The Experts below are selected from a list of 309 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
James E. Fesmire - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Standardization in cryogenic insulation systems testing and performance data
Physics Procedia, 2015Co-Authors: James E. FesmireAbstract:The close relationship between industrial energy use and Cryogenics drives the need for optimized thermal insulation systems. Emerging cryofuels usage is enabled by adequate isolation of the liquid hydrogen or liquefied natural gas from the ambient environment. Thermal performance data for the total insulation system, as rendered, are essential for both engineering designs and cost-benefit decisions involving comparisons among alternatives. These data are obtained through rigorous testing with suitable apparatus and repeatable methods. Properly defined terminology, analysis, and reporting are also vital. Advances in cryogenic insulation test apparatus and methods have led to the recent addition of two new technical standards of ASTM International: C1774 - Standard Guide for Thermal Performance Testing of Cryogenic InsulationSystems and C740 - Standard Guide for Evacuated Reflective Cryogenic Insulation. Among the different techniques described in the new standards is the cylindrical boiloff calorimeter for absolute heat measurement over the full range of vacuum pressure conditions. The details of this apparatus, test method, and data analysis are given. Benchmark thermal performance data, including effective thermal conductivity (ke) and heat flux (q) for the boundary temperatures of 293 K and 77 K, are given for a number of different multilayer insulation (MLI) systems in comparison with data for other commonly-used insulation systems including perlite powder, fiberglass, polyurethane foam, and aerogels.
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Cryogenic Insulation Standard Data And Methodologies.
AIP Conference Proceedings, 2014Co-Authors: J. A. Demko, W. L. Johnson, James E. Fesmire, A. M. SwangerAbstract:Although some standards exist for thermal insulation, few address the sub-ambient temperature range and cold-side temperatures below 100 K. Standards for cryogenic insulation systems require cryostat testing and data analysis that will allow the development of the tools needed by design engineers and thermal analysts for the design of practical cryogenic systems. Thus, this critically important information can provide reliable data and methodologies for industrial efficiency and energy conservation. Two Task Groups have been established in the area of cryogenic insulation systems Under ASTM International's Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation. These are WK29609 - New Standard for Thermal Performance Testing of Cryogenic Insulation Systems and WK29608 - Standard Practice for Multilayer Insulation in Cryogenic Service. The Cryogenics Test Laboratory of NASA Kennedy Space Center and the Thermal Energy Laboratory of LeTourneau University are conducting Inter-Laboratory Study (ILS) of selected insulation materials. Each lab carries out the measurements of thermal properties of these materials using identical flat-plate boil-off calorimeter instruments. Parallel testing will provide the comparisons necessary to validate the measurements and methodologies. Here we discuss test methods, some initial data in relation to the experimental approach, and the manner reporting the thermal performance data. This initial study of insulation materials for sub-ambient temperature applications is aimed at paving the way for further ILS comparative efforts that will produce standard data sets for several commercial materials. Discrepancies found between measurements will be used to improve the testing and data reduction techniques being developed as part of the future ASTM International standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Thermal Performance of Low Layer Density Multilayer Insulation Using Liquid Nitrogen
Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vols 57a and 57b, 2012Co-Authors: W. L. Johnson, James E. FesmireAbstract:In order to support long duration cryogenic propellant storage, the Cryogenic Fluid Management (CFM) Project of the Exploration Technology Development Program (ETDP) is investigating the long duration storage properties of liquid methane on the lunar surface. The Methane Lunar Surface Thermal Control (MLSTC) testing is using a tank of the approximate dimensions of the Altair ascent tanks inside of a vacuum chamber to simulate the environment in low earth orbit and on the lunar surface. The thermal performance testing of multilayer insulation (MLI) coupons that are fabricated identically to the tank applied insulation is necessary to understand the performance of the blankets and to be able to predict the performance of the insulation prior to testing. This coupon testing was completed in Cryostat-100 at the Cryogenics Test Laboratory. The results showed the properties of the insulation as a function of layer density, number of layers, and warm boundary temperature. These results aid in the understanding of the performance parameters of MLI and help to complete the body of literature on the topic.
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Aerogel blanket insulation materials for cryogenic applications
AIP Conference Proceedings, 2010Co-Authors: B. E. Coffman, George L. Gould, James E. Fesmire, S. White, Stan D. AugustynowiczAbstract:Aerogel blanket materials for use in thermal insulation systems are now commercially available and implemented by industry. Prototype aerogel blanket materials were presented at the Cryogenic Engineering Conference in 1997 and by 2004 had progressed to full commercial production by Aspen Aerogels. Today, this new technology material is providing superior energy efficiencies and enabling new design approaches for more cost-effective cryogenic systems. Aerogel processing technology and methods are continuing to improve, offering a tailorable array of product formulations for many different thermal and environmental requirements. Many different varieties and combinations of aerogel blankets have been characterized using insulation test cryostats at the Cryogenics Test Laboratory of NASA Kennedy Space Center. Detailed thermal conductivity data for a select group of materials are presented for engineering use. Heat transfer evaluations for the entire vacuum pressure range, including ambient conditions, are given. Examples of current cryogenic applications of aerogel blanket insulation are also given.
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thermal performance comparison of glass microsphere and perlite insulation systems for liquid hydrogen storage tanks
ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING: Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering#N#Conference - CEC Vol. 53, 2008Co-Authors: Jared Sass, Z. F. Nagy, S. J. Sojourner, James E. Fesmire, D. L. Morris, Stan D. AugustynowiczAbstract:A technology demonstration test project was conducted by the Cryogenics Test Laboratory at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) to provide comparative thermal performance data for glass microspheres, referred to as bubbles, and perlite insulation for liquid hydrogen tank applications. Two identical 1/15th scale versions of the 3,200,000 liter spherical liquid hydrogen tanks at Launch Complex 39 at KSC were custom designed and built to serve as test articles for this test project. Evaporative (boil-off) calorimeter test protocols, including liquid nitrogen and liquid hydrogen, were established to provide tank test conditions characteristic of the large storage tanks that support the Space Shuttle launch operations. This paper provides comparative thermal performance test results for bubbles and perlite for a wide range of conditions. Thermal performance as a function of cryogenic commodity (nitrogen and hydrogen), vacuum pressure, insulation fill level, tank liquid level, and thermal cycles will be presented.
Stan D. Augustynowicz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Aerogel blanket insulation materials for cryogenic applications
AIP Conference Proceedings, 2010Co-Authors: B. E. Coffman, George L. Gould, James E. Fesmire, S. White, Stan D. AugustynowiczAbstract:Aerogel blanket materials for use in thermal insulation systems are now commercially available and implemented by industry. Prototype aerogel blanket materials were presented at the Cryogenic Engineering Conference in 1997 and by 2004 had progressed to full commercial production by Aspen Aerogels. Today, this new technology material is providing superior energy efficiencies and enabling new design approaches for more cost-effective cryogenic systems. Aerogel processing technology and methods are continuing to improve, offering a tailorable array of product formulations for many different thermal and environmental requirements. Many different varieties and combinations of aerogel blankets have been characterized using insulation test cryostats at the Cryogenics Test Laboratory of NASA Kennedy Space Center. Detailed thermal conductivity data for a select group of materials are presented for engineering use. Heat transfer evaluations for the entire vacuum pressure range, including ambient conditions, are given. Examples of current cryogenic applications of aerogel blanket insulation are also given.
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thermal performance comparison of glass microsphere and perlite insulation systems for liquid hydrogen storage tanks
ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING: Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering#N#Conference - CEC Vol. 53, 2008Co-Authors: Jared Sass, Z. F. Nagy, S. J. Sojourner, James E. Fesmire, D. L. Morris, Stan D. AugustynowiczAbstract:A technology demonstration test project was conducted by the Cryogenics Test Laboratory at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) to provide comparative thermal performance data for glass microspheres, referred to as bubbles, and perlite insulation for liquid hydrogen tank applications. Two identical 1/15th scale versions of the 3,200,000 liter spherical liquid hydrogen tanks at Launch Complex 39 at KSC were custom designed and built to serve as test articles for this test project. Evaporative (boil-off) calorimeter test protocols, including liquid nitrogen and liquid hydrogen, were established to provide tank test conditions characteristic of the large storage tanks that support the Space Shuttle launch operations. This paper provides comparative thermal performance test results for bubbles and perlite for a wide range of conditions. Thermal performance as a function of cryogenic commodity (nitrogen and hydrogen), vacuum pressure, insulation fill level, tank liquid level, and thermal cycles will be presented.
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Vibration and thermal cycling effects on bulk-fill insulation materials for cryogenic tanks
AIP Conference Proceedings, 2006Co-Authors: James E. Fesmire, Z. F. Nagy, S. J. Sojourner, Stan D. Augustynowicz, D. L. MorrisAbstract:Large‐scale (1,000,000 liters or more) cryogenic storage tanks are typically perlite‐insulated double‐walled vessels. Associated problems with perlite, such as mechanical compaction and settling, could be greatly reduced by using newer bulk‐fill materials such as glass bubbles or aerogel beads. Using the newer materials should translate to lower life cycle costs and improved system reliability. NASA Kennedy Space Center is leveraging its experience in the areas of materials development, insulation testing, and cryogenic systems design to develop an insulation retrofit option that will meet both industry and NASA requirements. A custom 10‐liter dewar test apparatus, developed by the KSC Cryogenics Test Laboratory, was used to determine the vibration and thermal cycling effects on different bulk‐fill insulation materials for cryogenic tanks. The testing included liquid‐nitrogen boiloff testing and thermal cycling (with vibration) of a number of test dewars. Test results show that glass bubbles have better thermal performance and less mechanical compaction compared to perlite powder. The higher cost of the bulk material should be offset by reduced commodity loss from boiloff and improvements in material handling, evacuation, and vacuum retention. The long‐term problem with settling and compaction of perlite should also be eliminated. Aerogel beads are superior for the no‐vacuum condition and can now be considered in some applications. Further studies on large‐scale systems are presently being pursued.
Tomasz Olewski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Small scale experimental study of vaporization rate of liquid nitrogen released on ice
29th Center for Chemical Process Safety International Conference 2014, CCPS 2014 - Topical Conference at the 2014 AIChE Spring Meeting and 10th Global, 2014Co-Authors: Nirupama Gopalaswami, Luc Vechot, M. Sam Mannan, Tomasz OlewskiAbstract:Copyright © (2014) by AIChE. All right reserved. One of the LNG accident scenarios is the collision of an LNG carrier on an iceberg while transporting on the sea. A collision can result in damages to the vessel and lead to the leakage of contents on ice or an ice-water mixture. When cryogenic liquid comes in contact with ice, it undergoes rapid vaporization and boiling due to the difference in temperature between the ice and cryogenic liquid. This process is different from the heat transfer between water and cryogenic liquid as ice is a solid and thus heat transport to the pool occurs through the conduction. In this paper, the heat transfer phenomena between ice and cryogenic liquid haphenomena between ice and cryogenic liquid have been studied and the boil-off rates have been quantified. A small scale experiment was conducted to investigate the heat transfer phenomenon of Cryogenics released on ice. The amount of cryogenic liquid spilled was varied to determine its effect on vaporization rates and the temperature of ice was monitored. Additionally the vaporization rates were determined by direct measurement of the mass loss during the experiment. As expected, the vaporization rates were found to be a function of ice temperature and were found to be independent of time for long duration releases. The one dimensional conduction model was validated against experimental results. The predicted temperatures and heat flux were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.
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Small scale experimental study of vaporization rates of liquid nitrogen released on ice
16th Process Plant Safety Symposium 2014, PPSS 2014 - Topical Conference at the 2014 AIChE Spring Meeting and 10th Global Congress on Process Safety, 2014Co-Authors: Nirupama Gopalaswami, Tomasz Olewski, Luc Vechot, M. Sam MannanAbstract:One of the LNG accident scenarios is the collision of an LNG carrier on an iceberg while transporting on the sea. A collision can result in damages to the vessel and lead to the leakage of contents on ice or an ice-water mixture. When cryogenic liquid comes in contact with ice, it undergoes rapid vaporization and boiling due to the difference in temperature between the ice and cryogenic liquid. This process is different from the heat transfer between water and cryogenic liquid as ice is a solid and thus heat transport to the pool occurs through the conduction. In this paper, the heat transfer phenomena between ice and cryogenic liquid hasphenomena between ice and cryogenic liquid have been studied and the boil-off rates have been quantified. A small scale experiment was conducted to investigate the heat transfer phenomenon of Cryogenics released on ice. The amount of cryogenic liquid spilled was varied to determine its effect on vaporization rates and the temperature of ice was monitored. Additionally the vaporization rates were determined by direct measurement of the mass loss during the experiment. As expected, the vaporization rates were found to be a function of ice temperature and w ere f ound to be independent of time for long duration r eleas es. The one dimensional conduction model was validated against experimental results. The predicted temperatures and heat flux were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.
M. Sam Mannan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Small scale experimental study of vaporization rate of liquid nitrogen released on ice
29th Center for Chemical Process Safety International Conference 2014, CCPS 2014 - Topical Conference at the 2014 AIChE Spring Meeting and 10th Global, 2014Co-Authors: Nirupama Gopalaswami, Luc Vechot, M. Sam Mannan, Tomasz OlewskiAbstract:Copyright © (2014) by AIChE. All right reserved. One of the LNG accident scenarios is the collision of an LNG carrier on an iceberg while transporting on the sea. A collision can result in damages to the vessel and lead to the leakage of contents on ice or an ice-water mixture. When cryogenic liquid comes in contact with ice, it undergoes rapid vaporization and boiling due to the difference in temperature between the ice and cryogenic liquid. This process is different from the heat transfer between water and cryogenic liquid as ice is a solid and thus heat transport to the pool occurs through the conduction. In this paper, the heat transfer phenomena between ice and cryogenic liquid haphenomena between ice and cryogenic liquid have been studied and the boil-off rates have been quantified. A small scale experiment was conducted to investigate the heat transfer phenomenon of Cryogenics released on ice. The amount of cryogenic liquid spilled was varied to determine its effect on vaporization rates and the temperature of ice was monitored. Additionally the vaporization rates were determined by direct measurement of the mass loss during the experiment. As expected, the vaporization rates were found to be a function of ice temperature and were found to be independent of time for long duration releases. The one dimensional conduction model was validated against experimental results. The predicted temperatures and heat flux were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.
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Small scale experimental study of vaporization rates of liquid nitrogen released on ice
16th Process Plant Safety Symposium 2014, PPSS 2014 - Topical Conference at the 2014 AIChE Spring Meeting and 10th Global Congress on Process Safety, 2014Co-Authors: Nirupama Gopalaswami, Tomasz Olewski, Luc Vechot, M. Sam MannanAbstract:One of the LNG accident scenarios is the collision of an LNG carrier on an iceberg while transporting on the sea. A collision can result in damages to the vessel and lead to the leakage of contents on ice or an ice-water mixture. When cryogenic liquid comes in contact with ice, it undergoes rapid vaporization and boiling due to the difference in temperature between the ice and cryogenic liquid. This process is different from the heat transfer between water and cryogenic liquid as ice is a solid and thus heat transport to the pool occurs through the conduction. In this paper, the heat transfer phenomena between ice and cryogenic liquid hasphenomena between ice and cryogenic liquid have been studied and the boil-off rates have been quantified. A small scale experiment was conducted to investigate the heat transfer phenomenon of Cryogenics released on ice. The amount of cryogenic liquid spilled was varied to determine its effect on vaporization rates and the temperature of ice was monitored. Additionally the vaporization rates were determined by direct measurement of the mass loss during the experiment. As expected, the vaporization rates were found to be a function of ice temperature and w ere f ound to be independent of time for long duration r eleas es. The one dimensional conduction model was validated against experimental results. The predicted temperatures and heat flux were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.
Nirupama Gopalaswami - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Small scale experimental study of vaporization rate of liquid nitrogen released on ice
29th Center for Chemical Process Safety International Conference 2014, CCPS 2014 - Topical Conference at the 2014 AIChE Spring Meeting and 10th Global, 2014Co-Authors: Nirupama Gopalaswami, Luc Vechot, M. Sam Mannan, Tomasz OlewskiAbstract:Copyright © (2014) by AIChE. All right reserved. One of the LNG accident scenarios is the collision of an LNG carrier on an iceberg while transporting on the sea. A collision can result in damages to the vessel and lead to the leakage of contents on ice or an ice-water mixture. When cryogenic liquid comes in contact with ice, it undergoes rapid vaporization and boiling due to the difference in temperature between the ice and cryogenic liquid. This process is different from the heat transfer between water and cryogenic liquid as ice is a solid and thus heat transport to the pool occurs through the conduction. In this paper, the heat transfer phenomena between ice and cryogenic liquid haphenomena between ice and cryogenic liquid have been studied and the boil-off rates have been quantified. A small scale experiment was conducted to investigate the heat transfer phenomenon of Cryogenics released on ice. The amount of cryogenic liquid spilled was varied to determine its effect on vaporization rates and the temperature of ice was monitored. Additionally the vaporization rates were determined by direct measurement of the mass loss during the experiment. As expected, the vaporization rates were found to be a function of ice temperature and were found to be independent of time for long duration releases. The one dimensional conduction model was validated against experimental results. The predicted temperatures and heat flux were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.
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Small scale experimental study of vaporization rates of liquid nitrogen released on ice
16th Process Plant Safety Symposium 2014, PPSS 2014 - Topical Conference at the 2014 AIChE Spring Meeting and 10th Global Congress on Process Safety, 2014Co-Authors: Nirupama Gopalaswami, Tomasz Olewski, Luc Vechot, M. Sam MannanAbstract:One of the LNG accident scenarios is the collision of an LNG carrier on an iceberg while transporting on the sea. A collision can result in damages to the vessel and lead to the leakage of contents on ice or an ice-water mixture. When cryogenic liquid comes in contact with ice, it undergoes rapid vaporization and boiling due to the difference in temperature between the ice and cryogenic liquid. This process is different from the heat transfer between water and cryogenic liquid as ice is a solid and thus heat transport to the pool occurs through the conduction. In this paper, the heat transfer phenomena between ice and cryogenic liquid hasphenomena between ice and cryogenic liquid have been studied and the boil-off rates have been quantified. A small scale experiment was conducted to investigate the heat transfer phenomenon of Cryogenics released on ice. The amount of cryogenic liquid spilled was varied to determine its effect on vaporization rates and the temperature of ice was monitored. Additionally the vaporization rates were determined by direct measurement of the mass loss during the experiment. As expected, the vaporization rates were found to be a function of ice temperature and w ere f ound to be independent of time for long duration r eleas es. The one dimensional conduction model was validated against experimental results. The predicted temperatures and heat flux were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.