The Experts below are selected from a list of 309 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
John M Colford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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water sanitation and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries a systematic review and meta analysis
Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2005Co-Authors: Lorna Fewtrell, Rachel B Kaufmann, Wayne T A Enanoria, Laurence Haller, John M ColfordAbstract:Many studies have reported the results of interventions to reduce Illness through improvements in drinking water, sanitation facilities, and hygiene practices in less developed countries. There has, however, been no formal systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the evidence of the relative effectiveness of these interventions. We developed a comprehensive search strategy designed to identify all peer-reviewed articles, in any language, that presented water, sanitation, or hygiene interventions. We examined only those articles with specific measurement of diarrhoea morbidity as a health outcome in non-outbreak conditions. We screened the titles and, where necessary, the abstracts of 2120 publications. 46 studies were judged to contain relevant evidence and were reviewed in detail. Data were extracted from these studies and pooled by meta-analysis to provide summary estimates of the effectiveness of each type of intervention. All of the interventions studied were found to reduce significantly the risks of Diarrhoeal Illness. Most of the interventions had a similar degree of impact on Diarrhoeal Illness, with the relative risk estimates from the overall meta-analyses ranging between 0·63 and 0·75. The results generally agree with those from previous reviews, but water quality interventions (point-of-use water treatment) were found to be more effective than previously thought, and multiple interventions (consisting of combined water, sanitation, and hygiene measures) were not more effective than interventions with a single focus. There is some evidence of publication bias in the findings from the hygiene and water treatment interventions.
Ronak Patel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the high cost of Diarrhoeal Illness for urban slum households a cost recovery approach a cohort study
BMJ Open, 2013Co-Authors: Ronak Patel, Hanni Stoklosa, Shrutika Shitole, Tejal Shitole, Kiran Sawant, Mahesh Nanarkar, Ramnath Subbaraman, Alison Ridpath, Anita PatildeshmukAbstract:Objectives: Rapid urbanisation has often meant that public infrastructure has not kept pace with growth leading to urban slums with poor access to water and sanitation and high rates of diarrhoea with greater household costs due to Illness. This study sought to determine the monetary cost of diarrhoea to urban slum households in Kaula Bandar slum in Mumbai, India. The study also tested the hypotheses that the cost of water and sanitation infrastructure may be surpassed by the cumulative costs of diarrhoea for households in an urban slum community. Design: A cohort study using a baseline survey of a random sample followed by a systematic longitudinal household survey. The baseline survey was administered to a random sample of households. The systematic longitudinal survey was administered to every available household in the community with a case of diarrhoea for a period of 5 weeks. Participants: Every household in Kaula Bandar was approached for the longitudinal survey and all available and consenting adults were included. Results: The direct cost of medical care for having at least one person in the household with diarrhoea was 205 rupees. Other direct costs brought total expenses to 291 rupees. Adding an average loss of 55 rupees per household from lost wages and monetising lost productivity from homemakers gave a total loss of 409 rupees per household. During the 5-week study period, this community lost an estimated 163 600 rupees or 3635 US dollars due to Diarrhoeal Illness. Conclusions: The lack of basic water and sanitation infrastructure is expensive for urban slum households in this community. Financing approaches that transfer that cost to infrastructure development to prevent Illness may be feasible. These findings along with the myriad of unmeasured benefits of preventing Diarrhoeal Illness add to pressing arguments for investment in basic water and sanitation infrastructure.
Frederick J Angulo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a population based estimate of the burden of Diarrhoeal Illness in the united states foodnet 1996 7
Epidemiology and Infection, 2002Co-Authors: H Herikstad, Samantha Yang, T J Van Gilder, D Vugia, J Hadler, Paul A Blake, Valerie Deneen, Beletshachew Shiferaw, Frederick J AnguloAbstract:This study was performed to better understand and more precisely quantify the amount and burden of Illness caused by acute diarrhoea in the United States today. A telephone-based population survey was conducted between 1 July, 1996, and 31 June, 1997, in sites of the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet). The overall prevalence of acute diarrhoea in the 4 weeks before interview was 11%, giving a rate of 1.4 episodes of diarrhoea per person per year. The rate of Diarrhoeal Illness defined as a Diarrhoeal episode lasting longer than 1 day or which resulted in significant impairment of daily activities was 0.7 per person per year. It can be concluded that acute diarrhoea is common and represents a significant burden of Illness in the United States. Our data on self-reported diarrhoea, when generalized to the entire nation, suggests 375 million episodes of acute diarrhoea each year in the United States. Many of these episodes are mild. However, our data also indicate that there are approximately 200 million episodes of Diarrhoeal Illness each year in the United States.
Anita Patildeshmuk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the high cost of Diarrhoeal Illness for urban slum households a cost recovery approach a cohort study
BMJ Open, 2013Co-Authors: Ronak Patel, Hanni Stoklosa, Shrutika Shitole, Tejal Shitole, Kiran Sawant, Mahesh Nanarkar, Ramnath Subbaraman, Alison Ridpath, Anita PatildeshmukAbstract:Objectives: Rapid urbanisation has often meant that public infrastructure has not kept pace with growth leading to urban slums with poor access to water and sanitation and high rates of diarrhoea with greater household costs due to Illness. This study sought to determine the monetary cost of diarrhoea to urban slum households in Kaula Bandar slum in Mumbai, India. The study also tested the hypotheses that the cost of water and sanitation infrastructure may be surpassed by the cumulative costs of diarrhoea for households in an urban slum community. Design: A cohort study using a baseline survey of a random sample followed by a systematic longitudinal household survey. The baseline survey was administered to a random sample of households. The systematic longitudinal survey was administered to every available household in the community with a case of diarrhoea for a period of 5 weeks. Participants: Every household in Kaula Bandar was approached for the longitudinal survey and all available and consenting adults were included. Results: The direct cost of medical care for having at least one person in the household with diarrhoea was 205 rupees. Other direct costs brought total expenses to 291 rupees. Adding an average loss of 55 rupees per household from lost wages and monetising lost productivity from homemakers gave a total loss of 409 rupees per household. During the 5-week study period, this community lost an estimated 163 600 rupees or 3635 US dollars due to Diarrhoeal Illness. Conclusions: The lack of basic water and sanitation infrastructure is expensive for urban slum households in this community. Financing approaches that transfer that cost to infrastructure development to prevent Illness may be feasible. These findings along with the myriad of unmeasured benefits of preventing Diarrhoeal Illness add to pressing arguments for investment in basic water and sanitation infrastructure.
J Klein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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water use and acute Diarrhoeal Illness in children in a united states metropolitan area
Epidemiology and Infection, 2011Co-Authors: Marc H Gorelick, Sandra L Mclellan, D Wagner, J KleinAbstract:SUMMARY We examined the association between water exposures and acute Diarrhoeal Illness (ADI) in children under non-outbreak conditions in a major US metropolitan area. We used a nested case-control study of children seen in an urban/suburban emergency department. Cases were those seen for a complaint of diarrhoea, while controls were age-matched children with a non-gastrointestinal complaint. Parents of subjects completed a validated water-use survey. Stratum-specific adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated for the three main water effects : water source [surface vs. ground (well)], drinking-water type (tap vs. bottled), and use of water filters. Of 2472 subjects, 45% drank mostly or only bottled water. Well-water use was associated with increased odds of ADI compared to surface water [aOR 1 . 38, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1 . 01–1 . 87]. Use of bottled water did not affect the odds of ADI in well-water users, but increased the odds of ADI for surface-water users (aOR 1 . 27, 95 % CI 1 . 02–1 . 57). We conclude that well-water use and bottled-water use are associated with increased odds of ADI in children.