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T J Devries - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of social housing on the Development of Feeding behavior and social Feeding preferences of dairy calves
Journal of Dairy Science, 2016Co-Authors: E K Millercushon, T J DevriesAbstract:Abstract This study investigated how social housing affects pre- and postweaning Feeding behavior and social Feeding preferences of dairy calves. Twenty Holstein bull calves were housed either individually (IH; 10 calves) or in pairs (PH; 10 calves) from birth. Calves were offered grain concentrate and milk replacer ad libitum via an artificial teat (1 teat provided per calf) and weaned by incrementally diluting the milk replacer from 39 to 49d of age. Postweaning, IH calves were paired within treatment and all pens (n=5 per treatment) were offered a complete pelleted diet ad libitum and followed until 13wk of age. We recorded Feeding times from video for 3 consecutive days in wk6, 9, and 12 of age and used this to calculate daily meal frequency and meal duration. In wk9 and 12, frequency and duration of synchronized Feeding were also calculated. In addition, preference tests were conducted at time of feed delivery in wk10 to assess the preference of each calf to feed alongside or out of visual contact of their pen mate. Pair-housed calves consumed more concentrate, in more frequent meals, than IH calves in the week before weaning (wk6) and continued to have greater concentrate intake during weaning. Milk intake was not affected by treatment, but calves in PH pens consumed their milk in more frequent and smaller meals. Postweaning, intake was similar between treatments, but calves raised in PH pens continued to have meals that were more frequent and shorter in duration. Both treatments had a similar frequency of synchronized meals. However, when offered a choice to feed alone or alongside their pen mate during preference testing, calves raised in PH pens spent more time Feeding in the presence of their pen mate than calves raised in IH pens. These results suggest that meal patterns established in response to different early social environments may persist after weaning and that early social contact may have longer-term effects on social Feeding behavior.
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invited review Development and expression of dairy calf Feeding behaviour
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 2015Co-Authors: E K Millercushon, T J DevriesAbstract:Miller-Cushon, E. K. and DeVries, T. J. 2015. Invited review: Development and expression of dairy calf Feeding behaviour. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 341–350. Feeding and housing practices for dairy calves impact performance and growth early in life, as well as Feeding behaviour. There is also increasing evidence that early exposure to different Feeding and housing strategies influence the Development of Feeding behaviour. The dairy calf needs access to milk in sufficient quantities to maintain health and high-levels of growth. In addition, intake of solid feed, such as grain concentrate, is necessary early in life to establish fermentation and develop the rumen. In dairy calves, Feeding behaviour patterns can have direct impact on nutrient consumption and, consequently, growth. Further, recent research has provided evidence that behaviour patterns that develop in response to management factors early in life may persist once learned, potentially having longer-term implications for health and welfare. Thus, the...
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effect of milk Feeding level on Development of Feeding behavior in dairy calves
Journal of Dairy Science, 2013Co-Authors: E K Millercushon, R Bergeron, K E Leslie, T J DevriesAbstract:Evidence exists that early life experiences may influence Development of characteristic Feeding patterns in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of milk Feeding level on performance and Development of Feeding patterns in dairy calves. Twenty Holstein bull calves were assigned at birth to a milk replacer Feeding level, fed via a teat: (1) ad libitum (ADL) or (2) restricted Feeding at 5 L/d (0.75 kg of milk replacer) in 2 Feedings/d (RES). All calves were offered concentrate ad libitum during the milk Feeding stage. Calves were weaned gradually during wk 7 and then fed a pelleted diet ad libitum for 7 wk. Calves were weighed 2 times/wk. Feed and milk intakes were recorded daily. Feeding behavior was recorded from video for 5 d in each of wk 3, 6, 8, 11, and 14. Calves fed ADL consumed 2.6 times more milk, had greater weight gain (1.2 vs. 0.6 kg/d), and consumed less solid feed (45.2 vs. 98.0 g/d) during the milk Feeding period than did calves fed RES. As expected, providing milk ADL resulted in more frequent meals (in wk 6, 7.1 vs. 2.0) and more evenly distributed diurnal patterns of Feeding activity compared with the RES milk level. When considering all sucking bouts (milk Feeding and nonnutritive sucking), no difference was observed between treatments in daily bout frequency or sucking time/bout. Postweaning, calves fed RES had initially greater rate of intake (24.9 vs. 17.8 g/min) and meal size (160.8 vs. 117.2 g/meal). Diurnal Feeding patterns also differed in the first week after weaning, with ADL calves Feeding less continuously at the time of feed delivery. Meal characteristics and diurnal patterns of Feeding activity were similar between calves by the end of the trial. However, milk Feeding level had a longer-term effect on variability in Feeding behavior, with calves fed RES having greater day-to-day variability in Feeding time and meal size. Variability of meal characteristics also decreased over time across treatments. These results suggest that milk Feeding level may have a short-term influence on postweaning Feeding behavior. However, differences in early Feeding patterns due to milk Feeding level do not appear to affect longer-term Development of Feeding patterns.
E K Millercushon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of social housing on the Development of Feeding behavior and social Feeding preferences of dairy calves
Journal of Dairy Science, 2016Co-Authors: E K Millercushon, T J DevriesAbstract:Abstract This study investigated how social housing affects pre- and postweaning Feeding behavior and social Feeding preferences of dairy calves. Twenty Holstein bull calves were housed either individually (IH; 10 calves) or in pairs (PH; 10 calves) from birth. Calves were offered grain concentrate and milk replacer ad libitum via an artificial teat (1 teat provided per calf) and weaned by incrementally diluting the milk replacer from 39 to 49d of age. Postweaning, IH calves were paired within treatment and all pens (n=5 per treatment) were offered a complete pelleted diet ad libitum and followed until 13wk of age. We recorded Feeding times from video for 3 consecutive days in wk6, 9, and 12 of age and used this to calculate daily meal frequency and meal duration. In wk9 and 12, frequency and duration of synchronized Feeding were also calculated. In addition, preference tests were conducted at time of feed delivery in wk10 to assess the preference of each calf to feed alongside or out of visual contact of their pen mate. Pair-housed calves consumed more concentrate, in more frequent meals, than IH calves in the week before weaning (wk6) and continued to have greater concentrate intake during weaning. Milk intake was not affected by treatment, but calves in PH pens consumed their milk in more frequent and smaller meals. Postweaning, intake was similar between treatments, but calves raised in PH pens continued to have meals that were more frequent and shorter in duration. Both treatments had a similar frequency of synchronized meals. However, when offered a choice to feed alone or alongside their pen mate during preference testing, calves raised in PH pens spent more time Feeding in the presence of their pen mate than calves raised in IH pens. These results suggest that meal patterns established in response to different early social environments may persist after weaning and that early social contact may have longer-term effects on social Feeding behavior.
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invited review Development and expression of dairy calf Feeding behaviour
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 2015Co-Authors: E K Millercushon, T J DevriesAbstract:Miller-Cushon, E. K. and DeVries, T. J. 2015. Invited review: Development and expression of dairy calf Feeding behaviour. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 341–350. Feeding and housing practices for dairy calves impact performance and growth early in life, as well as Feeding behaviour. There is also increasing evidence that early exposure to different Feeding and housing strategies influence the Development of Feeding behaviour. The dairy calf needs access to milk in sufficient quantities to maintain health and high-levels of growth. In addition, intake of solid feed, such as grain concentrate, is necessary early in life to establish fermentation and develop the rumen. In dairy calves, Feeding behaviour patterns can have direct impact on nutrient consumption and, consequently, growth. Further, recent research has provided evidence that behaviour patterns that develop in response to management factors early in life may persist once learned, potentially having longer-term implications for health and welfare. Thus, the...
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effect of milk Feeding level on Development of Feeding behavior in dairy calves
Journal of Dairy Science, 2013Co-Authors: E K Millercushon, R Bergeron, K E Leslie, T J DevriesAbstract:Evidence exists that early life experiences may influence Development of characteristic Feeding patterns in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of milk Feeding level on performance and Development of Feeding patterns in dairy calves. Twenty Holstein bull calves were assigned at birth to a milk replacer Feeding level, fed via a teat: (1) ad libitum (ADL) or (2) restricted Feeding at 5 L/d (0.75 kg of milk replacer) in 2 Feedings/d (RES). All calves were offered concentrate ad libitum during the milk Feeding stage. Calves were weaned gradually during wk 7 and then fed a pelleted diet ad libitum for 7 wk. Calves were weighed 2 times/wk. Feed and milk intakes were recorded daily. Feeding behavior was recorded from video for 5 d in each of wk 3, 6, 8, 11, and 14. Calves fed ADL consumed 2.6 times more milk, had greater weight gain (1.2 vs. 0.6 kg/d), and consumed less solid feed (45.2 vs. 98.0 g/d) during the milk Feeding period than did calves fed RES. As expected, providing milk ADL resulted in more frequent meals (in wk 6, 7.1 vs. 2.0) and more evenly distributed diurnal patterns of Feeding activity compared with the RES milk level. When considering all sucking bouts (milk Feeding and nonnutritive sucking), no difference was observed between treatments in daily bout frequency or sucking time/bout. Postweaning, calves fed RES had initially greater rate of intake (24.9 vs. 17.8 g/min) and meal size (160.8 vs. 117.2 g/meal). Diurnal Feeding patterns also differed in the first week after weaning, with ADL calves Feeding less continuously at the time of feed delivery. Meal characteristics and diurnal patterns of Feeding activity were similar between calves by the end of the trial. However, milk Feeding level had a longer-term effect on variability in Feeding behavior, with calves fed RES having greater day-to-day variability in Feeding time and meal size. Variability of meal characteristics also decreased over time across treatments. These results suggest that milk Feeding level may have a short-term influence on postweaning Feeding behavior. However, differences in early Feeding patterns due to milk Feeding level do not appear to affect longer-term Development of Feeding patterns.
Joan C Arvedson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Development of swallowing and Feeding prenatal through first year of life
Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 2008Co-Authors: Amy L Delaney, Joan C ArvedsonAbstract:The Development of Feeding and swallowing involves a highly complex set of interactions that begin in embryologic and fetal periods and continue through infancy and early childhood. This article will focus on swallowing and Feeding Development in infants who are developing normally with a review of some aspects of prenatal Development that provide a basis for in utero sucking and swallowing. Non-nutritive sucking in healthy preterm infants, nipple Feeding in preterm and term infants, and selected processes of continued Development of oral skills for Feeding throughout the first year of life will be discussed. Advances in research have provided new information in our understanding of the neurophysiology related to swallowing, premature infants' sucking and swallowing patterns, and changes in patterns from preterm to near term to term infants. Oral skill Development as texture changes are made throughout the second half of the first year of life is an under studied phenomenon. Knowledge of normal Developmental progression is essential for professionals to appreciate differences from normal in infants and children with Feeding and swallowing disorders. Additional research of infants and children who demonstrate overall typical Development in oral skills for Feeding is encouraged and will provide helpful reference points in increasing understanding of children who exhibit differences from typical Development. It is hoped that new technology will provide noninvasive means of delineating all phases of sucking and swallowing from prenatal through infancy. Further related topics in other articles of this issue provide a comprehensive review of factors influencing oral intake, growth, nutrition, and neuroDevelopmental status of children.
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assessment of infant oral sensorimotor and swallowing function
Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 2005Co-Authors: Brian T Rogers, Joan C ArvedsonAbstract:The Development of Feeding and swallowing is the result of a complex interface between the developing nervous system, various physiological systems, and the environment. The purpose of this article is to review the neurobiology, Development, and assessment of Feeding and swallowing during early infancy. In recent years, there have been exciting advances in our understanding of the physiology and neurological control of Feeding and swallowing. These advances may prove useful in furthering our understanding of the pathophysiology of dysphagia in infancy. Progress in developing standardized, reliable, and valid measures of oral sensorimotor and swallowing function in infancy has been slow. However, there have been significant advances in the instrumental analysis of Feeding and swallowing disorders in infancy, including manometric analyses of sucking and swallowing, measures of respiration during Feeding, videofluoroscopic swallow evaluations, ultrasonography, and flexible endoscopic examination of swallowing. Further efforts are needed to develop clinical evaluative measures of dysphagia in infancy.
Cathriona M Hickey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social influences on the Development of ringtailed lemur Feeding ecology
Animal Behaviour, 2012Co-Authors: Teague M Omara, Cathriona M HickeyAbstract:As they grow, young individuals can use both social and individual learning strategies to develop speciestypical Feeding ecology, and the utility of these strategies may vary phylogenetically and with environmental stability. Focused learning from mothers and other group members is critical in monkeys, with behaviours such as co-Feeding playing strong roles in determining postweaning survival. While adult lemurs are capable of social learning, it is unknown how social information is incorporated during the Development of Feeding or what social learning strategies are used in this process. Here we evaluate the use of social learning behaviours and the potential for social learning in young ringtailed lemurs, Lemur catta, at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. We show that infant and juvenile ringtailed lemurs use basic and generalized stimulus enhancement that occurs through behavioural synchrony with older nearest neighbours. More focused co-Feeding occurred at low levels, and many of the social learning behaviours observed in the other social primate taxa were absent. High levels of individual exploration also contributed to learning, evidenced through high dietary diversity in juveniles relative to other group members. Our observations are consistent with the idea that simple social learning rules are responsible for the Development of ecological complexity in many generalist vertebrate species, and that more complicated learning behaviours may not be necessary to learn complex and varied diets.
Stewart W Agras - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Development of Feeding practices during the first 5 years of life
JAMA Pediatrics, 1999Co-Authors: Lawrence D Hammer, Susan W Bryson, Stewart W AgrasAbstract:Objective To understand the transition from breast- and bottle-Feeding to solid-Feeding and factors that might affect the duration of breast- and bottle-Feeding. Design Cohort followed up from birth with relatively well-educated, middle-class parents. Setting Community sample recruited from 3 suburban newborn nurseries (a teaching hospital, community hospital, and large health maintenance organization). Participants One hundred ninety-one healthy full-term infants. Measures Assessment of Feeding practices through the ages of complete weaning from breast- and bottle-Feeding. Results More than 90% of participants breast-fed for at least 2 weeks. Infants of older mothers were weaned from the breast later than infants of younger mothers. First-born infants were weaned from the breast earlier than later-born infants. Eighty-four percent of infants bottle-fed at some time during the first year of life. More than 40% of the cohort was still receiving bottles at 24 months of age, 16% at 36 months, and 8% at 48 months. The duration of breast- and bottle-Feeding was related to maternal work status; mothers who returned to work during the first 3 months postpartum weaned sooner from the breast and later from the bottle than women who returned to work after 3 months postpartum. Conclusions The frequency of late bottle-weaning in this well-educated, middle-class cohort was unexpected and was related to the timing of the mother's return to work. The impact of prolonged bottle-Feeding on later growth and adiposity deserves further investigation.