emissions and air quality to estimate the impacts of emissions from six different motor-vehicle classes, at both the regional and national level. The benefits to the agricultural sector from completely eliminating ozone precursor emissions from motor vehicles ranges between $3·5 and $6·1 billion annually.
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the cost of Crop Damage caused by ozone air pollution from motor vehicles
Research Papers in Economics, 1996Co-Authors: James J Murphy, Mark A Delucchi, Donald R Mccubbin, H KimAbstract:The detrimental effects of ambient ozone on Crops, even at relatively low concentrations, are well-established (Thompson et al., 1976; Heck and Brandt, 1977; Heck et al., 1982; Environmental Protection Agency, 1984; California Air Resources Board, 1987; Olszyk et al., 1988a, 1988b; Heagle et al., 1986; McCool et al., 1986, Ashmore, 1991). Ozone enters plant leaves through the stomatal openings in the leaf surface and then produces byproducts that reduce the efficiency of photosynthesis (CARB, 1987). Research suggests that ozone, either alone or in combination with nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, may be responsible for up to 90 percent of U.S. Crop losses resulting from air pollution (Heck et al., 1982). In an effort to address this problem, the Clean Air Act and its amendments include air pollution Damages to vegetation as one of the criteria by which secondary national ambient air quality standards are evaluated (Adams et al., 1984). There is, of course, an economic cost associated with this reduced productivity. In this paper we use a formal model of agricultural production and demand to estimate the cost of Crop Damage1 due to all anthropogenic ozone air pollution, and to ozone air pollution attributable to motor-vehicle use in the U. S. in 1990.
Phuntsho Thinley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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high relative abundance of wild ungulates near agricultural Croplands in a livestock dominated landscape in western bhutan implications for Crop Damage and protection
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2017Co-Authors: Phuntsho Thinley, James P Lassoie, Stephen J Morreale, Paul D Curtis, Rajanathan Rajaratnam, Karl Vernes, Leki Leki, Sonam Phuntsho, Tshering DorjiAbstract:Abstract There is little information on the underlying causes of wildlife Crop Damage, especially in agro-pastoralist communities situated close to, or inside, protected areas that are frequented by domestic livestock. Knowledge on wild ungulate distribution near Crop field boundaries, and how it is affected by cattle that dominate the landscape, may offer insights into methods for reducing wildlife Damage. In 2012, we investigated the distribution of three wild ungulates, sambar ( Rusa unicolor ), muntjac ( Muntiacus muntjac ), and wild pig ( Sus scrofa ), and domestic cattle ( Bos taurus ) in Jigme Dorji National Park, western Bhutan, at varying distances from Croplands. At each of the 20 study villages, three transects were laid parallel to Cropland boundaries at 500 m intervals. Transects were seasonally surveyed for wild ungulate and cattle scats, and scat frequency was used as a relative abundance index of wild ungulates and cattle. We also interviewed 111 household members from the 20 villages with Crop fields situated near a forest edge, and recorded the seasonal frequency of Crop Damage. We used a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) to evaluate how relative abundance of each ungulate species differed across transects and seasons. We also performed a one-way ANOVA to compare seasonal differences in frequency of Crop Damage, along with a simple linear regression to determine if there were significant relationships between Crop Damage frequency and relative ungulate abundance at transects situated closest to Croplands. The relative abundance of wild herbivores was significantly higher in transects closest to Croplands, and lower for transects located farther away in deep forests. An increased concentration of wild herbivores near agricultural fields during spring, which is the Crop-growing period, explained the observed persistent Damage to Crops. Because of their very low overall densities in Bhutan, culling of wild herbivores is not recommended. Alternatively, cost-effective fencing methods for Crop protection during spring are needed in the short term. In the long term, interdisciplinary solutions should involve enhancing the populations of natural predators, or habitat enrichment programs for ungulates, in concert with livestock intensification programs.