The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Donald Kenkel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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synthesizing econometric evidence the case of Demand Elasticity estimates
Risk Analysis, 2015Co-Authors: Philip Decicca, Donald KenkelAbstract:Econometric estimates of the responsiveness of health-related consumer Demand to higher prices are often key ingredients for risk policy analysis. We review the potential advantages and challenges of synthesizing econometric evidence on the price-responsiveness of consumer Demand. We draw on examples of research on consumer Demand for health-related goods, especially cigarettes. We argue that the overarching goal of research synthesis in this context is to provide policy-relevant evidence for broad-brush conclusions. We propose three main criteria to select among research synthesis methods. We discuss how in principle and in current practice synthesis of research on the price-Elasticity of smoking meets our proposed criteria. Our analysis of current practice also contributes to academic research on the specific policy question of the effectiveness of higher cigarette prices to reduce smoking. Although we point out challenges and limitations, we believe more work on research synthesis in this area will be productive and important.
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synthesizing econometric evidence the case of Demand Elasticity estimates
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015Co-Authors: Philip Decicca, Donald KenkelAbstract:Econometric estimates of the responsiveness of health-related consumer Demand to higher prices are often key ingredients for policy analysis. Drawing on several examples, especially that of cigarette Demand, we review the potential advantages and challenges of synthesizing econometric evidence on the price-responsiveness of consumer Demand. We argue that the overarching goal of research synthesis in this context is to provide policy-relevant evidence for broad brush conclusions and propose three main criteria to select among research synthesis methods. We also contribute a new empirical exercise that puts the results of previous research synthesis to the test. In particular, we ask whether the “best” consensus estimates of the price-Elasticity of smoking help predict trends in smoking from 1995 to 2010. The demographics of the smoking population in our baseline year predict a downward trend in smoking even if cigarette prices remained constant. Average cigarette prices, however, more than doubled in real terms by 2010. We find that the observed declines in smoking over this period are considerably smaller than smoking demographics combined with prior consensus Elasticity estimates would predict. Our results suggest that these consensus estimates may have systematically overestimated the price responsiveness of cigarette Demand.
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synthesizing econometric evidence the case of Demand Elasticity estimates
Social Science Research Network, 2015Co-Authors: Philip Decicca, Donald KenkelAbstract:Econometric estimates of the responsiveness of health-related consumer Demand to higher prices are often key ingredients for policy analysis. Drawing on several examples, especially that of cigarette Demand, we review the potential advantages and challenges of synthesizing econometric evidence on the price-responsiveness of consumer Demand. We argue that the overarching goal of research synthesis in this context is to provide policy-relevant evidence for broad brush conclusions and propose three main criteria to select among research synthesis methods. We also contribute a new empirical exercise that puts the results of previous research synthesis to the test. In particular, we ask whether the “best” consensus estimates of the price-Elasticity of smoking help predict trends in smoking from 1995 to 2010. The demographics of the smoking population in our baseline year predict a downward trend in smoking even if cigarette prices remained constant. Average cigarette prices, however, more than doubled in real terms by 2010. We find that the observed declines in smoking over this period are considerably smaller than smoking demographics combined with prior consensus Elasticity estimates would predict. Our results suggest that these consensus estimates may have systematically overestimated the price responsiveness of cigarette Demand.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Philip Decicca - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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synthesizing econometric evidence the case of Demand Elasticity estimates
Risk Analysis, 2015Co-Authors: Philip Decicca, Donald KenkelAbstract:Econometric estimates of the responsiveness of health-related consumer Demand to higher prices are often key ingredients for risk policy analysis. We review the potential advantages and challenges of synthesizing econometric evidence on the price-responsiveness of consumer Demand. We draw on examples of research on consumer Demand for health-related goods, especially cigarettes. We argue that the overarching goal of research synthesis in this context is to provide policy-relevant evidence for broad-brush conclusions. We propose three main criteria to select among research synthesis methods. We discuss how in principle and in current practice synthesis of research on the price-Elasticity of smoking meets our proposed criteria. Our analysis of current practice also contributes to academic research on the specific policy question of the effectiveness of higher cigarette prices to reduce smoking. Although we point out challenges and limitations, we believe more work on research synthesis in this area will be productive and important.
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synthesizing econometric evidence the case of Demand Elasticity estimates
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015Co-Authors: Philip Decicca, Donald KenkelAbstract:Econometric estimates of the responsiveness of health-related consumer Demand to higher prices are often key ingredients for policy analysis. Drawing on several examples, especially that of cigarette Demand, we review the potential advantages and challenges of synthesizing econometric evidence on the price-responsiveness of consumer Demand. We argue that the overarching goal of research synthesis in this context is to provide policy-relevant evidence for broad brush conclusions and propose three main criteria to select among research synthesis methods. We also contribute a new empirical exercise that puts the results of previous research synthesis to the test. In particular, we ask whether the “best” consensus estimates of the price-Elasticity of smoking help predict trends in smoking from 1995 to 2010. The demographics of the smoking population in our baseline year predict a downward trend in smoking even if cigarette prices remained constant. Average cigarette prices, however, more than doubled in real terms by 2010. We find that the observed declines in smoking over this period are considerably smaller than smoking demographics combined with prior consensus Elasticity estimates would predict. Our results suggest that these consensus estimates may have systematically overestimated the price responsiveness of cigarette Demand.
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synthesizing econometric evidence the case of Demand Elasticity estimates
Social Science Research Network, 2015Co-Authors: Philip Decicca, Donald KenkelAbstract:Econometric estimates of the responsiveness of health-related consumer Demand to higher prices are often key ingredients for policy analysis. Drawing on several examples, especially that of cigarette Demand, we review the potential advantages and challenges of synthesizing econometric evidence on the price-responsiveness of consumer Demand. We argue that the overarching goal of research synthesis in this context is to provide policy-relevant evidence for broad brush conclusions and propose three main criteria to select among research synthesis methods. We also contribute a new empirical exercise that puts the results of previous research synthesis to the test. In particular, we ask whether the “best” consensus estimates of the price-Elasticity of smoking help predict trends in smoking from 1995 to 2010. The demographics of the smoking population in our baseline year predict a downward trend in smoking even if cigarette prices remained constant. Average cigarette prices, however, more than doubled in real terms by 2010. We find that the observed declines in smoking over this period are considerably smaller than smoking demographics combined with prior consensus Elasticity estimates would predict. Our results suggest that these consensus estimates may have systematically overestimated the price responsiveness of cigarette Demand.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Gary Astonjones - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Demand Elasticity predicts addiction endophenotypes and the therapeutic efficacy of an orexin hypocretin 1 receptor antagonist in rats
European Journal of Neuroscience, 2019Co-Authors: Hannah E Bowrey, Morgan H James, Colin M Stopper, Gary AstonjonesAbstract:Behavioral economics is a powerful, translational approach for measuring drug Demand in both humans and animals. Here, we asked if Demand for cocaine in rats with limited drug experience could be used to identify individuals most at risk of expressing an addiction phenotype following either long- or intermittent access self-administration schedules, both of which model the transition to uncontrolled drug-seeking. Because the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 (SB) is particularly effective at reducing drug-seeking in highly motivated individuals, we also asked whether Demand measured after prolonged drug experience could predict SB efficacy. Demand Elasticity (α) measured immediately following acquisition of cocaine self-administration ('baseline α') was positively correlated with α assessed after 2w of long- or intermittent access. Baseline α also predicted the magnitude of compulsive responding for cocaine, drug-seeking in initial abstinence and cued reinstatement following long-, intermittent- or standard short access. When Demand was measured after these differential access conditions, α predicted the same addiction endophenotypes predicted by baseline α, as well as primed reinstatement and the emergence of negative emotional mood behavior following abstinence. α also predicted the efficacy of SB, such that high Demand rats showed greater reductions in motivation for cocaine following SB compared to low Demand rats. Together, these findings indicate that α might serve as a behavioral biomarker to predict individuals most likely to progress from controlled to uncontrolled drug use, and to identify individuals most likely to benefit from orexin-based therapies for the treatment of addiction.
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the number of lateral hypothalamus orexin hypocretin neurons contributes to individual differences in cocaine Demand
Addiction Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Caroline B Pantazis, Brandon S. Bentzley, Morgan H James, Gary AstonjonesAbstract:Lateral hypothalamus (LH) orexin neuron signaling has been implicated in the motivation to seek and take drugs of abuse. The number of LH orexin neurons has been shown to be upregulated with exposure to drugs of abuse. We sought to determine if the number of LH orexin neurons related to individual differences in motivation (Demand) for cocaine in our behavioral economics (BE) paradigm, and whether knockdown of these cells predicted changes in economic Demand. We quantified LH orexin cell numbers in animals immediately following our BE paradigm, as well as after a 2-week period of abstinence, to relate the number of LH orexin cells to economic Demand for cocaine. We also knocked down LH orexin expression with an orexin morpholino antisense to determine how reduced orexin numbers impacted cocaine Demand. We found that animals with greater baseline motivation for cocaine (lower Demand Elasticity) had more LH orexin neurons. Following a 2-week abstinence from cocaine, the number of LH orexin neurons predicted economic Demand for cocaine prior to abstinence, indicating that orexin expression is a persistent marker for Demand. Reducing LH orexin cell numbers with antisense decreased motivation for cocaine (increased Demand Elasticity) without affecting baseline consumption. In addition, the number of spared LH orexin neurons after antisense treatment correlated with individual motivation for cocaine. These studies point to a role for the endogenous number of LH orexin neurons in individual differences in motivation for cocaine.
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Demand Elasticity predicts addiction endophenotypes and the therapeutic efficacy of an orexin hypocretin 1 receptor antagonist in rats
bioRxiv, 2018Co-Authors: Morgan H James, Hannah E Bowrey, Colin M Stopper, Gary AstonjonesAbstract:Behavioral economics is a powerful, translational approach for measuring drug Demand in both humans and animals. Here, we asked if Demand for cocaine in rats with limited drug experience could be used to identify individuals most at risk of expressing an addiction phenotype following either long (LgA) or intermittent (IntA) access self-administration schedules, both of which model the transition to uncontrolled drug seeking. Moreover, because the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 (SB) is particularly effective at reducing drug-seeking in highly motivated individuals, we asked whether Demand measured after prolonged drug experience could predict SB efficacy. Demand Elasticity (α) measured immediately following acquisition of cocaine self-administration (baseline α) was positively correlated with α assessed after 2w of LgA or IntA. Baseline α also predicted the magnitude of compulsive responding for cocaine, drug seeking in initial abstinence, and cued reinstatement following LgA, IntA or standard short access (ShA). When Demand was measured after LgA, IntA or ShA, α predicted the same addiction endophenotypes predicted by baseline α, as well as primed reinstatement and the emergence of negative emotional mood behavior following abstinence. Post-LgA/IntA/ShA α also predicted the efficacy of SB, such that high Demand rats showed greater reductions in motivation for cocaine following SB (10 and 30mg/kg) compared to low Demand rats. Together, these findings indicate that α might serve as a behavioral biomarker to predict individuals most likely to progress from controlled to uncontrolled drug use, and to identify individuals most likely to benefit from orexin-based therapies for the treatment of addiction.
Morgan H James - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Demand Elasticity predicts addiction endophenotypes and the therapeutic efficacy of an orexin hypocretin 1 receptor antagonist in rats
European Journal of Neuroscience, 2019Co-Authors: Hannah E Bowrey, Morgan H James, Colin M Stopper, Gary AstonjonesAbstract:Behavioral economics is a powerful, translational approach for measuring drug Demand in both humans and animals. Here, we asked if Demand for cocaine in rats with limited drug experience could be used to identify individuals most at risk of expressing an addiction phenotype following either long- or intermittent access self-administration schedules, both of which model the transition to uncontrolled drug-seeking. Because the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 (SB) is particularly effective at reducing drug-seeking in highly motivated individuals, we also asked whether Demand measured after prolonged drug experience could predict SB efficacy. Demand Elasticity (α) measured immediately following acquisition of cocaine self-administration ('baseline α') was positively correlated with α assessed after 2w of long- or intermittent access. Baseline α also predicted the magnitude of compulsive responding for cocaine, drug-seeking in initial abstinence and cued reinstatement following long-, intermittent- or standard short access. When Demand was measured after these differential access conditions, α predicted the same addiction endophenotypes predicted by baseline α, as well as primed reinstatement and the emergence of negative emotional mood behavior following abstinence. α also predicted the efficacy of SB, such that high Demand rats showed greater reductions in motivation for cocaine following SB compared to low Demand rats. Together, these findings indicate that α might serve as a behavioral biomarker to predict individuals most likely to progress from controlled to uncontrolled drug use, and to identify individuals most likely to benefit from orexin-based therapies for the treatment of addiction.
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the number of lateral hypothalamus orexin hypocretin neurons contributes to individual differences in cocaine Demand
Addiction Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Caroline B Pantazis, Brandon S. Bentzley, Morgan H James, Gary AstonjonesAbstract:Lateral hypothalamus (LH) orexin neuron signaling has been implicated in the motivation to seek and take drugs of abuse. The number of LH orexin neurons has been shown to be upregulated with exposure to drugs of abuse. We sought to determine if the number of LH orexin neurons related to individual differences in motivation (Demand) for cocaine in our behavioral economics (BE) paradigm, and whether knockdown of these cells predicted changes in economic Demand. We quantified LH orexin cell numbers in animals immediately following our BE paradigm, as well as after a 2-week period of abstinence, to relate the number of LH orexin cells to economic Demand for cocaine. We also knocked down LH orexin expression with an orexin morpholino antisense to determine how reduced orexin numbers impacted cocaine Demand. We found that animals with greater baseline motivation for cocaine (lower Demand Elasticity) had more LH orexin neurons. Following a 2-week abstinence from cocaine, the number of LH orexin neurons predicted economic Demand for cocaine prior to abstinence, indicating that orexin expression is a persistent marker for Demand. Reducing LH orexin cell numbers with antisense decreased motivation for cocaine (increased Demand Elasticity) without affecting baseline consumption. In addition, the number of spared LH orexin neurons after antisense treatment correlated with individual motivation for cocaine. These studies point to a role for the endogenous number of LH orexin neurons in individual differences in motivation for cocaine.
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Demand Elasticity predicts addiction endophenotypes and the therapeutic efficacy of an orexin hypocretin 1 receptor antagonist in rats
bioRxiv, 2018Co-Authors: Morgan H James, Hannah E Bowrey, Colin M Stopper, Gary AstonjonesAbstract:Behavioral economics is a powerful, translational approach for measuring drug Demand in both humans and animals. Here, we asked if Demand for cocaine in rats with limited drug experience could be used to identify individuals most at risk of expressing an addiction phenotype following either long (LgA) or intermittent (IntA) access self-administration schedules, both of which model the transition to uncontrolled drug seeking. Moreover, because the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 (SB) is particularly effective at reducing drug-seeking in highly motivated individuals, we asked whether Demand measured after prolonged drug experience could predict SB efficacy. Demand Elasticity (α) measured immediately following acquisition of cocaine self-administration (baseline α) was positively correlated with α assessed after 2w of LgA or IntA. Baseline α also predicted the magnitude of compulsive responding for cocaine, drug seeking in initial abstinence, and cued reinstatement following LgA, IntA or standard short access (ShA). When Demand was measured after LgA, IntA or ShA, α predicted the same addiction endophenotypes predicted by baseline α, as well as primed reinstatement and the emergence of negative emotional mood behavior following abstinence. Post-LgA/IntA/ShA α also predicted the efficacy of SB, such that high Demand rats showed greater reductions in motivation for cocaine following SB (10 and 30mg/kg) compared to low Demand rats. Together, these findings indicate that α might serve as a behavioral biomarker to predict individuals most likely to progress from controlled to uncontrolled drug use, and to identify individuals most likely to benefit from orexin-based therapies for the treatment of addiction.
Hannah E Bowrey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Demand Elasticity predicts addiction endophenotypes and the therapeutic efficacy of an orexin hypocretin 1 receptor antagonist in rats
European Journal of Neuroscience, 2019Co-Authors: Hannah E Bowrey, Morgan H James, Colin M Stopper, Gary AstonjonesAbstract:Behavioral economics is a powerful, translational approach for measuring drug Demand in both humans and animals. Here, we asked if Demand for cocaine in rats with limited drug experience could be used to identify individuals most at risk of expressing an addiction phenotype following either long- or intermittent access self-administration schedules, both of which model the transition to uncontrolled drug-seeking. Because the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 (SB) is particularly effective at reducing drug-seeking in highly motivated individuals, we also asked whether Demand measured after prolonged drug experience could predict SB efficacy. Demand Elasticity (α) measured immediately following acquisition of cocaine self-administration ('baseline α') was positively correlated with α assessed after 2w of long- or intermittent access. Baseline α also predicted the magnitude of compulsive responding for cocaine, drug-seeking in initial abstinence and cued reinstatement following long-, intermittent- or standard short access. When Demand was measured after these differential access conditions, α predicted the same addiction endophenotypes predicted by baseline α, as well as primed reinstatement and the emergence of negative emotional mood behavior following abstinence. α also predicted the efficacy of SB, such that high Demand rats showed greater reductions in motivation for cocaine following SB compared to low Demand rats. Together, these findings indicate that α might serve as a behavioral biomarker to predict individuals most likely to progress from controlled to uncontrolled drug use, and to identify individuals most likely to benefit from orexin-based therapies for the treatment of addiction.
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Demand Elasticity predicts addiction endophenotypes and the therapeutic efficacy of an orexin hypocretin 1 receptor antagonist in rats
bioRxiv, 2018Co-Authors: Morgan H James, Hannah E Bowrey, Colin M Stopper, Gary AstonjonesAbstract:Behavioral economics is a powerful, translational approach for measuring drug Demand in both humans and animals. Here, we asked if Demand for cocaine in rats with limited drug experience could be used to identify individuals most at risk of expressing an addiction phenotype following either long (LgA) or intermittent (IntA) access self-administration schedules, both of which model the transition to uncontrolled drug seeking. Moreover, because the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 (SB) is particularly effective at reducing drug-seeking in highly motivated individuals, we asked whether Demand measured after prolonged drug experience could predict SB efficacy. Demand Elasticity (α) measured immediately following acquisition of cocaine self-administration (baseline α) was positively correlated with α assessed after 2w of LgA or IntA. Baseline α also predicted the magnitude of compulsive responding for cocaine, drug seeking in initial abstinence, and cued reinstatement following LgA, IntA or standard short access (ShA). When Demand was measured after LgA, IntA or ShA, α predicted the same addiction endophenotypes predicted by baseline α, as well as primed reinstatement and the emergence of negative emotional mood behavior following abstinence. Post-LgA/IntA/ShA α also predicted the efficacy of SB, such that high Demand rats showed greater reductions in motivation for cocaine following SB (10 and 30mg/kg) compared to low Demand rats. Together, these findings indicate that α might serve as a behavioral biomarker to predict individuals most likely to progress from controlled to uncontrolled drug use, and to identify individuals most likely to benefit from orexin-based therapies for the treatment of addiction.