The Experts below are selected from a list of 3330 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Gaia Scerif - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The functional consequences of social attention on memory precision and on memory-guided orienting in development
    'Elsevier BV', 2019
    Co-Authors: Brianna Ruth Doherty, Alexander Fraser, Anna Christina Nobre, Gaia Scerif
    Abstract:

    Adults are slower at locating targets in naturalistic scenes containing a social distractor compared to an equally salient non-social distractor, and their subsequent memory for targets in social scenes is poorer. Therefore, adults’ social biases affect not only attention, but also their memory. Six-to-ten year-old children and young adults took part in the current study, employing a combination of behavioural and eye-tracking measures. Social stimuli in naturalistic scenes distracted both children and adults during visual search, as demonstrated by their gaze behavior and search times. In addition, eye-tracking revealed even greater attentional capture by social distractors for children. Memory for targets was worse in social compared to non-social scenes. Intriguingly, children demonstrated overall better memory precision than adults. Finally, when participants detected previously learnt targets within visual scenes, adults were slower for targets appearing at unexpected (invalid) locations within social scenes compared to non-social scenes, but this was not the case for children. In their entirety, these findings suggest that the interplay between social attentional biases, memory and memory-guided attention is complex and modulated by age-related differences. Complementary methodologies in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience shed light on the mechanisms through which social attention and memory interact over development. Keywords: Social attention, Memory-guided orienting, Developmen

  • the attentive brain insights from Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
    Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2015
    Co-Authors: Dima Amso, Gaia Scerif
    Abstract:

    Visual attention functions as a filter to select environmental information for learning and memory, making it the first step in the eventual cascade of thought and action systems. Here, we review studies of typical and atypical visual attention development and explain how they offer insights into the mechanisms of adult visual attention. We detail interactions between visual processing and visual attention, as well as the contribution of visual attention to memory. Finally, we discuss genetic mechanisms underlying attention disorders and how attention may be modified by training.

  • social anxiety disorder in adolescence how Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience findings may shape understanding and interventions for psychopathology
    Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2015
    Co-Authors: Simone P Haller, Gaia Scerif, Kathrin Cohen Kadosh, Jennifer Y F Lau
    Abstract:

    Social anxiety disorder represents a debilitating condition that has large adverse effects on the quality of social connections, educational achievement and wellbeing. Age-of-onset data suggests that early adolescence is a Developmentally sensitive juncture for the onset of social anxiety. In this review, we highlight the potential of using a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience approach to understand (i) why there are normative increases in social worries in adolescence and (ii) how adolescence-associated changes may 'bring out' neuro-Cognitive risk factors for social anxiety in a subset of individuals during this Developmental period. We also speculate on how changes that occur in learning and plasticity may allow for optimal acquisition of more adaptive neuroCognitive strategies through external interventions. Hence, for the minority of individuals who require external interventions to target their social fears, this enhanced flexibility could result in more powerful and longer-lasting therapeutic effects. We will review two novel interventions that target information-processing biases and their neural substrates via Cognitive training and visual feedback of neural activity measured through functional magnetic resonance imaging.

  • Using Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience to study behavioral and attentional control.
    Developmental psychobiology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Duncan E. Astle, Gaia Scerif
    Abstract:

    Adult Cognitive Neuroscience employs a wide variety of techniques to investigate a broad range of behavioral and Cognitive functions. One prominent area of study is that of executive control, complemented by a smaller but growing literature exploring the Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience of executive control. To date this approach has often compared children with specific Developmental disorders, such as ADHD and ASD, with typically developing controls. Whilst these comparisons have done much to advance our understanding of the neural markers that underpin behavioral difficulties at specific time-points in development, we contend that they should leave Developmental Cognitive neuroscientists wanting. Studying the neural correlates of typical changes in executive control in their own right can reveal how different neural mechanisms characteristic of the adult end-state emerge, and it can therefore inform the adult Cognitive Neuroscience of executive control itself. The current review addresses the extent to which Developmentalists and adult Cognitive neuroscientists have tapped this common ground. Some very elegant investigations illustrate how seemingly common processes in adulthood present as separable in childhood, on the basis of their distinctive Developmental trajectories. These demonstrations have implications not only for an understanding of changing behavior from infancy through childhood and adolescence into adulthood, but, moreover, for our grasp of the adult end-state per se. We contend that, if used appropriately, Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience could enable us to construct a more mechanistic account of executive control.

James M Bjork - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The utility of twins in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience research: How twins strengthen the ABCD research design
    Elsevier, 2018
    Co-Authors: William G Iacono, Andrew C Heath, John K Hewitt, Michael C Neale, Marie T Banich, Monica M Luciana, Pamela A F Madden, Deanna M. Barch, James M Bjork
    Abstract:

    The ABCD twin study will elucidate the genetic and environmental contributions to a wide range of mental and physical health outcomes in children, including substance use, brain and behavioral development, and their interrelationship. Comparisons within and between monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, further powered by multiple assessments, provide information about genetic and environmental contributions to Developmental associations, and enable stronger tests of causal hypotheses, than do comparisons involving unrelated children. Thus a sub-study of 800 pairs of same-sex twins was embedded within the overall Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) design. The ABCD Twin Hub comprises four leading centers for twin research in Minnesota, Colorado, Virginia, and Missouri. Each site is enrolling 200 twin pairs, as well as singletons. The twins are recruited from registries of all twin births in each State during 2006–2008. Singletons at each site are recruited following the same school-based procedures as the rest of the ABCD study. This paper describes the background and rationale for the ABCD twin study, the ascertainment of twin pairs and implementation strategy at each site, and the details of the proposed analytic strategies to quantify genetic and environmental influences and test hypotheses critical to the aims of the ABCD study. Keywords: Twins, Heritability, Environment, Substance use, Brain structure, Brain functio

  • the utility of twins in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience research how twins strengthen the abcd research design
    Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2017
    Co-Authors: William G Iacono, Andrew C Heath, John K Hewitt, Michael C Neale, Marie T Banich, Monica M Luciana, Pamela A F Madden, M Deanna, James M Bjork
    Abstract:

    The ABCD twin study will elucidate the genetic and environmental contributions to a wide range of mental and physical health outcomes in children, including substance use, brain and behavioral development, and their interrelationship. Comparisons within and between monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, further powered by multiple assessments, provide information about genetic and environmental contributions to Developmental associations, and enable stronger tests of causal hypotheses, than do comparisons involving unrelated children. Thus a sub-study of 800 pairs of same-sex twins was embedded within the overall Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) design. The ABCD Twin Hub comprises four leading centers for twin research in Minnesota, Colorado, Virginia, and Missouri. Each site is enrolling 200 twin pairs, as well as singletons. The twins are recruited from registries of all twin births in each State during 2006-2008. Singletons at each site are recruited following the same school-based procedures as the rest of the ABCD study. This paper describes the background and rationale for the ABCD twin study, the ascertainment of twin pairs and implementation strategy at each site, and the details of the proposed analytic strategies to quantify genetic and environmental influences and test hypotheses critical to the aims of the ABCD study.

Silvia Rigato - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Explainable Artificial Intelligence Based Analysis for Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
    2021
    Co-Authors: Javier Andreu-perez, Mehrin Kiani, Hani Hagras, Maria Laura Filippetti, Lauren L. Emberson, Silvia Rigato
    Abstract:

    In the last decades, non-invasive and portable neuroimaging techniques, such as functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), have allowed researchers to study the mechanisms underlying the functional Cognitive development of the human brain, thus furthering the potential of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (DCN). However, the traditional paradigms used for the analysis of infant fNIRS data are still quite limited. Here, we introduce a multivariate pattern analysis for fNIRS data, xMVPA, that is powered by eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). The proposed approach is exemplified in a study that investigates visual and auditory processing in six-month-old infants. xMVPA not only identified patterns of cortical interactions, which confirmed the existent literature; in the form of conceptual linguistic representations, it also provided evidence for brain networks engaged in the processing of visual and auditory stimuli that were previously overlooked by other methods, while demonstrating similar statistical performance.

  • A Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Based Explainable Artificial Intelligence System for Developmental Neuroscience
    2020 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE), 2020
    Co-Authors: Mehrin Kiani, Javier Andreu-perez, Hani Hagras, Maria Laura Filippetti, Silvia Rigato
    Abstract:

    Research in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience face challenges associated not only with their population (infants and children who might not be too willing to cooperate) but also in relation to the limited choice of neuroimaging techniques that can non-invasively record brain activity. For example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies are unsuitable for Developmental Cognitive studies because they require participants to stay still for a long time in a noisy environment. In this regard, functional Near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a fast-emerging de-facto neuroimaging standard for recording brain activity of young infants. However, the absence of associated anatomical image, and a standard technical framework for fNIRS data analysis remains a significant impediment to advancement in gaining insights into the workings of developing brains. To this end, this work presents an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) system for infant's fNIRS data using a multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) driven by a genetic algorithm (GA) type-2 Fuzzy Logic System (FLS) for classification of infant's brain activity evoked by different stimuli. This work contributes towards laying the foundation for a transparent fNIRS data analysis that holds the potential to enable researchers to map the classification result to the corresponding brain activity pattern which is of paramount significance in understanding how developing human brain functions.

Vladimir Litvak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Cognitive Neuroscience using wearable magnetometer arrays non invasive assessment of language function
    NeuroImage, 2018
    Co-Authors: Tim M. Tierney, Sarah Buck, Leonardo Duquemunoz, Elena Boto, James Leggett, Gillian Roberts, Sofie S. Meyer, Niall Holmes, Vladimir Litvak
    Abstract:

    Abstract Recent work has demonstrated that Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs) can be utilised to create a wearable Magnetoencephalography (MEG) system that is motion robust. In this study, we use this system to map eloquent cortex using a clinically validated language lateralisation paradigm (covert verb generation: 120 trials, ∼10 min total duration) in healthy adults (n = 3). We show that it is possible to lateralise and localise language function on a case by case basis using this system. Specifically, we show that at a sensor and source level we can reliably detect a lateralising beta band (15–30 Hz) desynchronization in all subjects. This is the first study of human cognition using OPMs and not only highlights this technology's utility as tool for (Developmental) Cognitive Neuroscience but also its potential to contribute to surgical planning via mapping of eloquent cortex, especially in young children.

Sofie S. Meyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Cognitive Neuroscience using wearable magnetometer arrays non invasive assessment of language function
    NeuroImage, 2018
    Co-Authors: Tim M. Tierney, Sarah Buck, Leonardo Duquemunoz, Elena Boto, James Leggett, Gillian Roberts, Sofie S. Meyer, Niall Holmes, Vladimir Litvak
    Abstract:

    Abstract Recent work has demonstrated that Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs) can be utilised to create a wearable Magnetoencephalography (MEG) system that is motion robust. In this study, we use this system to map eloquent cortex using a clinically validated language lateralisation paradigm (covert verb generation: 120 trials, ∼10 min total duration) in healthy adults (n = 3). We show that it is possible to lateralise and localise language function on a case by case basis using this system. Specifically, we show that at a sensor and source level we can reliably detect a lateralising beta band (15–30 Hz) desynchronization in all subjects. This is the first study of human cognition using OPMs and not only highlights this technology's utility as tool for (Developmental) Cognitive Neuroscience but also its potential to contribute to surgical planning via mapping of eloquent cortex, especially in young children.