The Experts below are selected from a list of 58953 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Dante Cicchetti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Developmental psychopathology perspective on child maltreatment.
Child maltreatment, 2013Co-Authors: Sheree L Toth, Dante CicchettiAbstract:Child maltreatment exemplifies a pathogenic relational environment that confers considerable risk for maladaptation across diverse psychological and biological domains of development. Deprived of many of the experiences believed to promote adaptive functioning across the life span, maltreated children traverse a probabilistic pathway characterized by an increased likelihood for compromised resolution of stage-salient Developmental tasks. Because the maltreating home represents such a dramatic violation of the average expectable environment, research on child maltreatment informs Developmental Theory by elucidating the conditions necessary for normal development and healthy adaptation. Moreover, research on child maltreatment enhances clinical, legal, and policy decisions aimed to promote children’s safety and well-being.
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child maltreatment attachment security and internal representations of mother and mother child relationships
Child Maltreatment, 2011Co-Authors: Erin Pickreign Stronach, Sheree L Toth, Jody Todd Manly, Fred A Rogosch, Assaf Oshri, Dante CicchettiAbstract:Attachment security and internal representations of mothers, and of the mother-child relationship, were examined in an ethnically diverse and economically disadvantaged sample of maltreated (N = 92) and nonmaltreated (N = 31) preschool-aged children. Maltreated preschoolers had lower rates of secure attachment and higher rates of disorganized attachment than did nonmaltreated preschoolers. Maltreatment also was associated with less positive global representations of the mother-child relationship relative to the nonmaltreated comparison group. Analyses were conducted to determine whether maltreatment characteristics such as subtype, chronicity, severity, and frequency were associated with attachment organization and with internal representations. Implications of these results for Developmental Theory and intervention with maltreated children are discussed. Language: en
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editorial prevention and intervention science contributions to Developmental Theory
Development and Psychopathology, 2002Co-Authors: Dante Cicchetti, Stephen P HinshawAbstract:In a chapter on the historical roots of the discipline of Developmental psychopathology, Cicchetti (1990) predicted that this then-emerging field would, among other integrative functions, help to bridge the gap between basic and applied research and between theoretical and clinical efforts for children, adolescents, and adults (see also Cicchetti & Toth, 1991, 1992, 1998). Despite this hopeful assertion, in the dozen years since its appearance, there has not been a complete closing of the gap (which, at worst, can resemble a chasm).
Sheree L Toth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Developmental psychopathology perspective on child maltreatment.
Child maltreatment, 2013Co-Authors: Sheree L Toth, Dante CicchettiAbstract:Child maltreatment exemplifies a pathogenic relational environment that confers considerable risk for maladaptation across diverse psychological and biological domains of development. Deprived of many of the experiences believed to promote adaptive functioning across the life span, maltreated children traverse a probabilistic pathway characterized by an increased likelihood for compromised resolution of stage-salient Developmental tasks. Because the maltreating home represents such a dramatic violation of the average expectable environment, research on child maltreatment informs Developmental Theory by elucidating the conditions necessary for normal development and healthy adaptation. Moreover, research on child maltreatment enhances clinical, legal, and policy decisions aimed to promote children’s safety and well-being.
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child maltreatment attachment security and internal representations of mother and mother child relationships
Child Maltreatment, 2011Co-Authors: Erin Pickreign Stronach, Sheree L Toth, Jody Todd Manly, Fred A Rogosch, Assaf Oshri, Dante CicchettiAbstract:Attachment security and internal representations of mothers, and of the mother-child relationship, were examined in an ethnically diverse and economically disadvantaged sample of maltreated (N = 92) and nonmaltreated (N = 31) preschool-aged children. Maltreated preschoolers had lower rates of secure attachment and higher rates of disorganized attachment than did nonmaltreated preschoolers. Maltreatment also was associated with less positive global representations of the mother-child relationship relative to the nonmaltreated comparison group. Analyses were conducted to determine whether maltreatment characteristics such as subtype, chronicity, severity, and frequency were associated with attachment organization and with internal representations. Implications of these results for Developmental Theory and intervention with maltreated children are discussed. Language: en
Thomas W Boyce - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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biological sensitivity to context ii empirical explorations of an evolutionary Developmental Theory
Development and Psychopathology, 2005Co-Authors: Bruce J Ellis, Marilyn J Essex, Thomas W BoyceAbstract:In two studies comprising 249 children and their families, the authors utilized secondary, exploratory data analyses to examine Boyce and Ellis’ ~this issue! evolutionary‐Developmental Theory of biological sensitivity to context. The Theory proposes that individual differences in stress reactivity constitute variation in susceptibility to environmental influence, both positive and negative, and that early childhood exposures to either highly protective or acutely stressful environments result in heightened reactivity. In Study 1, 127 3- to 5-year old children were concurrently assessed on levels of support0adversity in home and preschool environments and on cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory challenges. In Study 2, 122 children were prospectively assessed on familial stress in both infancy and preschool and on autonomic and adrenocortical reactivity to laboratory challenges at age 7. In both studies, a disproportionate number of children in supportive, low stress environments displayed high autonomic reactivity. Conversely, in Study 2, a relatively high proportion of children in very stressful environments showed evidence of heightened sympathetic and adrenocortical reactivity. Consistent with the evolutionary‐Developmental Theory, the exploratory analyses also generated the testable hypothesis that relations between levels of childhood support0adversity and the magnitude of stress reactivity are curvilinear, with children from moderately stressful environments displaying the lowest reactivity levels in both studies.
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biological sensitivity to context i an evolutionary Developmental Theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity
Development and Psychopathology, 2005Co-Authors: Thomas W Boyce, Bruce J EllisAbstract:Biological reactivity to psychological stressors comprises a complex, integrated, and highly conserved repertoire of central neural and peripheral neuroendocrine responses designed to prepare the organism for challenge or threat. Developmental experience plays a role, along with heritable, polygenic variation, in calibrating the response dynamics of these systems, with early adversity biasing their combined effects toward a profile of heightened or prolonged reactivity. Conventional views of such high reactivity suggest that it is an atavistic and pathogenic legacy of an evolutionary past in which threats to survival were more prevalent and severe. Recent evidence, however, indicates that (a) stress reactivity is not a unitary process, but rather incorporates counterregulatory circuits serving to modify or temper physiological arousal, and (b) the effects of high reactivity phenotypes on psychiatric and biomedical outcomes are bivalent, rather than univalent, in character, exerting both risk-augmenting and risk-protective effects in a context-dependent manner. These observations suggest that heightened stress reactivity may reflect, not simply exaggerated arousal under challenge, but rather an increased biological sensitivity to context, with potential for negative health effects under conditions of adversity and positive effects under conditions of support and protection. From an evolutionary perspective, the Developmental plasticity of the stress response systems, along with their structured, context-dependent effects, suggests that these systems may constitute conditional adaptations: evolved psychobiological mechanisms that monitor specific features of childhood environments as a basis for calibrating the development of stress response systems to adaptively match those environments. Taken together, these theoretical perspectives generate a novel hypothesis: that there is a curvilinear, U-shaped relation between early exposures to adversity and the development of stress-reactive profiles, with high reactivity phenotypes disproportionately emerging within both highly stressful and highly protected early social environments.
Bruce J Ellis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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biological sensitivity to context ii empirical explorations of an evolutionary Developmental Theory
Development and Psychopathology, 2005Co-Authors: Bruce J Ellis, Marilyn J Essex, Thomas W BoyceAbstract:In two studies comprising 249 children and their families, the authors utilized secondary, exploratory data analyses to examine Boyce and Ellis’ ~this issue! evolutionary‐Developmental Theory of biological sensitivity to context. The Theory proposes that individual differences in stress reactivity constitute variation in susceptibility to environmental influence, both positive and negative, and that early childhood exposures to either highly protective or acutely stressful environments result in heightened reactivity. In Study 1, 127 3- to 5-year old children were concurrently assessed on levels of support0adversity in home and preschool environments and on cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory challenges. In Study 2, 122 children were prospectively assessed on familial stress in both infancy and preschool and on autonomic and adrenocortical reactivity to laboratory challenges at age 7. In both studies, a disproportionate number of children in supportive, low stress environments displayed high autonomic reactivity. Conversely, in Study 2, a relatively high proportion of children in very stressful environments showed evidence of heightened sympathetic and adrenocortical reactivity. Consistent with the evolutionary‐Developmental Theory, the exploratory analyses also generated the testable hypothesis that relations between levels of childhood support0adversity and the magnitude of stress reactivity are curvilinear, with children from moderately stressful environments displaying the lowest reactivity levels in both studies.
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biological sensitivity to context i an evolutionary Developmental Theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity
Development and Psychopathology, 2005Co-Authors: Thomas W Boyce, Bruce J EllisAbstract:Biological reactivity to psychological stressors comprises a complex, integrated, and highly conserved repertoire of central neural and peripheral neuroendocrine responses designed to prepare the organism for challenge or threat. Developmental experience plays a role, along with heritable, polygenic variation, in calibrating the response dynamics of these systems, with early adversity biasing their combined effects toward a profile of heightened or prolonged reactivity. Conventional views of such high reactivity suggest that it is an atavistic and pathogenic legacy of an evolutionary past in which threats to survival were more prevalent and severe. Recent evidence, however, indicates that (a) stress reactivity is not a unitary process, but rather incorporates counterregulatory circuits serving to modify or temper physiological arousal, and (b) the effects of high reactivity phenotypes on psychiatric and biomedical outcomes are bivalent, rather than univalent, in character, exerting both risk-augmenting and risk-protective effects in a context-dependent manner. These observations suggest that heightened stress reactivity may reflect, not simply exaggerated arousal under challenge, but rather an increased biological sensitivity to context, with potential for negative health effects under conditions of adversity and positive effects under conditions of support and protection. From an evolutionary perspective, the Developmental plasticity of the stress response systems, along with their structured, context-dependent effects, suggests that these systems may constitute conditional adaptations: evolved psychobiological mechanisms that monitor specific features of childhood environments as a basis for calibrating the development of stress response systems to adaptively match those environments. Taken together, these theoretical perspectives generate a novel hypothesis: that there is a curvilinear, U-shaped relation between early exposures to adversity and the development of stress-reactive profiles, with high reactivity phenotypes disproportionately emerging within both highly stressful and highly protected early social environments.
Michael T Willoughby - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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on the practical interpretability of cross lagged panel models rethinking a Developmental workhorse
Child Development, 2017Co-Authors: Daniel Berry, Michael T WilloughbyAbstract:Reciprocal feedback processes between experience and development are central to contemporary Developmental Theory. Autoregressive cross-lagged panel (ARCL) models represent a common analytic approach intended to test such dynamics. The authors demonstrate that—despite the ARCL model's intuitive appeal—it typically (a) fails to align with the theoretical processes that it is intended to test and (b) yields estimates that are difficult to interpret meaningfully. Specifically, using a Monte Carlo simulation and two empirical examples concerning the reciprocal relation between spanking and child aggression, it is shown that the cross-lagged estimates derived from the ARCL model reflect a weighted—and typically uninterpretable—amalgam of between- and within-person associations. The authors highlight one readily implemented respecification that better addresses these multiple levels of inference.
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implications of latent trajectory models for the study of Developmental psychopathology
Development and Psychopathology, 2003Co-Authors: Patrick J Curran, Michael T WilloughbyAbstract:The field of Developmental psychopathology is faced with a dual challenge. On the one hand, we must build interdisciplinary theoretical models that adequately reflect the complexity of normal and abnormal human development over time. On the other hand, to remain a viable empirical science, we must rigorously evaluate these theories using statistical methods that fully capture this complexity. The degree to which our statistical models fail to correspond to our theoretical models undermines our ability to validly test Developmental Theory. The broad class of random coefficient trajectory (or growth curve) models allow us to test our theories in ways not previously possible. Despite these advantages, there remain certain limits with regard to the types of questions these models can currently evaluate. We explore these issues through the pursuit of three goals. First, we provide an overview of a variety of trajectory models that can be used for rigorously testing many hypotheses in Developmental psychopathology. Second, we highlight what types of research questions are well tested using these methods and what types of questions currently are not. Third, we describe areas for future statistical development and encourage the ongoing interchange between Developmental Theory and quantitative methodology.
