The Experts below are selected from a list of 132 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Sanjay Kaushik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Impact of Organizational Culture on Commitment of Employees: An Empirical Study of BPO Sector in India
Vikalpa, 2014Co-Authors: Sulakshna Dwivedi, Sanjay KaushikAbstract:Retention of employees has become a critical issue in the corporate arena. With the increasing trend of frequent job switching among employees , it is a big challenge for HR Managers today to fulfill the aspirations of each and every employee and to bring congruence between organizational and individual goals. In the BPO sector of India where attrition rate is as high as 55 percent (ASSOCHAM, 2011), the situation is even more difficult for HR Managers. But the big question is how to make employees feel committed to their organizations especially in such a dynamic work environment where attrition rate is so high and job poaching is the order of the day. An extensive review of literature reveals that employees' 'commitment 'to the organization is a function of their interaction and relationship with that organization and, to a great extent, a manifestation of the attitude of management towards the employees. This belief is based on the premise that member's identity with the organization is a result of a set of carefully designed policies within the Cultural Pattern of the organization. An attempt has been made in this research to study the BPO sector to see whether the organizational culture and commitment level of employees differ across the different strata of employees in the BPO sector and finally to explore the relationship between organizational culture and commitment. The research was carried out in 15 BPO units in and around Chandigarh - Chandigarh, Panchkula, and Mohali which covered three strata of BPO units based on the number of employees and from all the three level of employees, i.e. top, middle, and lower level of employees. Results reveal that employees of smaller BPOs perceive their culture a shade better than medium or larger BPOs. And, as far as overall commitment is concerned, employees of smaller BPOs have significantly more commitment level than employees of medium or larger BPOs. As organizational culture is better in smaller BPOs and so is the commitment, these findings give us a cue that organizational culture has definite impact on commitment of employees. Further results reveal that commitment of employees is particularly sensitive to six dimensions of organizational culture viz. proaction, confrontation, trust, authenticity, experimentation, and collaboration. But, the results failed to support the relationship between autonomy and openness with commitment. Further, findings reveal that the focal point in the development of any strategy is directed towards impacting the commitment of employees towards their organizations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Impact of Organizational Culture on Turrnover Intentions in BPO Sector in India
Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 2013Co-Authors: Sulakshna Dwivedi, Sanjay KaushikAbstract:Retention of employees has become a critical issue in the corporate arena. With the increasing trend of frequent job switching among employees , it is a big challenge for HR Managers today to fulfill the aspirations of each and every employee and to bring congruence between organizational and individual goals. In the BPO sector of India where attrition rate is as high as 55 percent (ASSOCHAM, 2011), the situation is even more difficult for HR Managers. But the big question is how to make employees feel committed to their organizations especially in such a dynamic work environment where attrition rate is so high and job poaching is the order of the day. An extensive review of literature reveals that employ-ees' 'commitment 'to the organization is a function of their interaction and relation-ship with that organization and, to a great extent, a manifestation of the attitude of management towards the employees. This belief is based on the premise that mem-ber's identity with the organization is a result of a set of carefully designed policies within the Cultural Pattern of the organization. An attempt has been made in this research to study the BPO sector to see whether the organizational culture and commitment level of employees differ across the different strata of employees in the BPO sector and finally to explore the relationship between organizational culture and commitment. The research was carried out in 15 BPO units in and around Chandigarh – Chandigarh, Panchkula, and Mohali which covered three strata of BPO units based on the number of employees and from all the three level of employees, i.e. top, middle, and lower level of employees.
Jerome Bruner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Folk Psychology as an Instrument of Culture
Acts of Meaning, 1990Co-Authors: Jerome BrunerAbstract:1990 Acts of Meaning quotes: Narrative . . . also requires a sensitivity to what is canonical and what violates canonicality in human interaction. - Jerome Bruner p. 77 Narrative requires something approximating a narrator's perspective: it cannot, in the jargon of narratology, be "voiceless." - Jerome Bruner p. 77 Narrative . . . mediates between the canonical world of culture and the more idiosyncratic world of beliefs, desires, and hopes. It renders the exceptional comprehensible and keeps the uncanny at bay—save as the uncanny is needed as a trope. It reiterates the norms of the society without being didactic. And . . . it provides a basis for rhetoric without confrontation. It can even teach, conserve memory, or alter the past. - Jerome Bruner p. 52 Organizing experience, what functions it may serve. - Jerome Bruner p. 43 Pain (as in torture) obliterates our connection with the personal-Cultural world - narrows human consciousness to the point where man literally becomes a beast. - Jerome Bruner p. 22, abr People and their actions dominate the child's interest and attention. - Jerome Bruner p. 78 The invasive bureaucratization of life in our times, with its resultant erosion of selfhood and compassion - Jerome Bruner p. 23 The meaning of talk is powerfully determined by the train of action in which it occurs. - Jerome Bruner p. 18 The nine-month-old looks out along the trajectory of an adult's "point" and, finding nothing there, turns back to check not only the adult's direction of point but the line of visual regard as well. And from this folk-psychological antecedent there eventually emerge such linguistic accomplishments as demonstratives, labeling, and the like. Once the child masters through interaction the appropriate prelinguistic forms for managing ostensive reference, he or she can move beyond them to operate, as it were, within the confines of language proper. - Jerome Bruner p. 75 There has been a lively debate in the burgeoning literature on "developing theories of mind" as to whether children have such theories before the age of four. - Jerome Bruner p. 74 For [Donald] Spence, then, the ego (or Self) is cast in the role of a storyteller, a constructor of narratives about a life. - Jerome Bruner p. 111 How does the child "grasp the significance" of situations (or contexts) in a way that can help him or her master the lexicon and grammar that fits those situations? - Jerome Bruner p. 71 Information processing needs advance planning and precise rules. - Jerome Bruner p. 5 The acquisition of a first language is very context-sensitive. - Jerome Bruner p. 71 There is . . . a constraining biological limit on immediate memory—George Miller's famous "seven plus or minus two." But we have constructed symbolic devices for exceeding this limit: coding systems like octal digits, mnemonic devices, language tricks. Recall that Miller's main point in that landmark paper was that by conversion of input through such coding systems we, as enculturated human beings, are enabled to cope with seven chunks of information rather than with seven bits. Our knowledge, then, becomes enculturated knowledge . . . [and] we have broken through the original bounds set by the so-called biology of memory. Biology constrains, but not forevermore. - Jerome Bruner p. 21 Narrative is not just plot structure or dramatism. Nor is it just "historicity" or diachronicity. It is also a way of using language. To a striking degree, it relies upon the power of tropes—upon metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, implicature, and the rest to explore the full range of connections between the exceptional and the ordinary. Indeed, Ricocur even speaks of mimesis as a "metaphor of reality." - Jerome Bruner p. 59-60, abr Roger Lewin, reviewing the primate literature of the last decades, concludes that it is probably sensitivity to the requirements of living in groups that provides the criterion for evolutionary selection in high primates.- Jerome Bruner p. 73 If the cognitive revolution erupted in 1956, the contextual revolution (at least in psychology) is occurring today. - Jerome Bruner p. 105-6 The biological substrate, the so-called universals of human nature, is not a cause of action but, at most, a constraint upon it or a condition for it. - Jerome Bruner p. 20-21 The existence of story as a form is a perpetual guarantee that humankind will "go meta" on received versions of reality. - Jerome Bruner p. 55 The organizing principle of folk psychology [is] narrative in nature rather than logical or categorical. Folk psychology is about human agents doing things on the basis of their beliefs and desires, striving for goals, meeting obstacles which they best or which best them, all of this extended over time. - Jerome Bruner p. 42-43 The story is being put together. - Jerome Bruner p. 122 To say something useful about truth. . . [Rorty says,] is to "explore practice rather than theory". - Jerome Bruner p. 26 In the end, "learning theory" died, or perhaps it would be better to say it withered away. - Jerome Bruner p. 104 Initial mastery [of language] can come only from participation in language as an instrument of communication. - Jerome Bruner p. 73 Is what we know "absolute," or is it always relative to some perspective, some point of view? . . . is reality a construction? - Jerome Bruner p. 24 There was . . . the standard way of adding a landscape of consciousness to the landscape of action in narrative. - Jerome Bruner p. 91 The study of the human mind is so difficult, so caught in the dilemma of being both the object and the agent of its own study. - Jerome Bruner p. xiii A group of young sociologists led by Harold Garfinkel, mindful of the sorts of problems in epistemology such issues raised, took the radical step of proposing that in place of the classic sociological method—positing social classes, roles, and so on ex hypothesi --the social sciences might proceed by the rules of "ethnomethodology," creating a social science by reference to the social and political and human distinctions that people under study made in their everyday lives. In effect, Garfinkel and his colleagues were proposing an ethnosociology. - Jerome Bruner p. 37 I take the constructivism of Cultural psychology to be a profound expression of democratic culture. It demands that we be conscious of how we come to our knowledge and as conscious as we can be about the values that lead us to our perspectives. It asks that we be accountable for how and what we know. - Jerome Bruner p. 30 It is only when constituent beliefs in a folk psychology are violated that narratives are constructed - Jerome Bruner p. 39 People narrativize their experience of the world and of their own role in it. - Jerome Bruner p. 115 Scientific psychology will fare better when it recognizes that its truths, like all truths about the human condition, are relative to the point of view that it takes toward that condition. And it will achieve a more effective stance toward the culture at large when it comes to recognize that the folk psychology of ordinary people is not just a set of self-assuaging illusions, but the culture's beliefs and working hypotheses about what makes it possible and fulfilling for people to live together, even with great personal sacrifice. - Jerome Bruner p. 32 Since C. S. Peirce, we recognize that meaning depends not only upon a sign and a referent but also upon an interpretant. - Jerome Bruner p. 69. Stories seem to be designed to give the exceptional behavior meaning in a manner that implicates both an intentional state in the protagonist (a belief or desire) and some canonical element in the culture . . . The function of the story is to find an intentional state that mitigates or at least makes comprehensible a deviatiotion from a canonical Cultural Pattern. - Jerome Bruner p. 49-50 That we "store" specific archetypal stories or myths, as C. G. Jung has proposed . . . seems like misplaced concreteness. Rather, I mean [humans have] a readiness or predisposition to organize experience into a narrative form, into plot structures and the rest. - Jerome Bruner p. 45 The culture . . . provides us with guides and stratagems for finding a niche between stability and change: it exhorts, forbids, lures, denies, rewards the commitments that the Self undertakes. - Jerome Bruner p. 110 The interpreter has to grasp the narrative's configuring plot in order to make sense of its constituents, which he must relate to that plot. But the plot configuration must itself be extracted from the succession of events. - Jerome Bruner p. 43-44 The narrative's opaqueness, its circumstantiality, its genre, are taken to be as important as or, in any case, inseparable from its content. - Jerome Bruner p. 113 Narrative organizes experience. - Jerome Bruner p. 35 Utility is the multiplicative resultant of the value of a particular choice and its subjective probability of being successfully executed, and it has been the cornerstone of formal economic theory since Adam Smith. - Jerome Bruner p. 28 Where verifiability and verisimilitude seem to come together, to bring off a successful convergence is to bring off good rhetoric. - With Jerome Bruner p. 94 The new cognitive science . . . has gained its technical successes at the price of dehumanizing the very concept of mind it had sought to reestablish. - Jerome Bruner p. 1 Constructivism . . . is what legal scholars refer to as "the interpretive turn". - Jerome Bruner p. 25 Culture is also constitutive of mind. - Jerome Bruner p. 33 Human reflexivity, our capacity to turn around on the past and alter the present in its light, or to alter the past in the light of the present. - Jerome Bruner p. 109 I believe that we shall be able to interpret meanings and meaning-making in a principled manner only in the degree to which we are able to specify the structure and coherence of the larger contexts in which specific meanings are created and transmitted. - Jerome Bruner p. 63-64
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Folk Psychology as an Instrument of Culture: Acts of Meaning
Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press., 1990Co-Authors: Jerome BrunerAbstract:1990 Acts of Meaning quotes: Narrative . . . also requires a sensitivity to what is canonical and what violates canonicality in human interaction. - Jerome Bruner p. 77 Narrative requires something approximating a narrator's perspective: it cannot, in the jargon of narratology, be "voiceless." - Jerome Bruner p. 77 Narrative . . . mediates between the canonical world of culture and the more idiosyncratic world of beliefs, desires, and hopes. It renders the exceptional comprehensible and keeps the uncanny at bay—save as the uncanny is needed as a trope. It reiterates the norms of the society without being didactic. And . . . it provides a basis for rhetoric without confrontation. It can even teach, conserve memory, or alter the past. - Jerome Bruner p. 52 Organizing experience, what functions it may serve. - Jerome Bruner p. 43 Pain (as in torture) obliterates our connection with the personal-Cultural world - narrows human consciousness to the point where man literally becomes a beast. - Jerome Bruner p. 22, abr People and their actions dominate the child's interest and attention. - Jerome Bruner p. 78 The invasive bureaucratization of life in our times, with its resultant erosion of selfhood and compassion - Jerome Bruner p. 23 The meaning of talk is powerfully determined by the train of action in which it occurs. - Jerome Bruner p. 18 The nine-month-old looks out along the trajectory of an adult's "point" and, finding nothing there, turns back to check not only the adult's direction of point but the line of visual regard as well. And from this folk-psychological antecedent there eventually emerge such linguistic accomplishments as demonstratives, labeling, and the like. Once the child masters through interaction the appropriate prelinguistic forms for managing ostensive reference, he or she can move beyond them to operate, as it were, within the confines of language proper. - Jerome Bruner p. 75 There has been a lively debate in the burgeoning literature on "developing theories of mind" as to whether children have such theories before the age of four. - Jerome Bruner p. 74 For [Donald] Spence, then, the ego (or Self) is cast in the role of a storyteller, a constructor of narratives about a life. - Jerome Bruner p. 111 How does the child "grasp the significance" of situations (or contexts) in a way that can help him or her master the lexicon and grammar that fits those situations? - Jerome Bruner p. 71 Information processing needs advance planning and precise rules. - Jerome Bruner p. 5 The acquisition of a first language is very context-sensitive. - Jerome Bruner p. 71 There is . . . a constraining biological limit on immediate memory—George Miller's famous "seven plus or minus two." But we have constructed symbolic devices for exceeding this limit: coding systems like octal digits, mnemonic devices, language tricks. Recall that Miller's main point in that landmark paper was that by conversion of input through such coding systems we, as enculturated human beings, are enabled to cope with seven chunks of information rather than with seven bits. Our knowledge, then, becomes enculturated knowledge . . . [and] we have broken through the original bounds set by the so-called biology of memory. Biology constrains, but not forevermore. - Jerome Bruner p. 21 Narrative is not just plot structure or dramatism. Nor is it just "historicity" or diachronicity. It is also a way of using language. To a striking degree, it relies upon the power of tropes—upon metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, implicature, and the rest to explore the full range of connections between the exceptional and the ordinary. Indeed, Ricocur even speaks of mimesis as a "metaphor of reality." - Jerome Bruner p. 59-60, abr Roger Lewin, reviewing the primate literature of the last decades, concludes that it is probably sensitivity to the requirements of living in groups that provides the criterion for evolutionary selection in high primates.- Jerome Bruner p. 73 If the cognitive revolution erupted in 1956, the contextual revolution (at least in psychology) is occurring today. - Jerome Bruner p. 105-6 The biological substrate, the so-called universals of human nature, is not a cause of action but, at most, a constraint upon it or a condition for it. - Jerome Bruner p. 20-21 The existence of story as a form is a perpetual guarantee that humankind will "go meta" on received versions of reality. - Jerome Bruner p. 55 The organizing principle of folk psychology [is] narrative in nature rather than logical or categorical. Folk psychology is about human agents doing things on the basis of their beliefs and desires, striving for goals, meeting obstacles which they best or which best them, all of this extended over time. - Jerome Bruner p. 42-43 The story is being put together. - Jerome Bruner p. 122 To say something useful about truth. . . [Rorty says,] is to "explore practice rather than theory". - Jerome Bruner p. 26 In the end, "learning theory" died, or perhaps it would be better to say it withered away. - Jerome Bruner p. 104 Initial mastery [of language] can come only from participation in language as an instrument of communication. - Jerome Bruner p. 73 Is what we know "absolute," or is it always relative to some perspective, some point of view? . . . is reality a construction? - Jerome Bruner p. 24 There was . . . the standard way of adding a landscape of consciousness to the landscape of action in narrative. - Jerome Bruner p. 91 The study of the human mind is so difficult, so caught in the dilemma of being both the object and the agent of its own study. - Jerome Bruner p. xiii A group of young sociologists led by Harold Garfinkel, mindful of the sorts of problems in epistemology such issues raised, took the radical step of proposing that in place of the classic sociological method—positing social classes, roles, and so on ex hypothesi --the social sciences might proceed by the rules of "ethnomethodology," creating a social science by reference to the social and political and human distinctions that people under study made in their everyday lives. In effect, Garfinkel and his colleagues were proposing an ethnosociology. - Jerome Bruner p. 37 I take the constructivism of Cultural psychology to be a profound expression of democratic culture. It demands that we be conscious of how we come to our knowledge and as conscious as we can be about the values that lead us to our perspectives. It asks that we be accountable for how and what we know. - Jerome Bruner p. 30 It is only when constituent beliefs in a folk psychology are violated that narratives are constructed - Jerome Bruner p. 39 People narrativize their experience of the world and of their own role in it. - Jerome Bruner p. 115 Scientific psychology will fare better when it recognizes that its truths, like all truths about the human condition, are relative to the point of view that it takes toward that condition. And it will achieve a more effective stance toward the culture at large when it comes to recognize that the folk psychology of ordinary people is not just a set of self-assuaging illusions, but the culture's beliefs and working hypotheses about what makes it possible and fulfilling for people to live together, even with great personal sacrifice. - Jerome Bruner p. 32 Since C. S. Peirce, we recognize that meaning depends not only upon a sign and a referent but also upon an interpretant. - Jerome Bruner p. 69. Stories seem to be designed to give the exceptional behavior meaning in a manner that implicates both an intentional state in the protagonist (a belief or desire) and some canonical element in the culture . . . The function of the story is to find an intentional state that mitigates or at least makes comprehensible a deviatiotion from a canonical Cultural Pattern. - Jerome Bruner p. 49-50 That we "store" specific archetypal stories or myths, as C. G. Jung has proposed . . . seems like misplaced concreteness. Rather, I mean [humans have] a readiness or predisposition to organize experience into a narrative form, into plot structures and the rest. - Jerome Bruner p. 45 The culture . . . provides us with guides and stratagems for finding a niche between stability and change: it exhorts, forbids, lures, denies, rewards the commitments that the Self undertakes. - Jerome Bruner p. 110 The interpreter has to grasp the narrative's configuring plot in order to make sense of its constituents, which he must relate to that plot. But the plot configuration must itself be extracted from the succession of events. - Jerome Bruner p. 43-44 The narrative's opaqueness, its circumstantiality, its genre, are taken to be as important as or, in any case, inseparable from its content. - Jerome Bruner p. 113 Narrative organizes experience. - Jerome Bruner p. 35 Utility is the multiplicative resultant of the value of a particular choice and its subjective probability of being successfully executed, and it has been the cornerstone of formal economic theory since Adam Smith. - Jerome Bruner p. 28 Where verifiability and verisimilitude seem to come together, to bring off a successful convergence is to bring off good rhetoric. - With Jerome Bruner p. 94 The new cognitive science . . . has gained its technical successes at the price of dehumanizing the very concept of mind it had sought to reestablish. - Jerome Bruner p. 1 Constructivism . . . is what legal scholars refer to as "the interpretive turn". - Jerome Bruner p. 25 Culture is also constitutive of mind. - Jerome Bruner p. 33 Human reflexivity, our capacity to turn around on the past and alter the present in its light, or to alter the past in the light of the present. - Jerome Bruner p. 109 I believe that we shall be able to interpret meanings and meaning-making in a principled manner only in the degree to which we are able to specify the structure and coherence of the larger contexts in which specific meanings are created and transmitted. - Jerome Bruner p. 63-64
Sulakshna Dwivedi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Impact of Organizational Culture on Commitment of Employees: An Empirical Study of BPO Sector in India
Vikalpa, 2014Co-Authors: Sulakshna Dwivedi, Sanjay KaushikAbstract:Retention of employees has become a critical issue in the corporate arena. With the increasing trend of frequent job switching among employees , it is a big challenge for HR Managers today to fulfill the aspirations of each and every employee and to bring congruence between organizational and individual goals. In the BPO sector of India where attrition rate is as high as 55 percent (ASSOCHAM, 2011), the situation is even more difficult for HR Managers. But the big question is how to make employees feel committed to their organizations especially in such a dynamic work environment where attrition rate is so high and job poaching is the order of the day. An extensive review of literature reveals that employees' 'commitment 'to the organization is a function of their interaction and relationship with that organization and, to a great extent, a manifestation of the attitude of management towards the employees. This belief is based on the premise that member's identity with the organization is a result of a set of carefully designed policies within the Cultural Pattern of the organization. An attempt has been made in this research to study the BPO sector to see whether the organizational culture and commitment level of employees differ across the different strata of employees in the BPO sector and finally to explore the relationship between organizational culture and commitment. The research was carried out in 15 BPO units in and around Chandigarh - Chandigarh, Panchkula, and Mohali which covered three strata of BPO units based on the number of employees and from all the three level of employees, i.e. top, middle, and lower level of employees. Results reveal that employees of smaller BPOs perceive their culture a shade better than medium or larger BPOs. And, as far as overall commitment is concerned, employees of smaller BPOs have significantly more commitment level than employees of medium or larger BPOs. As organizational culture is better in smaller BPOs and so is the commitment, these findings give us a cue that organizational culture has definite impact on commitment of employees. Further results reveal that commitment of employees is particularly sensitive to six dimensions of organizational culture viz. proaction, confrontation, trust, authenticity, experimentation, and collaboration. But, the results failed to support the relationship between autonomy and openness with commitment. Further, findings reveal that the focal point in the development of any strategy is directed towards impacting the commitment of employees towards their organizations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Impact of Organizational Culture on Turrnover Intentions in BPO Sector in India
Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 2013Co-Authors: Sulakshna Dwivedi, Sanjay KaushikAbstract:Retention of employees has become a critical issue in the corporate arena. With the increasing trend of frequent job switching among employees , it is a big challenge for HR Managers today to fulfill the aspirations of each and every employee and to bring congruence between organizational and individual goals. In the BPO sector of India where attrition rate is as high as 55 percent (ASSOCHAM, 2011), the situation is even more difficult for HR Managers. But the big question is how to make employees feel committed to their organizations especially in such a dynamic work environment where attrition rate is so high and job poaching is the order of the day. An extensive review of literature reveals that employ-ees' 'commitment 'to the organization is a function of their interaction and relation-ship with that organization and, to a great extent, a manifestation of the attitude of management towards the employees. This belief is based on the premise that mem-ber's identity with the organization is a result of a set of carefully designed policies within the Cultural Pattern of the organization. An attempt has been made in this research to study the BPO sector to see whether the organizational culture and commitment level of employees differ across the different strata of employees in the BPO sector and finally to explore the relationship between organizational culture and commitment. The research was carried out in 15 BPO units in and around Chandigarh – Chandigarh, Panchkula, and Mohali which covered three strata of BPO units based on the number of employees and from all the three level of employees, i.e. top, middle, and lower level of employees.
Sadaf Fatima - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Organizational Culture: An Empirical Study using OCTAPACE Framework
2013Co-Authors: Sadaf FatimaAbstract:Organisational culture is hypothesized to play a decisive role in the development of a unique corporate identity. This unique identity provides organizations with the opportunity to attain strategic leadership. Keeping in view the vital role that culture plays in the success of any organization, the present study was undertaken with the objective of studying the Cultural Pattern in any organization. The study is based on the concept of the OCTAPACE culture – an acronym for Openness, Confrontation, Trust, Authenticity, Proaction, Autonomy, Collaboration, and Experimentation. As many as 8 dimensions were taken to judge the organizational culture. The OCTAPACE profile is a 40 item instrument that gives the profile of the organizations ethos in eight values.
Zhao Jian-cheng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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On Multi-Cultural Pattern of Ancient Literary Works——A Case Study of Novels in Han Dynasty and the Six Dynasties
Seeking Truth, 2020Co-Authors: Zhao Jian-chengAbstract:Literary works in ancient history possess multiple Cultural characteristics.Novels of Han Dynasty and the Six Dynasties show characteristics of geography,natural science,history and religion as well as stylistic elements such as literary imagination,narration and character description.The existence of these Cultural Patterns limits the literariness of the works,resulting in an affiliated Pattern of plot,form,and artistic method to certain Cultural form or writing motivation.It has to be considered in the compilation of literary history.
