The Experts below are selected from a list of 555720 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Simon Kirby - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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culture and biology in the origins of linguistic structure
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2017Co-Authors: Simon KirbyAbstract:Language is systematically structured at all levels of description, arguably setting it apart from all other instances of communication in nature. In this article, I survey work over the last 20 years that emphasises the contributions of individual learning, Cultural transmission, and biological evolution to explaining the structural design features of language. These 3 complex adaptive systems exist in a network of interactions: individual learning biases shape the dynamics of Cultural evolution; universal features of linguistic structure arise from this Cultural Process and form the ultimate linguistic phenotype; the nature of this phenotype affects the fitness landscape for the biological evolution of the language faculty; and in turn this determines individuals’ learning bias. Using a combination of computational simulation, laboratory experiments, and comparison with real-world cases of language emergence, I show that linguistic structure emerges as a natural outcome of Cultural evolution once certain minimal biological requirements are in place.
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syntax out of learning the Cultural evolution of structured communication in a population of induction algorithms
European Conference on Artificial Life, 1999Co-Authors: Simon KirbyAbstract:A new approach to the origins of syntax in human language is presented. Using computational models of populations of learners, it is shown that compositional, recursive mappings are inevitable end-states of a Cultural Process of linguistic transmission. This is true even if the starting state is no language at all. It is argued that the way that knowledge of language is transmitted through a learning bottleneck profoundly influences its emergent structure. This approach provides a radical alternative to one in which the structure of language is viewed as an innate, biological adaptation to communicative pressures.
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ECAL - Syntax out of Learning: The Cultural Evolution of Structured Communication in a Population of Induction Algorithms
Advances in Artificial Life, 1999Co-Authors: Simon KirbyAbstract:A new approach to the origins of syntax in human language is presented. Using computational models of populations of learners, it is shown that compositional, recursive mappings are inevitable end-states of a Cultural Process of linguistic transmission. This is true even if the starting state is no language at all. It is argued that the way that knowledge of language is transmitted through a learning bottleneck profoundly influences its emergent structure. This approach provides a radical alternative to one in which the structure of language is viewed as an innate, biological adaptation to communicative pressures.
Brian Hazlehurst - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Orienting frames and private routines: The role of Cultural Process in critical care safety
International Journal of Medical Informatics, 2007Co-Authors: Brian Hazlehurst, Carmit K McmullenAbstract:Abstract Background Being a nurse in the ICU requires extensive clinical knowledge as well as great skill in making stressful decisions and acting decisively while maintaining close working relationships with team members and other hospital staff. Nurses in the ICU draw on social, cognitive, and technological resources to accomplish tasks and achieve goals. Culture is a Process that creates and makes available these resources through the situated activities of ICU actors. Aim To understand the means by which Cultural Process enhances patient safety by establishing and maintaining barriers to adverse events. Methods During the final month of a year-long ethnographic study of patient safety in an ICU, we interviewed nine staff nurses of the unit, and asked them to talk about the details of their work routines. From this talk, and drawing upon our field notes, we identified shared “orienting frames” which are used by nurses to organize, prioritize, conduct, and evaluate their work. Results We report on three orienting frames commonly articulated by interviewees. “Being organized” creates the means for streamlining work in a way that makes it efficient and robust to expected challenges. “Being prepared for emergencies” creates means for effectively coping with the inevitable crises. Finally, “Being responsible and accountable” creates means for nurses to demand resources and to act decisively when they otherwise might not be granted the authority to do so. Conclusions To understand safety in health care, we must go beyond investigating adverse events that arise due to insufficient safety barriers, and study how Cultural Process creates and maintains these barriers. Understanding Cultural Process would help improve design and implementation of safety-enhancing interventions and technologies in the ICU.
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Orienting frames and private routines: the role of Cultural Process in critical care safety.
International journal of medical informatics, 2006Co-Authors: Brian Hazlehurst, Carmit McmullenAbstract:Being a nurse in the ICU requires extensive clinical knowledge as well as great skill in making stressful decisions and acting decisively while maintaining close working relationships with team members and other hospital staff. Nurses in the ICU draw on social, cognitive, and technological resources to accomplish tasks and achieve goals. Culture is a Process that creates and makes available these resources through the situated activities of ICU actors. To understand the means by which Cultural Process enhances patient safety by establishing and maintaining barriers to adverse events. During the final month of a year-long ethnographic study of patient safety in an ICU, we interviewed nine staff nurses of the unit, and asked them to talk about the details of their work routines. From this talk, and drawing upon our field notes, we identified shared "orienting frames" which are used by nurses to organize, prioritize, conduct, and evaluate their work. We report on three orienting frames commonly articulated by interviewees. "Being organized" creates the means for streamlining work in a way that makes it efficient and robust to expected challenges. "Being prepared for emergencies" creates means for effectively coping with the inevitable crises. Finally, "Being responsible and accountable" creates means for nurses to demand resources and to act decisively when they otherwise might not be granted the authority to do so. To understand safety in health care, we must go beyond investigating adverse events that arise due to insufficient safety barriers, and study how Cultural Process creates and maintains these barriers. Understanding Cultural Process would help improve design and implementation of safety-enhancing interventions and technologies in the ICU.
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Learning in the Cultural Process
2000Co-Authors: Edwin Hutchins, Brian HazlehurstAbstract:One of the central problems faced by biological and artificial systems is the development and maintenance of coordination between structure inside the system and structure outside the system. That is, the production of useful behavior requires internal structures that respond in appropriate ways to structure in the environment. The Processes that give rise to this coordination are generally considered adaptive.
Carmit K Mcmullen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Orienting frames and private routines: The role of Cultural Process in critical care safety
International Journal of Medical Informatics, 2007Co-Authors: Brian Hazlehurst, Carmit K McmullenAbstract:Abstract Background Being a nurse in the ICU requires extensive clinical knowledge as well as great skill in making stressful decisions and acting decisively while maintaining close working relationships with team members and other hospital staff. Nurses in the ICU draw on social, cognitive, and technological resources to accomplish tasks and achieve goals. Culture is a Process that creates and makes available these resources through the situated activities of ICU actors. Aim To understand the means by which Cultural Process enhances patient safety by establishing and maintaining barriers to adverse events. Methods During the final month of a year-long ethnographic study of patient safety in an ICU, we interviewed nine staff nurses of the unit, and asked them to talk about the details of their work routines. From this talk, and drawing upon our field notes, we identified shared “orienting frames” which are used by nurses to organize, prioritize, conduct, and evaluate their work. Results We report on three orienting frames commonly articulated by interviewees. “Being organized” creates the means for streamlining work in a way that makes it efficient and robust to expected challenges. “Being prepared for emergencies” creates means for effectively coping with the inevitable crises. Finally, “Being responsible and accountable” creates means for nurses to demand resources and to act decisively when they otherwise might not be granted the authority to do so. Conclusions To understand safety in health care, we must go beyond investigating adverse events that arise due to insufficient safety barriers, and study how Cultural Process creates and maintains these barriers. Understanding Cultural Process would help improve design and implementation of safety-enhancing interventions and technologies in the ICU.
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self rated health appraisal as Cultural and identity Process african american elders health and evaluative rationales
Gerontologist, 2006Co-Authors: Carmit K Mcmullen, Mark LuborskyAbstract:Purpose: We explored self-rated health by using a meaning-centered theoretical foundation. Selfappraisals, such as self-rated health, reflect a Cultural Process of identity formation, whereby identities are multiple, simultaneously individual and collective, and produced by specific historical formations. Anthropological research in Philadelphia determined (a) how African American elders appraise their health, and (b) how health evaluations reflect Cultural and historical experiences within a community. Design and Methods: We interviewed and observed 35 adults aged 65 to 80, stratified by gender and self-rated health. We validated theme analysis of focused interview questions against the larger data set of field notes and transcripts. Results: Health appraisal reflected a complex Process of adaptation and identity. Criteria for health included: independent functioning, physical condition, control and responsibility for health, and overall feeling. Evaluative rationales that shaped health appraisals were comparisons, restricted possibilities for self-evaluation, and ways of handling adversity. Evaluative rationales mitigated undesirable health identities (including low self-reported health) and provided mechanisms for claiming desired health identities despite adversity. Implications: Describing the criteria and evaluative rationales underlying self
Stefano Mastandrea - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social Cultural Processes and urban affordances for healthy and sustainable food consumption
Frontiers in Psychology, 2018Co-Authors: Giuseppe Carrus, Sabine Pirchio, Stefano MastandreaAbstract:In this paper, we provide an overview of research highlighting the relation between Cultural Processes, social norms, and food choices, discussing the implication of these findings for the promotion of more sustainable lifestyles. Our aim is to outline how environmental psychological research on urban affordances, through the specific concepts of restorative environments and walkability, could complement these findings to better understand human health, wellbeing and quality of life. We highlight how social norms and Cultural Processes are linked to food choices, and we discuss the possible health-related outcomes of Cultural differences in food practices, their relation to acculturation and globalization Processes. We also discuss the concepts of restorative environments and walkability as positive urban affordances, and their relation to human well being, and the possibile link with Cultural Process and sustainable lifestyles. Finally, we outline issues for future research and areas for policy making and interventions on the links between Cultural Processes, healthy and sustainable food consumption and urban affordances, for the pursuit of public health, wellbeing and environmental sustainability.
Giuseppe Carrus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social Cultural Processes and urban affordances for healthy and sustainable food consumption
Frontiers in Psychology, 2018Co-Authors: Giuseppe Carrus, Sabine Pirchio, Stefano MastandreaAbstract:In this paper, we provide an overview of research highlighting the relation between Cultural Processes, social norms, and food choices, discussing the implication of these findings for the promotion of more sustainable lifestyles. Our aim is to outline how environmental psychological research on urban affordances, through the specific concepts of restorative environments and walkability, could complement these findings to better understand human health, wellbeing and quality of life. We highlight how social norms and Cultural Processes are linked to food choices, and we discuss the possible health-related outcomes of Cultural differences in food practices, their relation to acculturation and globalization Processes. We also discuss the concepts of restorative environments and walkability as positive urban affordances, and their relation to human well being, and the possibile link with Cultural Process and sustainable lifestyles. Finally, we outline issues for future research and areas for policy making and interventions on the links between Cultural Processes, healthy and sustainable food consumption and urban affordances, for the pursuit of public health, wellbeing and environmental sustainability.
