The Experts below are selected from a list of 6165 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Toshiyuki Shibano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Catherine Long - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Delegated service Authority institutional evolution of pepfar health based program implementing units in tanzania
    Global Policy, 2017
    Co-Authors: Catherine Long
    Abstract:

    The critical development literature examines donor interventions' institutions and institutional impact. Donor agencies examine specific intervention mechanisms to improve intervention effectiveness or conformity with given development trends. Both literatures insufficiently address the potential evolution of program implementing units (PIUs) deployed by donor agencies according to the units' respective technical capacities. This article assesses PIU evolution using specific units contracted under the United States Government's PEPFAR program in Tanzania. These units evolved in their respective operational space that exists in the interactions between three stakeholder categories: (1) the contracting agency of PEPFAR; (2) relevant Tanzanian national public institutions; and (3) local Tanzanian authorities responsible for HIV/AIDS or health service delivery. This article examines how stakeholders' delegation of Authority to PIUs for technical management and/or implementation of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment services drive the units' institutional evolution. This evolution is ongoing given iterative PIU-stakeholder interaction expanding units' services along with Delegated Authority. In the Tanzanian case, evolved PIUs became essential to the national health system with few institutions able to re-assume the units' services or Delegated Authority. They also fostered a new domestic technocracy with transnational network connections to the global public health epistemic community offering new policy platform voice and exit opportunities.

Enrico Borghetto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Delegated decree Authority in a parliamentary system the exercise of legislative delegation in italy 1987 2013
    The Journal of Legislative Studies, 2018
    Co-Authors: Enrico Borghetto
    Abstract:

    The substantial increase in the delegation of legislative powers from the parliament to the executive has been singled out as one of the most prominent changes in the Italian political system of the last three decades. It has given traditionally weak executives the opportunity to adopt significant reforms while bypassing the notorious fetters of the ordinary legislative process. While the literature has to date focused on the motivations to delegate, there is still a research gap on what the executive does with the Delegated Authority. Based on a newly collected data set covering all delegation provisions adopted from 1987 to 2013, this article analyses why, in a remarkable number of cases, the cabinet did not use the delegations. Results show that the existence of an agreement on the policy in question (as captured by the precision of delegating criteria), as well as the complexity and timing of the delegation have a significant impact on the likelihood a delegation is used.

Nahum D. Melumad - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Jacalyn R. Fleming - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Scope of Federal Authority under the Endangered Species Act: Implications for Local Land Use Planning
    Albany law review, 2001
    Co-Authors: Jacalyn R. Fleming
    Abstract:

    "[E]xamination of the language, history, and structure of the legislation ... indicates beyond doubt that Congress intended endangered species to be afforded the highest of priorities." (1) INTRODUCTION The federalization of land use controls (2) is largely a product of the environmental movement that accelerated in the 1970s and that resulted in many federal environmental laws effectively limiting the scope of local police powers. (3) One example of this is the Endangered Species Act (ESA). (4) Prior to the 1973 Act, protection for endangered species initially focused on federal agencies and federal lands, but when this proved insufficient the law was expanded to prohibit the taking of all endangered species by any person. (5) Presently, the prohibition on the taking of endangered species implicates local land use planning and development because the definition of taking now includes "`significant habitat modification or degradation that actually kills or injures wildlife.'" (6) While Congress has a limited ability to regulate the conduct of the states directly, (7) a valid act of Congress is the supreme law of the land and preempts state and local laws and regulations that conflict. (8) Consequently, the courts have regularly rejected legal challenges seeking to invalidate federal laws or regulations that, in effect, preempt local land use controls. (9) For example, in 1981 the Supreme Court announced that the fact that many federal environmental regulations may happen to "pre-empt particular exercises of state police power," including the power to control land use, was simply irrelevant. (10) Despite this history of deference to Congress, however, the Supreme Court is currently taking a hard look at whether the federal law in question is within Congress's constitutionally Delegated Authority. (11) Yet in the midst of this states' rights movement, one should remember that there is a need for a national policy in key areas beyond national defense. For instance, federal Authority is needed for issues that require a centralized solution due to their national significance. Environmental regulation is one such area. The centralization of environmental laws has numerous benefits, including uniformity and an increase in the pool of resources available to resolve the problem. (12) Similarly, federal laws are needed to provide minimum standards because states may face strong disincentives to enact or enforce environmental laws. (13) For example, states may focus on the monetary benefits from the added taxes and jobs gained from allowing development while ignoring the less obvious environmental effects such as cumulative impacts. (14) In turn, this may result in a "race to the bottom," where each local jurisdiction chooses short-term economic gain over the long-term health of the nation and the planet. (15) This comment focuses on the scope of the federal government's power to protect endangered species, including the power to preempt local land use decision-making and limit development of private property. Part I introduces the key parts of the Endangered Species Act that apply to private land and provides an early example of how the Endangered Species Act and its requirement for a habitat conservation plan was applied to a particular private development. (16) The relationship between the historically local nature of land use planning and regulation under the Endangered Species Act is also introduced. (17) Part II considers the constitutional limits of the federal government to regulate under the Commerce Clause generally, and also applies the Commerce Clause analysis to the regulation of endangered species. (18) Part III addresses the treaty power and its potential for providing national power to affect local land use, and briefly discusses federal Authority under the Property Clause and preemption analysis. (19) Part IV considers other potential constitutional limits on the federalization of land use control including the Tenth Amendment and the takings clause. …