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Anja Guenther - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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within family environment and cross fostering stress affect behavior and physiology in wild cavies cavia aperea
Frontiers in Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Sabine Kraus, Fritz Trillmich, Anja GuentherAbstract:Stability of personality traits is well documented for a wide variety of animals. However, previous results also suggest that behavioural phenotypes are plastic during early ontogeny and can be adaptively shaped to the social environment. In cavies (Cavia aperea), it has already been documented that the size at birth relative to siblings (size rank) greatly influences various behavioural and physiological traits that last at least until independence. The aim of the current study was (1) to investigate if behavioural and physiological differences between pups of the same litter persist until after independence and influence development long-lasting, (2) to determine the potential plasticity in response to changes in the early within-family environment by Cross-Fostering pups either to the same, a lower, or a higher size rank in a foster-family. We measured three behavioural traits (number of interactions with a novel object, distance moved in an open field, struggle docility) and two physiological traits (resting metabolic rate and basal cortisol levels). We predicted that Cross-Fostering into a litter where pups occupy the same size rank would not change the expression of traits. Cross-Fostering to a different size rank should not influence the expression of traits if repeatability measures indicate low plasticity. Alternatively, if the traits are plastic, animals should adjust trait expression to fit with the size rank occupied in the foster litter. Initial differences in struggle docility, distance moved in an open field and in baseline cortisol concentration between pups of different size-ranks did not remain stable beyond independence. In addition, we found remarkable plasticity of the measured traits in response to Cross-Fostering to the same, a smaller or larger size-rank, suggesting that differences between pups are more the result of social constraints leading to adaptive shaping of individual phenotypes within a family. We also found a significant influence of the Cross-Fostering procedure itself. Cross-fostered individuals were less bold, grew slower and showed elevated resting metabolic rates. This finding suggests a cautious interpretation of previous Cross-Fostering studies and stresses the need for proper control groups to reliably separate the effect of Cross-Fostering per se from those induced by an experimental treatment.
Michael J Meaney - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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maternal care associated with methylation of the estrogen receptor α1b promoter and estrogen receptor α expression in the medial preoptic area of female offspring
Endocrinology, 2006Co-Authors: Frances A Champagne, Josie Diorio, Ian C G Weaver, Sergiy Dymov, Moshe Szyf, Michael J MeaneyAbstract:Variations in maternal behavior are associated with differences in estrogen receptor (ER)-α expression in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and are transmitted across generations such that, as adults, the female offspring of mothers that exhibit increased pup licking/grooming (LG) over the first week postpartum (i.e. high LG mothers) show increased ERα expression in the MPOA and are themselves high LG mothers. In the present studies, Cross-Fostering confirmed an association between maternal care and ERα expression in the MPOA; the biological offspring of low LG mothers fostered at birth to high LG dams show increased ERα expression in the MPOA. Cross-Fostering the biological offspring of high LG mothers to low LG dams produces the opposite effect. We examined whether the maternal programing of ERα expression is associated with differences in methylation of the relevant ERα promoter. Levels of cytosine methylation across the ERα1b promoter were significantly elevated in the adult offspring of low, compared w...
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nongenomic transmission across generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat
Science, 1999Co-Authors: Darlene D Francis, Josie Diorio, Dong Liu, Michael J MeaneyAbstract:In the rat, variations in maternal care appear to influence the development of behavioral and endocrine responses to stress in the offspring. The results of Cross-Fostering studies reported here provide evidence for (i) a causal relationship between maternal behavior and stress reactivity in the offspring and (ii) the transmission of such individual differences in maternal behavior from one generation of females to the next. Moreover, an environmental manipulation imposed during early development that alters maternal behavior can then affect the pattern of transmission in subsequent generations. Taken together, these findings indicate that variations in maternal care can serve as the basis for a nongenomic behavioral transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations.
Sabine Kraus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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within family environment and cross fostering stress affect behavior and physiology in wild cavies cavia aperea
Frontiers in Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Sabine Kraus, Fritz Trillmich, Anja GuentherAbstract:Stability of personality traits is well documented for a wide variety of animals. However, previous results also suggest that behavioural phenotypes are plastic during early ontogeny and can be adaptively shaped to the social environment. In cavies (Cavia aperea), it has already been documented that the size at birth relative to siblings (size rank) greatly influences various behavioural and physiological traits that last at least until independence. The aim of the current study was (1) to investigate if behavioural and physiological differences between pups of the same litter persist until after independence and influence development long-lasting, (2) to determine the potential plasticity in response to changes in the early within-family environment by Cross-Fostering pups either to the same, a lower, or a higher size rank in a foster-family. We measured three behavioural traits (number of interactions with a novel object, distance moved in an open field, struggle docility) and two physiological traits (resting metabolic rate and basal cortisol levels). We predicted that Cross-Fostering into a litter where pups occupy the same size rank would not change the expression of traits. Cross-Fostering to a different size rank should not influence the expression of traits if repeatability measures indicate low plasticity. Alternatively, if the traits are plastic, animals should adjust trait expression to fit with the size rank occupied in the foster litter. Initial differences in struggle docility, distance moved in an open field and in baseline cortisol concentration between pups of different size-ranks did not remain stable beyond independence. In addition, we found remarkable plasticity of the measured traits in response to Cross-Fostering to the same, a smaller or larger size-rank, suggesting that differences between pups are more the result of social constraints leading to adaptive shaping of individual phenotypes within a family. We also found a significant influence of the Cross-Fostering procedure itself. Cross-fostered individuals were less bold, grew slower and showed elevated resting metabolic rates. This finding suggests a cautious interpretation of previous Cross-Fostering studies and stresses the need for proper control groups to reliably separate the effect of Cross-Fostering per se from those induced by an experimental treatment.
Simon C Griffith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nest size is predicted by female identity and the local environment in the blue tit cyanistes caeruleus but is not related to the nest size of the genetic or foster mother
Royal Society Open Science, 2018Co-Authors: Louis G Oneill, Timothy H Parker, Simon C GriffithAbstract:The potential for animals to respond to changing climates has sparked interest in intraspecific variation in avian nest structure since this may influence nest microclimate and protect eggs and offspring from inclement weather. However, there have been relatively few large-scale attempts to examine variation in nests or the determinates of individual variation in nest structure within populations. Using a set of mostly pre-registered analyses, we studied potential predictors of variation in the size of a large sample (803) of blue tit ( Cyanistes caeruleus ) nests across three breeding seasons at Wytham Woods, UK. While our pre-registered analyses found that individual females built very similar nests across years, there was no evidence in follow-up ( post hoc ) analyses that their nest size correlated to that of their genetic mother or, in a Cross-Fostering experiment, to the nest where they were reared. In further pre-registered analyses, spatial environmental variability explained nest size variability at relatively broad spatial scales, and especially strongly at the scale of individual nest boxes. Our study indicates that nest structure is a characteristic of individuals, but is not strongly heritable, indicating that it will not respond rapidly to selection. Explaining the within-individual and within-location repeatability we observed requires further study.
Dan Palmon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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audit quality a cross national comparison of audit regulatory regimes
Journal of Accounting Auditing & Finance, 2014Co-Authors: Gary Kleinman, Dan PalmonAbstract:The importance of fostering more accurate audits has been heightened by a series of high-profile accounting scandals at the beginning of the millennium. These scandals prompted more stringent regulations over corporate governance and financial reporting and the creation of audit oversight bodies as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) in the United States and the Public Oversight Board (POB) in the United Kingdom. In parallel, the growing globalization of business has brought forth calls for adherence to a common set of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Even if a common standard is promulgated, it will not lead to similar results if implementation differs across countries. Therefore, it is important to investigate the auditing regulatory regimes in different nations and the status of cross-border audit inspections. Accordingly, we begin by describing the cross-national institutions (e.g., the International Federation of Accountants [IFAC]) that impact national regulatory choices. Then we survey the audit regulatory practices of public company auditors of a select group of major economic powers and based on this analysis, we discuss the challenges and obstacles to engaging in intra-national audit, cross-national audit/inspections, and the challenges posed by differences in auditing standards used in various linked (e.g., by joint ventures, etc.) nations. We include in this discussion the effects of national culture, investor legal protection, economic development, and differing financial standard sources.
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audit quality cross national comparison of regulatory regimes
2013Co-Authors: Gary Kleinman, Dan PalmonAbstract:The importance of fostering more accurate audits has been heightened by a series of high-profile accounting scandals at the beginning of the millennium. These scandals prompted more stringent regulations over corporate governance and financial reporting and the creation of audit oversight bodies as the Public Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) in the U.S. and the Public Oversight Board (POB) in the UK. In parallel, the growing globalization of business has brought forth calls for adherence to a common set of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Even if a common standard is promulgated, it will not lead to similar results if implementation differs across countries. Therefore, it is important to investigate the auditing regulatory regimes in different nations and the status of cross-border audit inspections. Accordingly, we begin by describing the cross-national institutions (e.g., the International Federation of Accountants [IFAC]) that impact national regulatory choices. Then we survey the audit regulatory practices of public company auditors of a select group of major economic powers and based on this analysis, we discuss the challenges and obstacles to engaging in intra-national audit, cross-national audit/inspections and the challenges posed by differences in auditing standards used in various linked (e.g., by joint ventures, etc.) nations. We include in this discussion the effects of national culture, investor legal protection, economic development and differing financial standard sources.