The Experts below are selected from a list of 13767 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Nick Haslam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Confronting Humanity at its Worst - The Many Roles of Dehumanization in Genocide
Confronting Humanity at its Worst, 2019Co-Authors: Nick HaslamAbstract:In genocide studies, Dehumanization is commonly understood as a preparatory step on the path to mass killing. On this understanding, the perpetrator’s propaganda explicitly likens victims to animals, and these dehumanizing metaphors enable violence. The author argues that the role of Dehumanization in genocide is considerably broader and more multifaceted than this account suggests. Subtle forms of Dehumanization precede the tactical use of explicit animal metaphors, and dehumanizing metaphors are not always expressed in language or invariably animalistic in content. Dehumanization not only is a prelude to violence but also facilitates violent acts in the present and justifies and minimizes violence after it has been committed. Finally, an account that posits Dehumanization as a stage of the genocidal process fails to recognize that some aspects of genocidal violence do not require the Dehumanization of victims.
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Dehumanization of cyclists predicts self reported aggressive behaviour toward them a pilot study
Transportation Research Part F-traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 2019Co-Authors: Alexa Delbosc, Nick Haslam, Farhana Naznin, Narelle HaworthAbstract:Abstract Cycling provides many benefits to individuals and society, yet in many countries attitudes toward cyclists are largely negative. Public and humorous references to violence against cyclists are not uncommon and a significant minority of cyclists report harassment and aggression. We hypothesize that these hostile attitudes and behaviours are caused, in part, by the Dehumanization of cyclists among some individuals. Dehumanization refers to any situation where people are seen or treated as if they are less than fully human. This paper presents a pilot study applying two validated Dehumanization measures to a road user group for the first time. We found that the Dehumanization measures were internally consistent, showed good discriminant validity (compared to general attitudes to cyclists) and were associated with self-reported aggression toward cyclists. The findings suggest that Dehumanization is a concept that deserves further exploration in contexts where cyclists are a minority group. If we can put a human face to cyclists, we may improve attitudes and reduce aggression directed at on-road cyclists. This could result in a reduction in cyclist road trauma or an increase in public acceptance of cyclists as legitimate road users.
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recent research on Dehumanization
Current opinion in psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Nick Haslam, Michelle StratemeyerAbstract:Dehumanization has been a lively focus of social psychology research for the past decade and a half, and novel theoretical and empirical contributions have appeared at a rapid rate. The present review updates earlier overviews by calling attention to key developments over the past two years. The review indicates that researchers have broken new ground in recognizing the range of targets of Dehumanization, the diversity of factors that contribute to it, the effects that it accounts for, and the implications and consequences that it has for intergroup relations. Theorists have also enhanced our understanding of how Dehumanization phenomena can be conceptualized, assessed, and evaluated. These advances highlight the central but previously unacknowledged role that denials of humanness play in intergroup phenomena.
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Dehumanization and infrahumanization
Annual Review of Psychology, 2014Co-Authors: Nick Haslam, Steve LoughnanAbstract:We review early and recent psychological theories of Dehumanization and survey the burgeoning empirical literature, focusing on six fundamental questions. First, we examine how people are dehumanized, exploring the range of ways in which perceptions of lesser humanness have been conceptualized and demonstrated. Second, we review who is dehumanized, examining the social targets that have been shown to be denied humanness and commonalities among them. Third, we investigate who dehumanizes, notably the personality, ideological, and other individual differences that increase the propensity to see others as less than human. Fourth, we explore when people dehumanize, focusing on transient situational and motivational factors that promote dehumanizing perceptions. Fifth, we examine the consequences of Dehumanization, emphasizing its implications for prosocial and antisocial behavior and for moral judgment. Finally, we ask what can be done to reduce Dehumanization. We conclude with a discussion of limitations of current scholarship and directions for future research.
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the roles of Dehumanization and moral outrage in retributive justice
PLOS ONE, 2013Co-Authors: Brock Bastian, Thomas F Denson, Nick HaslamAbstract:When innocents are intentionally harmed, people are motivated to see that offenders get their “just deserts”. The severity of the punishment they seek is driven by the perceived magnitude of the harm and moral outrage. The present research extended this model of retributive justice by incorporating the role of offender Dehumanization. In three experiments relying on survey methodology in Australia and the United States, participants read about different crimes that varied by type (child molestation, violent, or white collar – Studies 1 and 2) or severity (Study 3). The findings demonstrated that both moral outrage and Dehumanization predicted punishment independently of the effects of crime type or crime severity. Both moral outrage and Dehumanization mediated the relationship between perceived harm and severity of punishment. These findings highlight the role of offender Dehumanization in punishment decisions and extend our understanding of processes implicated in retributive justice.
Emile Bruneau - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Denying humanity: The distinct neural correlates of blatant Dehumanization.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2018Co-Authors: Emile Bruneau, Nour Kteily, Nir Jacoby, Rebecca SaxeAbstract:Recent behavioral work demonstrates that many people view low-status groups as less "evolved and civilized" than high-status groups. Are these people using blatant expressions of Dehumanization simply to express strong dislike toward other groups? Or is blatant Dehumanization a process distinct from other negative assessments? We tested these competing hypotheses using functional neuroimaging. Participants judged 10 groups (e.g., Europeans, Muslims, rats) on four scales: blatant Dehumanization, dislike, dissimilarity and perceived within-group homogeneity. Consistent with expectations, neural responses when making ratings of Dehumanization diverged from those when judging the same targets on the other related dimensions. Specifically, we found regions in the left inferior parietal cortex (IPC) and left inferior frontal cortex (IFC) that were selectively parametrically modulated by Dehumanization ratings. The pattern of responses in the left IFC was also consistent with animalistic Dehumanization: high responses to low-status human groups and animals, and lower responses to high-status human groups. By contrast, a region in the posterior cingulate cortex was parametrically sensitive specifically to liking. We therefore demonstrate a double dissociation between brain activity associated with judgments of blatant Dehumanization and judgments of dislike. (PsycINFO Database Record
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our humanity contains multitudes Dehumanization is more than overlooking mental capacities
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018Co-Authors: Katrina M Fincher, Nour Kteily, Emile BruneauAbstract:A longstanding conclusion of work on Dehumanization is that the denial of humanity facilitates violence, in part by loosening restraints against harming others (1⇓–3). Rai et al. (4) propose that Dehumanization only begets instrumental violence. They claim that Dehumanization does not facilitate moral violence because moral violence necessitates blame and Dehumanization denies the capacity to act intentionally. However, Rai et al. define Dehumanization too narrowly—exclusively as the denial of mind—and thus fail to provide a comprehensive test of this hypothesis. There are many ways to deny humanity. One can deny cognitive capacities, like self-control and rationality, or emotional capacities, like love and embarrassment. Beyond … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: KMF2168{at}gsb.columbia.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
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darker demons of our nature the need to re focus attention on blatant forms of Dehumanization
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2017Co-Authors: Nour Kteily, Emile BruneauAbstract:Although Dehumanization research first emerged following the overt and conscious denials of humanity present during war and genocide, modern Dehumanization research largely examines more subtle and...
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the enemy as animal symmetric Dehumanization during asymmetric warfare
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Emile Bruneau, Nour KteilyAbstract:Historically, Dehumanization has enabled members of advantaged groups to ‘morally disengage’ from disadvantaged group suffering, thereby facilitating acts of intergroup aggression such as colonization, slavery and genocide. But is blatant Dehumanization exclusive to those at the top ‘looking down’, or might disadvantaged groups similarly dehumanize those who dominate them? We examined this question in the context of intergroup warfare in which the disadvantaged group shoulders a disproportionate share of casualties and may be especially likely to question the humanity of the advantaged group. Specifically, we assessed blatant Dehumanization in the context of stark asymmetric conflict between Israelis (Study 1; N = 521) and Palestinians (Study 2; N = 354) during the 2014 Gaza war. We observed that (a) community samples of Israelis and Palestinians expressed extreme (and comparable) levels of blatant Dehumanization, (b) blatant Dehumanization was uniquely associated with outcomes related to outgroup hostility for both groups, even after accounting for political ideologies known to strongly predict outgroup aggression, and (c) the strength of association between blatant Dehumanization and outcomes was similar across both groups. This study illuminates the striking potency and symmetry of blatant Dehumanization among those on both sides of an active asymmetric conflict.
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backlash the politics and real world consequences of minority group Dehumanization
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2017Co-Authors: Nour Kteily, Emile BruneauAbstract:Research suggests that members of advantaged groups who feel dehumanized by other groups respond aggressively. But little is known about how meta-Dehumanization affects disadvantaged minority group members, historically the primary targets of Dehumanization. We examine this important question in the context of the 2016 U.S. Republican Primaries, which have witnessed the widespread derogation and Dehumanization of Mexican immigrants and Muslims. Two initial studies document that Americans blatantly dehumanize Mexican immigrants and Muslims; this Dehumanization uniquely predicts support for aggressive policies proposed by Republican nominees, and Dehumanization is highly associated with supporting Republican candidates (especially Donald Trump). Two further studies show that, in this climate, Latinos and Muslims in the United States feel heavily dehumanized, which predicts hostile responses including support for violent versus non-violent collective action and unwillingness to assist counterterrorism effort...
Nour Kteily - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Denying humanity: The distinct neural correlates of blatant Dehumanization.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2018Co-Authors: Emile Bruneau, Nour Kteily, Nir Jacoby, Rebecca SaxeAbstract:Recent behavioral work demonstrates that many people view low-status groups as less "evolved and civilized" than high-status groups. Are these people using blatant expressions of Dehumanization simply to express strong dislike toward other groups? Or is blatant Dehumanization a process distinct from other negative assessments? We tested these competing hypotheses using functional neuroimaging. Participants judged 10 groups (e.g., Europeans, Muslims, rats) on four scales: blatant Dehumanization, dislike, dissimilarity and perceived within-group homogeneity. Consistent with expectations, neural responses when making ratings of Dehumanization diverged from those when judging the same targets on the other related dimensions. Specifically, we found regions in the left inferior parietal cortex (IPC) and left inferior frontal cortex (IFC) that were selectively parametrically modulated by Dehumanization ratings. The pattern of responses in the left IFC was also consistent with animalistic Dehumanization: high responses to low-status human groups and animals, and lower responses to high-status human groups. By contrast, a region in the posterior cingulate cortex was parametrically sensitive specifically to liking. We therefore demonstrate a double dissociation between brain activity associated with judgments of blatant Dehumanization and judgments of dislike. (PsycINFO Database Record
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the link between self Dehumanization and immoral behavior
Psychological Science, 2018Co-Authors: Maryam Kouchaki, Adam Waytz, Kyle Dobson, Nour KteilyAbstract:People perceive morality to be distinctively human, with immorality representing a lack of full humanness. In eight experiments, we examined the link between immorality and self-Dehumanization, testing both (a) the causal role of immoral behavior on self-Dehumanization and (b) the causal role of self-Dehumanization on immoral behavior. Studies 1a to 1d showed that people feel less human after behaving immorally and that these effects were not driven by having a negative experience but were unique to experiences of immorality (Study 1d). Studies 2a to 2c showed that self-Dehumanization can lead to immoral and antisocial behavior. Study 3 highlighted how self-Dehumanization can sometimes produce downward spirals of immorality, demonstrating initial unethical behavior leading to self-Dehumanization, which in turn promotes continued dishonesty. These results demonstrate a clear relationship between self-Dehumanization and unethical behavior, and they extend previous theorizing on Dehumanization.
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our humanity contains multitudes Dehumanization is more than overlooking mental capacities
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018Co-Authors: Katrina M Fincher, Nour Kteily, Emile BruneauAbstract:A longstanding conclusion of work on Dehumanization is that the denial of humanity facilitates violence, in part by loosening restraints against harming others (1⇓–3). Rai et al. (4) propose that Dehumanization only begets instrumental violence. They claim that Dehumanization does not facilitate moral violence because moral violence necessitates blame and Dehumanization denies the capacity to act intentionally. However, Rai et al. define Dehumanization too narrowly—exclusively as the denial of mind—and thus fail to provide a comprehensive test of this hypothesis. There are many ways to deny humanity. One can deny cognitive capacities, like self-control and rationality, or emotional capacities, like love and embarrassment. Beyond … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: KMF2168{at}gsb.columbia.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
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darker demons of our nature the need to re focus attention on blatant forms of Dehumanization
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2017Co-Authors: Nour Kteily, Emile BruneauAbstract:Although Dehumanization research first emerged following the overt and conscious denials of humanity present during war and genocide, modern Dehumanization research largely examines more subtle and...
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the enemy as animal symmetric Dehumanization during asymmetric warfare
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Emile Bruneau, Nour KteilyAbstract:Historically, Dehumanization has enabled members of advantaged groups to ‘morally disengage’ from disadvantaged group suffering, thereby facilitating acts of intergroup aggression such as colonization, slavery and genocide. But is blatant Dehumanization exclusive to those at the top ‘looking down’, or might disadvantaged groups similarly dehumanize those who dominate them? We examined this question in the context of intergroup warfare in which the disadvantaged group shoulders a disproportionate share of casualties and may be especially likely to question the humanity of the advantaged group. Specifically, we assessed blatant Dehumanization in the context of stark asymmetric conflict between Israelis (Study 1; N = 521) and Palestinians (Study 2; N = 354) during the 2014 Gaza war. We observed that (a) community samples of Israelis and Palestinians expressed extreme (and comparable) levels of blatant Dehumanization, (b) blatant Dehumanization was uniquely associated with outcomes related to outgroup hostility for both groups, even after accounting for political ideologies known to strongly predict outgroup aggression, and (c) the strength of association between blatant Dehumanization and outcomes was similar across both groups. This study illuminates the striking potency and symmetry of blatant Dehumanization among those on both sides of an active asymmetric conflict.
Gordon Hodson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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they see us as less than human metaDehumanization predicts intergroup conflict via reciprocal Dehumanization
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Nour Kteily, Gordon Hodson, Emile BruneauAbstract:Although the act of dehumanizing an outgroup is a pervasive and potent intergroup process that drives discrimination and conflict, no formal research has examined the consequences of being dehumanized by an outgroup-that is, "metaDehumanization." Across 10 studies (N = 3,440) involving several real-world conflicts spanning 3 continents, we provide the first empirical evidence that metaDehumanization (a) plays a central role in outgroup aggression that is (b) mediated by outgroup Dehumanization, and (c) distinct from metaprejudice. Studies 1a and 1b demonstrate experimentally that Americans who learn that Arabs (Study 1a) or Muslims (Study 1b) blatantly dehumanize Americans are more likely to dehumanize that outgroup in return; by contrast, experimentally increasing outgroup Dehumanization did not increase metaDehumanization (Study 1c). Using correlational data, Study 2 documents indirect effects of metaDehumanization on Americans' support for aggressive policies toward Arabs (e.g., torture) via Arab Dehumanization. In the context of Hungarians and ethnic minority Roma, Study 3 shows that the pathway for Hungarians from metaDehumanization to aggression through outgroup Dehumanization holds controlling for outgroup prejudice. Study 4 examines Israelis' metaperceptions with respect to Palestinians, showing that: (a) feeling dehumanized (i.e., metaDehumanization) is distinct from feeling disliked (i.e., metaprejudice), and (b) metaDehumanization uniquely influences aggression through outgroup Dehumanization, controlling for metaprejudice. Studies 5a and 5b explore Americans' metaperceptions regarding ISIS and Iran. We document a Dehumanization-specific pathway from metaDehumanization to aggressive attitudes and behavior that is distinct from the path from metaprejudice through prejudice to aggression. In Study 6, American participants learning that Muslims humanize Americans (i.e., metahumanization) humanize Muslims in turn. Finally, Study 7 experimentally contrasts metaDehumanization and metahumanization primes, and shows that resulting differences in outgroup Dehumanization are mediated by (a) perceived identity threat, and (b) a general desire to reciprocate the outgroup's perceptions of the ingroup. In summary, our research outlines how and why metaDehumanization contributes to cycles of ongoing violence and animosity, providing direction for future research and policy. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
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lay beliefs about the causes of and solutions to Dehumanization and prejudice do nonexperts recognize the role of human animal relations
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2014Co-Authors: Kimberly Costello, Gordon HodsonAbstract:We investigate laypeople's beliefs about the causes of and solutions to out-group Dehumanization and prejudice. Specifically, we examine whether nonexperts recognize the role that beliefs in the human–animal divide play in the formation and reduction of intergroup biases, as observed empirically in the interspecies model of prejudice. Interestingly, despite evidence in the present study that human–animal divide beliefs predict greater Dehumanization and prejudice, participants strongly rejected the human–animal divide as a probable cause of (or solution to) Dehumanization or prejudice. We conclude with a meta-analytic test of the relation between human–animal divide and prejudice (mean r = .34) in the literature, establishing the human–animal divide as an important but largely unrecognized prejudice precursor. Applied implications for the development and implementation of prejudice interventions are considered.
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explaining Dehumanization among children the interspecies model of prejudice
British Journal of Social Psychology, 2014Co-Authors: Kimberly Costello, Gordon HodsonAbstract:Although many theoretical approaches have emerged to explain prejudices expressed by children, none incorporate outgroup Dehumanization, a key predictor of prejudice among adults. According to the Interspecies Model of Prejudice, beliefs in the human–animal divide facilitate outgroup prejudice through fostering animalistic Dehumanization (Costello & Hodson, 2010). In the present investigation, White children attributed Black children fewer ‘uniquely human’ characteristics, representing the first systematic evidence of racial Dehumanization among children (Studies 1 and 2). In Study 2, path analyses supported the Interspecies Model of Prejudice: children's human–animal divide beliefs predicted greater racial prejudice, an effect explained by heightened racial Dehumanization. Similar patterns emerged among parents. Furthermore, parent Social Dominance Orientation predicted child prejudice indirectly through children's endorsement of a hierarchical human–animal divide and subsequent dehumanizing tendencies. Encouragingly, children's human–animal divide perceptions were malleable to an experimental prime highlighting animal–human similarity. Implications for prejudice interventions are considered.
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exploring the roots of Dehumanization the role of animal human similarity in promoting immigrant humanization
Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2010Co-Authors: Kimberly Costello, Gordon HodsonAbstract:Little is known about the origins of Dehumanization or the mechanisms through which Dehumanization impacts outgroup prejudice. We address these issues by measuring and manipulating animal—human sim...
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justice morality and the Dehumanization of refugees
Social Justice Research, 2008Co-Authors: Victoria M Esses, Gordon Hodson, Scott Veenvliet, Ljiljana MihicAbstract:Three studies were conducted to test the role of the Dehumanization of refugees (through claims that they are immoral) in determining emotional reactions to refugees, attitudes toward refugees, and attitudes toward current refugee policy in Canada. We also examined determinants of such perceptions. In Studies 1 and 2, correlational analyses and structural equation modeling were utilized. In both studies, it was demonstrated that individuals who are higher in social dominance orientation are especially likely to dehumanize refugees, and this Dehumanization leads to greater contempt and lack of admiration for refugees, resulting in less favorable attitudes toward the group and toward the nation’s current refugee policy. Study 3 was an experiment in which we examined the effects of information presented about refugees on emotions and attitudes. Results demonstrated that dehumanizing media depictions of refugees as violating appropriate procedures and trying to cheat the system cause greater contempt and lack of admiration for refugees in general, which in turn lead to less favorable attitudes toward the group and less support for the current refugee policy. Results are discussed in terms of the functions that Dehumanization may serve, and potential strategies for counteracting such effects.
Inge Kersbergen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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blatant Dehumanization of people with obesity
Obesity, 2019Co-Authors: Inge Kersbergen, Eric RobinsonAbstract:Objective: Stigmatization of obesity is common, but whether this stigma extends to people with obesity also being considered less human than individuals without obesity has not been examined. This study investigated whether people with obesity are blatantly dehumanized (i.e., explicitly considered to be less human and more animallike) and whether this predicts obesity discrimination. Methods: In four online studies (total N=1,506) with American, British, and Indian participants, evidence for blatant Dehumanization of people with obesity was examined. Whether blatant Dehumanization of people with obesity was moderated by BMI and to what extent blatant Dehumanization predicted support for weight discrimination were also investigated. Results: In all studies, participants believed that people with obesity were less evolved and less human than people without obesity. Although blatant Dehumanization of people with obesity was most pronounced among thinner participants, the belief that people with obesity were less human was also observed among participants with class I obesity. Finally, Dehumanization was predictive of support for policies that discriminate against people living with obesity. Conclusions: This study provides the first evidence that people with obesity are blatantly dehumanized. This tendency to consider people with obesity as less human reveals the level of obesity stigma and may facilitate and/or justify weight discrimination.
