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J. B. Matthews - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cytokine responses to Cyathostominae larvae in the equine large intestinal wall
Research in Veterinary Science, 2005Co-Authors: Amanda J Davidson, Jane E Hodgkinson, C J Proudman, J. B. MatthewsAbstract:To investigate cytokine responses in cyathostomin infection, we quantified mucosal interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma by reverse transcriptase-competitive polymerase chain reaction. The analysis was performed on large intestinal wall samples obtained from six anatomical sites spanning the caecum and colon of 17 naturally exposed horses. The numbers of developing larvae (DL) and early third stage larvae (EL3) were ascertained using transmural illumination and pepsin digestion techniques, respectively. Levels of each cytokine transcript were correlated with local intestinal wall burdens of Cyathostominae larvae. IL-4 and IL-10 levels showed significant correlations with EL3 and DL burdens at several sites. No significant correlations were observed with IFNgamma. A pro-inflammatory response, typified by detection of TNFalpha transcript, was observed at a few sites in some horses with inflammatory enteropathy associated with emerging or emerged larvae. However, this cytokine was measured at an insufficient number of sites to enable statistical analysis. Levels of IL-4, IL-10 and IFNgamma transcript were compared between two groups: one group consisting of horses with low to high mucosal burdens (Group A) and the other, of horses with negative/negligible mucosal burdens (Group B). Significant differences in IL-4 (P<0.001) and IL-10 (P<0.001) transcript levels were observed between the groups, with higher levels observed in Group A. No significant differences in IFNgamma were observed. Taken together, these results indicate that Th2 responses predominate in mucosal Cyathostominae infection prior to larval reactivation.
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Cytokine responses to Cyathostominae larvae in the equine large intestinal wall.
Research in Veterinary Science, 2005Co-Authors: Amanda J Davidson, Jane E Hodgkinson, Christopher J. Proudman, J. B. MatthewsAbstract:To investigate cytokine responses in cyathostomin infection, we quantified mucosal interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma by reverse transcriptase-competitive polymerase chain reaction. The analysis was performed on large intestinal wall samples obtained from six anatomical sites spanning the caecum and colon of 17 naturally exposed horses. The numbers of developing larvae (DL) and early third stage larvae (EL3) were ascertained using transmural illumination and pepsin digestion techniques, respectively. Levels of each cytokine transcript were correlated with local intestinal wall burdens of Cyathostominae larvae. IL-4 and IL-10 levels showed significant correlations with EL3 and DL burdens at several sites. No significant correlations were observed with IFNgamma. A pro-inflammatory response, typified by detection of TNFalpha transcript, was observed at a few sites in some horses with inflammatory enteropathy associated with emerging or emerged larvae. However, this cytokine was measured at an insufficient number of sites to enable statistical analysis. Levels of IL-4, IL-10 and IFNgamma transcript were compared between two groups: one group consisting of horses with low to high mucosal burdens (Group A) and the other, of horses with negative/negligible mucosal burdens (Group B). Significant differences in IL-4 (P
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a pcr elisa for the identification of cyathostomin fourth stage larvae from clinical cases of larval cyathostominosis
International Journal for Parasitology, 2003Co-Authors: Jane E Hodgkinson, T. S. Mair, J R Lichtenfels, P J Cripps, K L Freeman, Y H Ramsey, S Love, J. B. MatthewsAbstract:We report the use of six oligoprobes designed from intergenic spacer region sequences to identify fourth-stage larvae (L4) of the tribe Cyathostominae. Oligoprobes were designed for identification of the following species: Cylicocyclus ashworthi, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicocyclus insigne, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicostephanus goldi, and Cylicostephanus longibursatus. A seventh probe was designed as a positive control to identify all these members of the Cyathostominae. The intergenic spacer region was amplified by PCR using conserved primers. Initially, three oligoprobes were used in Southern blot analysis. To facilitate high-throughput identification, these and a further four oligoprobes were developed for use in a PCR – ELISA. All probes were validated for their ability to detect cyathostomin PCR products in the PCR –ELISA, using DNA from morphologically identified adult parasites. Initially, 712 L4 were isolated from the diarrhoeic faeces from horses (n ¼ 17) with clinical larval cyathostominosis. PCR products from 522 of these L4 were subjected to analysis, with 413 L4 being identified as one of the aforementioned species. With reference to individual species analysis, 28.5% of the 522 L4 were identified as C. longibursatus, 25.7% as C. nassatus, 15.9% as C. ashworthi, 7.3% as C. goldi and 1.7% as C. catinatum. No L4 were identified as being C. insigne species. When L4 within faeces from individual horses were compared, no sample was found to comprise parasites of one species. The least number of species identified in a single sample was two. This study suggests that clinical larval cyathostominosis is predominantly caused by mixed-species infections.
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Antigen-specific IgG(T) responses in natural and experimental Cyathostominae infection in horses.
Veterinary Parasitology, 2002Co-Authors: Samantha M.j. Dowdall, J. B. Matthews, T. S. Mair, D. Murphy, Sandy Love, Christopher J. ProudmanAbstract:Equine clinical larval cyathostominosis is caused by simultaneous mass emergence of previously inhibited larvae from the mucosa of the colon. Clinical signs include diarrhoea, colic, weight loss and malaise, and in up to 50% of cases, the disease results in death. Cyathostominae spend a large part of their life cycle as larval stages in the intestinal mucosa. Definitive diagnosis is difficult due to the lack of diagnostic methods for pre-patent infection. In the present study, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to investigate isotype responses to larval Cyathostominae somatic antigen. Measurement of anti-larval IgG(T) responses appeared to have the most immunodiagnostic potential. An increase in IgG(T) response was detected to crude larval antigen by 5 weeks post-infection (PI) in individual infected ponies. Subsequently, IgG(T) responses to larval and adult somatic extracts were examined by Western blotting using sera from experimentally-infected horses and helminth-naive animals (n=6). Two antigen complexes, designated A and B, in larval somatic antigen were recognised specifically by the infected animals by 7 weeks PI. Sera taken from 23 endemically-infected animals, whose Cyathostominae burdens had been enumerated, were also used to identify putative diagnostic antigens. Eighteen horses had positive mucosal worm burdens (range 723-3,595,725) and all but two of these animals had serum IgG(T) antibody specific to either complex. Moreover, IgG(T) responses specific to antigen complexes A and B were absent in all five parasite negative horses that were tested. Serum IgG(T) responses to either of the two complexes were identified in five clinical cases tested. IgG(T) responses to adult antigen somatic extracts were more heterogeneous, with no clear pattern between experimentally-infected ponies and helminth-free controls. The results indicate that increases in serum IgG(T) to mucosal larvae occur in the pre-patent period and that two antigenic complexes within somatic preparations of these stages have immunodiagnostic potential.
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Phylogenetic analysis of partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I and large ribosomal RNA sequences and nuclear internal transcribed spacer I sequences from species of Cyathostominae and Strongylinae (Nematoda, Order Strongylida), parasit
Parasitology, 2000Co-Authors: A Mcdonnell, S Love, J R Lichtenfels, A Tait, J. B. MatthewsAbstract:Three nucleotide data sets, one nuclear (ITS-2) and two mitochondrial (COI and l-rRNA), have been investigated in order to determine relationships among species of Strongylinae and Cyathostominae, intestinal parasites of the horse. The data exhibited a strong mutational bias towards A and T and in the COI gene, silent sites appeared to saturate rapidly partly due to this substitution bias. Thus, the COI gene was found to be less phylogenetically informative than the l-rRNA and ITS-2 genes. Combined analysis of the l-rRNA and ITS-2 genes supported a monophyletic clade of the cyathostomes with Tridentoinfundibulum gobi, which had previously been classified as a nematode of' uncertain origin'. The Strongylinae grouped consistently outside the clade containing the cyathostomes and T. gobi. Molecular analysis failed to provide strong evidence for the separation of cyathostomes into classical genera, as previously defined by morphological classification.
T. Schnieder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Expression of recombinant β-tubulin alleles from Cylicocyclus nassatus (Cyathostominae)
Parasitology Research, 2006Co-Authors: William J. Blackhall, T. Schnieder, Michaela Drogemuller, Georg Samson-himmelstjernaAbstract:Small strongyles (Cyathostominae) are common nematode parasites of horses that have developed resistance to the benzimidazole anthelmintics used to control their populations. Evidence suggests that the principal mechanism of resistance involves a phenylalanine-to-tyrosine mutation at codon 200 in the β-tubulin proteins that are components of microtubules. Other works, however, suggest that a phenylalanine-to-tyrosine mutation at codon 167, or alternative mechanisms, may be involved. As part of an ongoing project examining the role that these two β-tubulin mutations may play in benzimidazole resistance, we have cloned the wild-type allele and the two alleles with the phenylalanine-to-tyrosine mutations at codons 167 and 200 of the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene from the small strongyle Cylicocyclus nassatus . In this work, we describe the construction of expression vectors containing these alleles and their expression in Escherichia coli .
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estudio sobre resistencia frente a los bencimidazoles de pequenos estrongilos Cyathostominae del equino en el sur de chile a survey of benzimidazoleresistance in small strongyles Cyathostominae in the south of chile
2003Co-Authors: I Quintana, G Sievers, T. SchniederAbstract:SUMMARY A survey of three stables in the X th Region in Chile involving 100 horses was performed to evaluate the presence of benzimidazole(BZ)-resistance in the equine small strongyles. BZ-resistance was examined by two different methods, namely the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and the egg hatch assay (EHA). Faecal samples were collected seven days before and seven days after treatment with fenbendazole to determine a possible increase in the degree of resistance. The arithmetic means of the faecal egg counts were between 476.6 (S.D. ± 356.7) and 1095.3 (S.D. ± 755) epg before and between 137.1 (S.D. ± 171.8) and 725 (S.D. ± 481.3) epg after treatment. The FECRT indicated resistance in all studied farms with a faecal egg count reductions (FECR) of 27% (S.D. ± 33), 26.5% (S.D. ± 26.9) and 83.9% (S.D. ± 22.8). With the EHA BZresistance was found in one stable before (LD 50 = 0.141 µg TBZ/ml) and in two stables after treatment with fenbendazole (LD 50 = 0.149 and 0.158 µg TBZ/ml).
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USING SINGLE ADULT AND LARVAL SMALL STRONGYLE (Cyathostominae) STAGES
2002Co-Authors: G. Von Samson-himmelstjerna, M. Pape, C. Von Witzendorff, T. SchniederAbstract:It has been shown that benzimidazole (BZ) resistance in sheep gastrointestinal nematodes is linked with an increase in beta-tubulin codon 200 tyrosine-expressing alleles in the resistant parasite populations. Here, an allele-specific PCR has been developed for the discrimination of the TAC/TTC polymorphism in the beta-tubulin 200 codon of small strongyles. One reverse primer was used in 2 separate amplifications with 1 of 2 forward primers that differed only in their final 3' nucleotide. The primers flank a facultative intron/exon. Therefore, the amplified fragments are either 251 or 308 bp in size, depending on the presence or absence of the intron in individual worms. Amplification of genomic DNA isolated from single adult small strongyles from a set of 7 species consistently generated allele-specific products. Three worms each of the following species were used: Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicocyclus insigne, Cylicocyclus elongatus, Cylicocyclus radiatus, Cyathostomum pateratum, Cyathos- tomum catinatum, and Cyathostomum coronatum. PCR with DNA isolated from single larvae also reproducibly generated specific fragments. This method might be applied for the future assessment of allele frequencies in susceptible and resistant populations to further investigate the mechanism of BZ-resistance in small strongyles.
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Investigation of diversity and isotypes of the beta-tubulin cDNA in several small strongyle (Cyathostominae) species.
Journal of Parasitology, 2002Co-Authors: M. Pape, T. Schnieder, G. Von Samson-himmelstjernaAbstract:The diversity of the beta-tubulin cDNAs of the Cyathostominae and the occurrence of further isotypes were examined in adult worms isolated from an anthelmintic-naive horse. cDNAs encoding beta-tubulin from Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicocyclus insigne, Cylicocyclus radiatus, Cylicocyclus elongatus, Cyathostomum coronatum, and Cyathostomum pateratum were characterized using specific primers developed from the cDNA sequence of Cc. nassatus. The cDNA sequences span 1,429 bp and show identities ranging from 95.6 to 100%. The deduced protein sequences span 448 amino acids and were 98–100% identical. The amino acid sequences of the 7 species varied within and between species at 10 positions. A 3′ Rapid Amplification of cDNA ends using a degenerate forward primer was carried out with cDNA from Cy. pateratum, Cy. coronatum, Cy. catinatum, and Cc. nassatus to investigate the occurrence of further beta-tubulin isotypes. The expected polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product of 400 bp, including ...
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Novel small strongyle (Cyathostominae) beta-tubulin sequences
Parasitology Research, 2001Co-Authors: G. Von Samson-himmelstjerna, A. Harder, M. Pape, T. SchniederAbstract:Several coding sequences of the benzimidazole (BZ) target beta-tubulin have been described for different parasitic nematodes. However, until recently no tubulin sequences from Cyathostome species were available, despite the importance of BZ resistance in horses in the field. Here, we describe several full-length beta-tubulin coding sequences of two major small strongyle species, namely Cylicocyclus nassatus and Cyathostomum coronatum . In the latter sequence, the putative BZ resistant mutation in codon 200 leading to a Phe to Tyr exchange is present. High nucleotide sequence similarities (>95%) were found among the tubulin sequences of the two different genera. This will be of advantage for the development of an allele-specific BZ resistance polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for multiple small strongyle species.
Cinzia Cantacessi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cyathostomine egg reappearance period following ivermectin treatment in a cohort of UK Thoroughbreds
Parasites & Vectors, 2018Co-Authors: Rebecca A. Molena, Laura E. Peachey, Angela Di Cesare, Donato Traversa, Cinzia CantacessiAbstract:Background In spite of the emergence of populations of drug-resistant cyathostomines worldwide, little is known of parasite species responsible for ‘early egg shedding’ in cohorts of horses subjected to treatment with widely used anthelmintics, e.g. ivermectin (IVM). In this study, we determined the cyathostomine egg reappearance period (ERP) after IVM treatment in a cohort of yearlings from a large Thoroughbred (TB) stud farm in the United Kingdom, and identified species of cyathostomines with reduced ERP using a combination of fundamental parasitology techniques coupled with advanced molecular tools. Methods Individual faecal samples were collected from TB yearlings with cyathostomine infection prior to IVM treatment, as well as at 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days post-treatment. Faecal egg counts (FEC) were performed for each individual sample for determination of ERPs. In addition, individual larval cultures were performed and representative numbers of third-stage larvae (L3s) harvested from each culture were subjected to molecular species identification via PCR-Reverse Line Blot (RLB). Results Prior to IVM treatment, 11 cyathostomine species were detected in faecal samples from TB horses enrolled in this study, i.e. Cyathostomum catinatum , Cylicostephanus longibursatus , Cylicostephanus goldi , Cylicocyclus nassatus , Cylicostephanus calicatus , Cyathostomum pateratum , Cylicocyclus radiatus , Paraposteriostomum mettami , Coronocyclus labratus , Cylicocyclus insigne and Cylicocyclus radiatus variant A. Of these, eggs of Cya. catinatum , Cys. longibursatus , Cyc. nassatus and Cyc. radiatus could be detected at 28 days post-treatment, while from day 42 onwards, cyathostomine species composition reflected data obtained pre-IVM treatment, with the exception of eggs of Cor. labratus and Cyc. insigne which could no longer be detected post-IVM administration. Conclusions This study provides valuable data on the occurrence of IVM-resistance in cyathostomines in the UK. Nevertheless, further investigations are needed to shed light on the prevalence and incidence of drug-resistance in this country, as well as other areas of the world where equine trade is substantial.
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Cyathostomine egg reappearance period following ivermectin treatment in a cohort of UK Thoroughbreds
Parasites & Vectors, 2018Co-Authors: Rebecca A. Molena, Laura E. Peachey, Angela Di Cesare, Donato Traversa, Cinzia CantacessiAbstract:Background In spite of the emergence of populations of drug-resistant cyathostomines worldwide, little is known of parasite species responsible for ‘early egg shedding’ in cohorts of horses subjected to treatment with widely used anthelmintics, e.g. ivermectin (IVM). In this study, we determined the cyathostomine egg reappearance period (ERP) after IVM treatment in a cohort of yearlings from a large Thoroughbred (TB) stud farm in the United Kingdom, and identified species of cyathostomines with reduced ERP using a combination of fundamental parasitology techniques coupled with advanced molecular tools. Methods Individual faecal samples were collected from TB yearlings with cyathostomine infection prior to IVM treatment, as well as at 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days post-treatment. Faecal egg counts (FEC) were performed for each individual sample for determination of ERPs. In addition, individual larval cultures were performed and representative numbers of third-stage larvae (L3s) harvested from each culture were subjected to molecular species identification via PCR-Reverse Line Blot (RLB). Results Prior to IVM treatment, 11 cyathostomine species were detected in faecal samples from TB horses enrolled in this study, i.e. Cyathostomum catinatum , Cylicostephanus longibursatus , Cylicostephanus goldi , Cylicocyclus nassatus , Cylicostephanus calicatus , Cyathostomum pateratum , Cylicocyclus radiatus , Paraposteriostomum mettami , Coronocyclus labratus , Cylicocyclus insigne and Cylicocyclus radiatus variant A. Of these, eggs of Cya. catinatum , Cys. longibursatus , Cyc. nassatus and Cyc. radiatus could be detected at 28 days post-treatment, while from day 42 onwards, cyathostomine species composition reflected data obtained pre-IVM treatment, with the exception of eggs of Cor. labratus and Cyc. insigne which could no longer be detected post-IVM administration. Conclusions This study provides valuable data on the occurrence of IVM-resistance in cyathostomines in the UK. Nevertheless, further investigations are needed to shed light on the prevalence and incidence of drug-resistance in this country, as well as other areas of the world where equine trade is substantial.
Rosina C. Krecek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A redescription of Cylicocyclus adersi Boulenger, 1920 (Nematoda: Strongyloidea: Cyathostominae) parasitic in equids
Systematic Parasitology, 2004Co-Authors: Vitaliy A. Kharchenko, J. Ralph Lichtenfels, Patricia A. Pilitt, Rosina C. KrecekAbstract:As part of a revision of the systematics of the Cyathostominea of equids, we determined that the single type-specimen of Cylicocyclus adersi Boulenger, 1920 is missing and a modern description of this rare species parasitic in donkeys Equus asinus L. and zebras E. burchelli (Gray) and E. zebra L. is not available. Systematists at a workshop on the systematics of the Cyathostominea of horses, convened on August 11, 1997 in Sun City, South Africa, listed C. adersi as a species inquirenda . Herein, we provide a redescription of C. adersi and propose a neotype for the species. The distinctive shape of the buccal capsule of C. adersi , with a relatively tiny `hoop-like thickening' at its base, a relatively small oesophageal funnel with a thick cuticular lining, and a short, but distinct, dorsal gutter readily distinguishes this species from other large species of Cylicocyclus Ihle, 1922.
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recommended terminology and advances in the systematics of the cyathostominea nematoda strongyloidea of horses
Veterinary Parasitology, 2002Co-Authors: J. Ralph Lichtenfels, Lynda M. Gibbons, Rosina C. KrecekAbstract:Terminology for common names for the Tribe Cyathostominea (cyathostomins), and disease caused by the nematodes (cyathostominosis), were recommended to replace the previously used names cyathostomes and cyathostomosis, which are ambiguous, inaccurate or synonymous, by the Third Internal Workshop on the Systematics of Cyathostominea of Horses, held in Stresa, Italy, 28 August 2001. The progress by this international working group at three workshops is reviewed briefly and a list of publications is provided. Included are an annotated checklist by genus and species of 93 species level names and the recognition of 52 species, redescriptions of seven species, and the description of one new species. Upon petition by workshop participants, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature placed Cyathostomum tetracanthumMehlis, 1831 on the “Official List of Specific Names in Zoology”, ending more than a century of controversy over the names of cyathostomins. Some progress is described in molecular and morphological systematics and in the development of diagnostic molecular probes. A revised identification key is being prepared to the 52 species of the Tribe Cyathostominea. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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Cylicocyclus asini n. sp. (Nematoda: Cyathostominae) from donkeys Equus asinus in South Africa
Systematic Parasitology, 2002Co-Authors: Sonja Matthee, Rosina C. Krecek, Lynda M. GibbonsAbstract:Cylicocyclus asini n. sp. is described from the ventral colons of seven domesticated donkeys Equus asinus in South Africa. The specimens are smaller than 11 members of the genus Cylicocyclus , which currently comprises 10 recognised species, one recognised subspecies and two species inquirendae, but is similar in size to the two smaller species, C. ashworthi and C. leptostomum . Additionally, the small size of its buccal capsule places it within the so-called small buccal capsule group, namely C. ashworthi, C. leptostomum, C. nassatus, C. radiatus and C. triramosus . The shape of the oesophagus at the oesophago-intestinal junction is elongate, similar to that of C. leptostomum . The female specimens have a tail length shorter than the vulva to anus distance, similar to three of the smaller Cylicocyclus species, namely C. leptostomum, C. radiatus and C. triramosus . The new species is distinguished from the smaller members of the genus by the presence of a `club-foot' posterior in the female specimens, 40–46 elements in the external leaf-crown and a deep division of the dorsal ray which extends beyond the origin of the externodorsal ray. Similarly, the new species can be separated from the two other members in the genus with a `club-foot' posterior in the females ( C. auriculatus and C. gyalocephaloides ) by its body length (6.6–8.47 mm) and the presence of a nipple-like dorsal gutter.
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Cyathostomum montgomeryi and its place in the Cyathostominae (Nematoda: Strongylidae)
Comparative Parasitology, 2001Co-Authors: V A Kharchenko, J. Ralph Lichtenfels, Rosina C. KrecekAbstract:Cyathostomum montgomeryi (Boulenger, 1920) K'ung, 1964, a common parasite of zebras, has not been redescribed since its original description. It is still almost unknown outside of Africa. This species was placed in different tribes (Murshidiinea or Cyathostominea) by recent workers, As part of an international effort to clarify the classification of the Cyathostominae of horses, we studied 210 specimens from Burchell's zebra Equus burchelli antiquorum Smith, 1841, from the Kruger National Park (Republic of South Africa) and Etosha National Park (Namibia) and made measurements of 15 males and 15 females. Specimens that we measured were larger than those described by Boulenger. Cyathostomum montgomeryi has 2 corona radiata or leaf crowns surrounding the mouth. The internal leaf crown (ILC) is inserted near the middle of the buccal capsule. The external leaf crown (ELC) has fewer elements than the ILC. The bases of the ILC elements are inserted in a curved line on the wall of the buccal capsule, and those of the ELC elements are recessed from the tips of the elements of the ILC on which they rest. All of these characters are shared with the other species of the genus Cyathostomum. The extrachitinous supports are similar to those of Cyathostomum catinatum. The distal ends of the spicules are identical to others in the Cyathostominea but differ from those in the Murshidiinea. The bursa is typical for Cyathostomum, Thus, we retain this species in the Cyathostominea.
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an annotated checklist by genus and species of 93 species level names for 51 recognized species of small strongyles nematoda strongyloidea cyathostominea of horses asses and zebras of the world
Veterinary Parasitology, 1998Co-Authors: J. Ralph Lichtenfels, V A Kharchenko, Rosina C. Krecek, Lynda M. GibbonsAbstract:Abstract The results of an international collaborative effort to prepare a recommended list of scientific names for the small strongyles (Nematoda: Strongyloidea: Cyathostominea) of horses, donkeys and zebras are reported. Fifty-one valid species are recognized in 13 genera, including Cyathostomum , Coronocyclus , Cylicodontophorus , Cylicocyclus , Cylicostephanus , Skrjabinodentus , Tridentoinfundibulum , Petrovinema , Poteriostomum , Parapoteriostomum , Hsiungia , Cylindropharynx and Caballonema . In addition, 42 other species level names are listed as synonyms of the 51 recognized species or as species inquirendae (10 species) or nomen nudum (one species). Numerous annotations provide information on the nomenclatural and systematics history, current status and additional studies needed.
Lundahl Philippa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Samband mellan kolik och äggurskiljning från parasiterna Cyathostominae, Strongylus vulgaris och Anoplocephala perfoliata
2018Co-Authors: Lundahl PhilippaAbstract:De vanligaste parasiterna hos häst är Cyathostominae, Strongylus vulgaris och Anoplocephala perfoliata. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka huruvida det finns ett samband mellan äggurskiljning av dessa parasiter och kolik. Studien är utförd vid Universitetsdjursjukhuset i Uppsala, UDS och 238 hästar ingick i studien. Av de 238 hästarna är 119 stycken fall, som drabbats av kolik, och 119 stycken kontroller, som sökt till UDS av en annan anledning än kolik. Resultatet av analyserna presenteras i form av en fall-kontrollstudie. Träck- och serumprover togs från samtliga hästar och hästägarna fick svara på en enkät med frågor om parasitförekomst och avmaskningsrutiner (appendix) vid klinikbesöket. Träckproverna användes för McMasteranalys, larvodling, PCR samt bandmaskanalys. Samtliga utfördes på Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, SLU, förutom bandmaskanalyserna och PCR av S. vulgaris vilka utfördes vid Sveriges veterinärmedicinska anstalt, SVA. Eftersom träckprov endast kan detektera ägg som utsöndras från adulta maskar är det inte en pålitlig metod att använda sig av vid akuta sjukdomstillstånd då det är de migrerande larverna som kan ge upphov till koliksymptom. Därför kommer träckproverna att kompletteras med serumprover med ELISA-analys för vidare diagnosticering av migrerande larver från S. vulgaris och Cyathostominae när studien är avslutad i februari 2018. Prevalensen A. perfoliata var 20 % hos fallhästara respektive 21 % hos kontrollhästarna, och prevalensen för S. vulgaris var 7 % hos fallhästarna respektive 8 % hos kontrollhästarna. Medelvärdet av EPG-resultatet är högst under vintern men detta resultat är inte signifikant vid X2 -test. De tre vanligaste kolikdiagnoserna som hästarna fick under klinikvistelsen var ”kolik”, ”förstoppning i colon” och ”kolik utan fastställd orsak” och incidensen att drabbas av kolik var högst under våren. Prevalensen av A. perfoliata och S. vulgaris var likvärdiga hos de olika kolikdiagnoserna och ingen diagnos predisponerade för högre äggurskiljning. Hästens avmasknings-status spelade in i förekomsten av de olika parasiterna men en felkälla vad gäller förekomst av A. perfoliata är vad hästarna avmaskats med för preparat, då till exempel Noromectin inte är verksamt mot cestoder. Fyra av 119 fall obducerades vid SLU. Vid obduktionerna skiljde sig fynden åt då de fyra kolikhästar som obducerades hade tilldelats olika diagnoser på kliniken. Det mest intressanta fyndet var hos häst nummer 1 där kraftig parasitskada och även migrerande larver av S. vulgaris återfanns vid obduktionen trots att de föregående träckprovsanalyserna visade att hästen hade 50 EPG och inga ägg från S. vulgaris eller A. perfoliata kunde påvisas. Sammanfattningsvis visar den här studien inte på något tydligt samband mellan äggurskiljning från adulta parasiter och kolik hos häst. Evidens från tidigare studie har visat att A. perfoliata är en orsak till kolik hos häst (Back et al., 2013) vilket inte kan påvisas i den här studien. Dock kan resultaten i studien påverkas efter undersökning av serumprover eftersom ELISAanalyserna kan detektera migrerande och cystiska larvstadier, vilket inte kan påvisas vid en rutinmässig träckprovsanalys.The most common intestinal parasites we find in horses are Cyathostominae, Strongylus vulgaris and Anoplocephala perfoliata. The main aim of this study was to examine if there is a relationship between eggs in faeces of these parasites and colic. The study was performed at the University animal hospital in Uppsala, UDS, and 238 horses were contributed in the study. 119 of the 238 horses were cases, they visited the equine clinic with various colic symptoms, and 119 of the horses were control-horses, which visited the equine clinic for other reasons than colic. The result from the study is presented as a case-control study. Faecal- and blood samples were collected from all horses and the horse owners answered a survey about parasite infection and their deworming routines (see appendix) when the horse was at the hospital. The faecal samples was analyzed with McMaster-assay, culture for larvae, PCR and tapeworm-assay. All these assays were performed at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, except the tapeworm-assay and PCR for S. vulgaris which were performed at the Swedish Institution of Veterinary Medicine, SVA. Because faecal samples only detect eggs excreted from adult worms, is this not a reliable method to use at the equine clinic as it is the migrating larvae, which not excrete eggs, that can give rise to colic. Therefore are the faecal samples supplemented with blood samples to be analyzed by ELISA assay for diagnosis of migrating larvae of S. vulgaris and Cyathostominae when the study is finished in February 2018. The prevalence of A. perfoliata was 20 % in the colic horses and 21 % in the control horses, and the prevalence of S. vulgaris was 7 % for the colic horses and 8 % for the control horses. The mean value from the EPG-assay was highest during winter but that result was not significant with X2 -test. Three of the most common diagnoses distributed to the colic horses were ”colic”, ”obstipation in colon”, and ”colic without no clear definition” and the incidence of colic was highest during the spring. The prevalence of A. perfoliata and S. vulgaris were nearly the same for the different colic-diagnoses and none of the diagnoses were predisposed for a higher level of parasite eggs. Four of the 119 colic horses were necropsied at SLU. The necropsy results were widely spread because the horses had different diagnoses. The most interesting finding was horse number one where the pathologist found extensive parasiteinduced damage and migrating larvae from S. vulgaris and the assay before necropsy showed only 50 EPG and no eggs of S. vulgaris or A. perfoliata was detected. In conclusion, this study did not find any relationship between eggs from adult worms and colic. There are one evidence based study showing that A. perfoliata can be a reason for colic in horses (Back et al., 2013). This study could not demonstrate any relationship between A. perfoliata and colic. These results might be changed after blood samples have been analyzed with an ELISA, as this assay can detect cystic larvae stages and migrating larvae
