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Simon Pettman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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European Regulations on Food Supplements, Fortified Foods, Dietetic Foods, and Health Claims
Nutraceutical and Functional Food Regulations in the United States and Around the World, 2014Co-Authors: Patrick Coppens, Simon PettmanAbstract:This article reviews the various rules that may be of importance in the marketing of “functional Foods” in the European Union. It takes the reader through the basic principles of EU food law as applied through the General Food Law Regulation. It also covers the most recent legislation established or under way in the area of Food Supplements, Fortified Foods, Dietetic Foods and Nutrition and Health Claims. The article describes the way in which risk analysis is applied through legislation and focuses in particular on the use of botanicals in food supplements. It illustrates that political considerations have become more significant in recent years in the development of legislation having a fundamental impact on the legal framework or resulting in important initiatives being placed on hold, in particular in the area of botanicals, Dietetic and novel Foods.
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european regulations on nutraceuticals dietary supplements and functional Foods a framework based on safety
Toxicology, 2006Co-Authors: Patrick Coppens, Miguel Fernandes Da Silva, Simon PettmanAbstract:Abstract This article describes the legislation that is relevant in the marketing of functional Foods in the European Union (EU), how this legislation was developed as well as some practical consequences for manufacturers, marketers and consumers. It also addresses some concrete examples of how the EU's safety requirements for food products have impacted a range of product categories. In the late nineties, research into functional ingredients was showing promising prospects for the use of such ingredients in Foodstuffs. Due mainly to safety concerns, these new scientific developments were accompanied by an urgent call for legislation. The European Commission 2000 White Paper on Food Safety announced some 80 proposals for new and improved legislation in this field. Among others, it foresaw the establishment of a General Food Law Regulation, laying down the principles of food law and the creation of an independent Food Authority endowed with the task of giving scientific advice on issues based upon scientific risk assessment with clearly separated responsibilities for risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. Since then, more than 90% of the White Paper proposals have been implemented. However, there is not, as such, a regulatory framework for ‘functional Foods’ or ‘nutraceuticals’ in EU Food Law. The rules to be applied are numerous and depend on the nature of the Foodstuff. The rules of the general food law Regulation are applicable to all Foods. In addition, legislation on Dietetic Foods, on food supplements or on novel Foods may also be applicable to functional Foods depending on the nature of the product and on their use. Finally, the two proposals on nutrition and health claims and on the addition of vitamins and minerals and other substances to Foods, which are currently in the legislative process, will also be an important factor in the future marketing of ‘nutraceuticals’ in Europe. The cornerstone of EU legislation on food products, including functional Foods and nutraceuticals is ‘safety’. Decisions on the safety-basis of legislation are based on risk analysis, in which scientific risk assessment is performed by the European Food Safety Authority and risk management is performed by the European Commission, the Member States, and in case of legislation, together with the European Parliament. In the risk management phase, both the precautionary principle and other legitimate factors may be considered in choosing the best way of dealing with an issue. Due to the numerous pieces of legislation applying and to the different procedures to be followed, the process of having ‘functional Foods’ ready for the market is certainly a costly and time-consuming task. However, it may also be clearly worth it in terms of market success and improved consumer health.
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european regulations on nutraceuticals dietary supplements and functional Foods a framework based on safety
Toxicology, 2006Co-Authors: Patrick Coppens, Miguel Fernandes Da Silva, Simon PettmanAbstract:This article describes the legislation that is relevant in the marketing of functional Foods in the European Union (EU), how this legislation was developed as well as some practical consequences for manufacturers, marketers and consumers. It also addresses some concrete examples of how the EU's safety requirements for food products have impacted a range of product categories. In the late nineties, research into functional ingredients was showing promising prospects for the use of such ingredients in Foodstuffs. Due mainly to safety concerns, these new scientific developments were accompanied by an urgent call for legislation. The European Commission 2000 White Paper on Food Safety announced some 80 proposals for new and improved legislation in this field. Among others, it foresaw the establishment of a General Food Law Regulation, laying down the principles of food law and the creation of an independent Food Authority endowed with the task of giving scientific advice on issues based upon scientific risk assessment with clearly separated responsibilities for risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. Since then, more than 90% of the White Paper proposals have been implemented. However, there is not, as such, a regulatory framework for 'functional Foods' or 'nutraceuticals' in EU Food Law. The rules to be applied are numerous and depend on the nature of the Foodstuff. The rules of the general food law Regulation are applicable to all Foods. In addition, legislation on Dietetic Foods, on food supplements or on novel Foods may also be applicable to functional Foods depending on the nature of the product and on their use. Finally, the two proposals on nutrition and health claims and on the addition of vitamins and minerals and other substances to Foods, which are currently in the legislative process, will also be an important factor in the future marketing of 'nutraceuticals' in Europe. The cornerstone of EU legislation on food products, including functional Foods and nutraceuticals is 'safety'. Decisions on the safety-basis of legislation are based on risk analysis, in which scientific risk assessment is performed by the European Food Safety Authority and risk management is performed by the European Commission, the Member States, and in case of legislation, together with the European Parliament. In the risk management phase, both the precautionary principle and other legitimate factors may be considered in choosing the best way of dealing with an issue. Due to the numerous pieces of legislation applying and to the different procedures to be followed, the process of having 'functional Foods' ready for the market is certainly a costly and time-consuming task. However, it may also be clearly worth it in terms of market success and improved consumer health.
Patrick Coppens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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European Regulations on Food Supplements, Fortified Foods, Dietetic Foods, and Health Claims
Nutraceutical and Functional Food Regulations in the United States and Around the World, 2014Co-Authors: Patrick Coppens, Simon PettmanAbstract:This article reviews the various rules that may be of importance in the marketing of “functional Foods” in the European Union. It takes the reader through the basic principles of EU food law as applied through the General Food Law Regulation. It also covers the most recent legislation established or under way in the area of Food Supplements, Fortified Foods, Dietetic Foods and Nutrition and Health Claims. The article describes the way in which risk analysis is applied through legislation and focuses in particular on the use of botanicals in food supplements. It illustrates that political considerations have become more significant in recent years in the development of legislation having a fundamental impact on the legal framework or resulting in important initiatives being placed on hold, in particular in the area of botanicals, Dietetic and novel Foods.
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european regulations on nutraceuticals dietary supplements and functional Foods a framework based on safety
Toxicology, 2006Co-Authors: Patrick Coppens, Miguel Fernandes Da Silva, Simon PettmanAbstract:Abstract This article describes the legislation that is relevant in the marketing of functional Foods in the European Union (EU), how this legislation was developed as well as some practical consequences for manufacturers, marketers and consumers. It also addresses some concrete examples of how the EU's safety requirements for food products have impacted a range of product categories. In the late nineties, research into functional ingredients was showing promising prospects for the use of such ingredients in Foodstuffs. Due mainly to safety concerns, these new scientific developments were accompanied by an urgent call for legislation. The European Commission 2000 White Paper on Food Safety announced some 80 proposals for new and improved legislation in this field. Among others, it foresaw the establishment of a General Food Law Regulation, laying down the principles of food law and the creation of an independent Food Authority endowed with the task of giving scientific advice on issues based upon scientific risk assessment with clearly separated responsibilities for risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. Since then, more than 90% of the White Paper proposals have been implemented. However, there is not, as such, a regulatory framework for ‘functional Foods’ or ‘nutraceuticals’ in EU Food Law. The rules to be applied are numerous and depend on the nature of the Foodstuff. The rules of the general food law Regulation are applicable to all Foods. In addition, legislation on Dietetic Foods, on food supplements or on novel Foods may also be applicable to functional Foods depending on the nature of the product and on their use. Finally, the two proposals on nutrition and health claims and on the addition of vitamins and minerals and other substances to Foods, which are currently in the legislative process, will also be an important factor in the future marketing of ‘nutraceuticals’ in Europe. The cornerstone of EU legislation on food products, including functional Foods and nutraceuticals is ‘safety’. Decisions on the safety-basis of legislation are based on risk analysis, in which scientific risk assessment is performed by the European Food Safety Authority and risk management is performed by the European Commission, the Member States, and in case of legislation, together with the European Parliament. In the risk management phase, both the precautionary principle and other legitimate factors may be considered in choosing the best way of dealing with an issue. Due to the numerous pieces of legislation applying and to the different procedures to be followed, the process of having ‘functional Foods’ ready for the market is certainly a costly and time-consuming task. However, it may also be clearly worth it in terms of market success and improved consumer health.
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european regulations on nutraceuticals dietary supplements and functional Foods a framework based on safety
Toxicology, 2006Co-Authors: Patrick Coppens, Miguel Fernandes Da Silva, Simon PettmanAbstract:This article describes the legislation that is relevant in the marketing of functional Foods in the European Union (EU), how this legislation was developed as well as some practical consequences for manufacturers, marketers and consumers. It also addresses some concrete examples of how the EU's safety requirements for food products have impacted a range of product categories. In the late nineties, research into functional ingredients was showing promising prospects for the use of such ingredients in Foodstuffs. Due mainly to safety concerns, these new scientific developments were accompanied by an urgent call for legislation. The European Commission 2000 White Paper on Food Safety announced some 80 proposals for new and improved legislation in this field. Among others, it foresaw the establishment of a General Food Law Regulation, laying down the principles of food law and the creation of an independent Food Authority endowed with the task of giving scientific advice on issues based upon scientific risk assessment with clearly separated responsibilities for risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. Since then, more than 90% of the White Paper proposals have been implemented. However, there is not, as such, a regulatory framework for 'functional Foods' or 'nutraceuticals' in EU Food Law. The rules to be applied are numerous and depend on the nature of the Foodstuff. The rules of the general food law Regulation are applicable to all Foods. In addition, legislation on Dietetic Foods, on food supplements or on novel Foods may also be applicable to functional Foods depending on the nature of the product and on their use. Finally, the two proposals on nutrition and health claims and on the addition of vitamins and minerals and other substances to Foods, which are currently in the legislative process, will also be an important factor in the future marketing of 'nutraceuticals' in Europe. The cornerstone of EU legislation on food products, including functional Foods and nutraceuticals is 'safety'. Decisions on the safety-basis of legislation are based on risk analysis, in which scientific risk assessment is performed by the European Food Safety Authority and risk management is performed by the European Commission, the Member States, and in case of legislation, together with the European Parliament. In the risk management phase, both the precautionary principle and other legitimate factors may be considered in choosing the best way of dealing with an issue. Due to the numerous pieces of legislation applying and to the different procedures to be followed, the process of having 'functional Foods' ready for the market is certainly a costly and time-consuming task. However, it may also be clearly worth it in terms of market success and improved consumer health.
Helena Maria André - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Caracterização sensorial de aspartame, cliclamato/sacarina 2:1 e extrato de folhas de estevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) : equivalencias em doçura, analise descritiva quantitativa e analise tempo-intensidade
[s.n.], 2018Co-Authors: Helena Maria AndréAbstract:Orientador: Maria Helena DamasioTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: A procura por alimentos de baixa caloria e ecíulcorantes não calóricos com a finalidade de substituir a sacarose, vem aumentando a cada dia, em função da constante preocupação com a saúde. Os edulcorantes permitidos para uso em alimentos e bebidas dietéticas são vários. Cada um possui características específicas de intensidade e persistência do gosto doce, e presença ou não de gosto residual, fatores determinantes na aceitação por parte dos consumidores. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar sensorialmente o asparíame, extrato de folhas de estévía, e a mistura ciclamaío/sacarína 2:1, através da determinação da equivalência de doçura em relação à sacarose, da análise descritiva quantitativa e da metodologia tempo-iníensidade, capaz de avaliar as características temporais desses compostos, pouco estudadas. Entre esses compostos citados, o único que pode ser produzido com tecnologia totalmente nacional é o extrato de folhas de estévia, que é obtido de uma planta nativa brasileira, sendo de amplo interesse sua caracterização. Os edulcorantes foram estudados nos níveis de doçura equivalentes à sacarose em solução a 3, 10, 20 e 30%. Não foi possível o estudo de níveis acima destas concentrações para o aspartame e para a mistura cielamato/sacarina 2:1 em função de gostos residuais indesejáveis mascararem o gosto doce, que se tornaram mais intensos com o aumento da concentração. Para o extrato de folhas de esíévia já ocorreu este fato no nívei de doçura equivalente à sacarose em solução a 20%. Com o aumento da concentração de todos os edulcorantes estudados, ocorreu a diminuição do poder edulcorante. Através da análise descritiva quantitativa foram gerados os seguintes termos descritores para as amostras; doçura inicial, doçura residual, amargo iniciai, amargo residual, alcaçuz e corpo. O gosto de alcaçuz foi uma característica exclusiva do extrato de folhas de estévia. O aumento da concentração dos edulcorantes provocou aumento da intensidade de algumas características sensoriais, como amargo inicial e residual, e no caso do extrato de folhas de estévía, além destes, também do gosto de alcaçuz. Através da análise tempo-intensidade foi possível constatar que o aspartame tem seu comporíamenío temporaí modificado com o aumento da concentração, pois em doçura equivalente a uma solução de sacarose (DES) a 3%, não foi registrado gosto amargo, enquanto em DES a 10% existiu essa característica, a qual foi aumentando em relação à intensidade e tempo de duração, com o aumento da concentração. Ãs características temporais de doçura também foram modificadas peio aumento da concentração, através do aumento da área total sob a curva e tempo total de duração dos estímulos O extrato de folhas de estévia e a mistura ciclamato/sacarína 2:1 tiveram suas características temporais para doçura e amargor intensificadas com o aumento da concentração. Os parâmetros das curvas tempo-íntensídade que melhor discriminaram as amostras foram diferentes para cada equivalência de doçura e para cada característica, ou seja, doce ou amargo. Porém, na maioria dos casos, os parâmetros tempo total de duração do estimulo e área tota! sob a curva, que geralmente apresentaram alta correlação positiva entre si, encontraram-se entre os parâmetros mais díscriminadores. O programa desenvolvido para a análise íempo-iníensidade "Sistema de Coleta de Dados Tempo-íntensidade - SCDTf" corresponde perfeitamente às expectativas na coleta de dados e obtenção de parâmetros das curvas do comportamento têmpora! da sacarose e edulcorantes estudados.Abstract: The search for Sow-calorie Foods and high potency sweeteners aimed at replacing sucrose, is increasing daily, due to the constant concern over health. Several sweeteners are permitted for application in Dietetic Foods and beverages. Each one its own characteristics of intensity and persistence of sweet taste, and presence of aftertaste, which determine consumer acceptance. The objective of this work was study the sensory characteristics of aspartame, stevia leaf extract and eye i a mate/saccharin 2:1; using the determination of equi-sweetness of sucrose, quantitative descriptive analysis and time-intensity methodology, capable of evaluating the temporal attributes of these compounds, little studied. Of those compounds meniioned, only the stevia leaf extract can be produced with totally national (Brazilian) technology. In addition, it is obtained from a native Brazilian plant. This is why its characterization is of great interest. The sweeteners were studied at the equi- sweet level of sucrose at 3, 10, 20 and 30%. research at levels greater than these concentrations could not be done for the aspartame and eye I am ate/saccharin 2:1 mixture because the sweet taste was covered by undesirable aftertaste, which became more intense with increasing concentration. For the stevia leaf extract this occurred at an equivalence of sucrose in solution of 20%. With increasing concentration, the sweetness potency of all the sweeteners studied decreased. Applying the quantitative descriptive analysis the following attributes were obtained: initial sweetness, residual sweetness, initial bitter, residual bitter, liquorice and body. The liquorice taste was noticed only in the stevia leaf extract. The increase in sweetener concentration produced changes in the attribute intensities, such as initial and residual bitter., and also iiquorice taste of the stevia leaf extract. With the time-intensity analysis it was possible to notice that the temporal behavior of aspartame changed with the increased in concentration, in sweetness equivalence with a 3% sucrose solution (SESS), the bitter taste was not perceived, while with 10% SESS it was noticed. Increasing the aspartame concentration, the intensity and the duration time increased. The total duration time and the total area under the time-intensity curve of the sweet taste also increased with the increase in concentration. The stevia leaf extract and the cyciamate/saccharin mixture had the same temporal behavior as the aspartame. The most discriminative parameters of the time-intensity curve were different for each equivalence of sweetness and for each attribute (sweet or bitter taste). However, in most cases, the total duration time or total area under curve with high positive correlation, was found among the most discriminative parameters. The software developed for the time-intensity analysis, the "Time- Intensity Data Collecting System" (Sistema de Ooleta de Dados Tempo- Intensidade - SCDTI), responded perfectly, as expected, in collecting the data and obtaining the curve time-intensity parameters.DoutoradoDoutor em Tecnologia de Alimento
Helena Maria Andre Bolini Cardello - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Caracterização sensorial de aspartame, cliclamato/sacarina 2:1 e extrato de folhas de estevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) : equivalencias em doçura, analise descritiva quantitativa e analise tempo-intensidade
2017Co-Authors: Helena Maria Andre Bolini CardelloAbstract:Resumo: A procura por alimentos de baixa caloria e ecíulcorantes não calóricos com a finalidade de substituir a sacarose, vem aumentando a cada dia, em função da constante preocupação com a saúde. Os edulcorantes permitidos para uso em alimentos e bebidas dietéticas são vários. Cada um possui características específicas de intensidade e persistência do gosto doce, e presença ou não de gosto residual, fatores determinantes na aceitação por parte dos consumidores. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar sensorialmente o asparíame, extrato de folhas de estévía, e a mistura ciclamaío/sacarína 2:1, através da determinação da equivalência de doçura em relação à sacarose, da análise descritiva quantitativa e da metodologia tempo-iníensidade, capaz de avaliar as características temporais desses compostos, pouco estudadas. Entre esses compostos citados, o único que pode ser produzido com tecnologia totalmente nacional é o extrato de folhas de estévia, que é obtido de uma planta nativa brasileira, sendo de amplo interesse sua caracterização. Os edulcorantes foram estudados nos níveis de doçura equivalentes à sacarose em solução a 3, 10, 20 e 30%. Não foi possível o estudo de níveis acima destas concentrações para o aspartame e para a mistura cielamato/sacarina 2:1 em função de gostos residuais indesejáveis mascararem o gosto doce, que se tornaram mais intensos com o aumento da concentração. Para o extrato de folhas de esíévia já ocorreu este fato no nívei de doçura equivalente à sacarose em solução a 20%. Com o aumento da concentração de todos os edulcorantes estudados, ocorreu a diminuição do poder edulcorante. Através da análise descritiva quantitativa foram gerados os seguintes termos descritores para as amostras; doçura inicial, doçura residual, amargo iniciai, amargo residual, alcaçuz e corpo. O gosto de alcaçuz foi uma característica exclusiva do extrato de folhas de estévia. O aumento da concentração dos edulcorantes provocou aumento da intensidade de algumas características sensoriais, como amargo inicial e residual, e no caso do extrato de folhas de estévía, além destes, também do gosto de alcaçuz. Através da análise tempo-intensidade foi possível constatar que o aspartame tem seu comporíamenío temporaí modificado com o aumento da concentração, pois em doçura equivalente a uma solução de sacarose (DES) a 3%, não foi registrado gosto amargo, enquanto em DES a 10% existiu essa característica, a qual foi aumentando em relação à intensidade e tempo de duração, com o aumento da concentração. Ãs características temporais de doçura também foram modificadas peio aumento da concentração, através do aumento da área total sob a curva e tempo total de duração dos estímulos O extrato de folhas de estévia e a mistura ciclamato/sacarína 2:1 tiveram suas características temporais para doçura e amargor intensificadas com o aumento da concentração. Os parâmetros das curvas tempo-íntensídade que melhor discriminaram as amostras foram diferentes para cada equivalência de doçura e para cada característica, ou seja, doce ou amargo. Porém, na maioria dos casos, os parâmetros tempo total de duração do estimulo e área tota! sob a curva, que geralmente apresentaram alta correlação positiva entre si, encontraram-se entre os parâmetros mais díscriminadores. O programa desenvolvido para a análise íempo-iníensidade "Sistema de Coleta de Dados Tempo-íntensidade - SCDTf" corresponde perfeitamente às expectativas na coleta de dados e obtenção de parâmetros das curvas do comportamento têmpora! da sacarose e edulcorantes estudados.Abstract:The search for Sow-calorie Foods and high potency sweeteners aimed at replacing sucrose, is increasing daily, due to the constant concern over health. Several sweeteners are permitted for application in Dietetic Foods and beverages. Each one its own characteristics of intensity and persistence of sweet taste, and presence of aftertaste, which determine consumer acceptance. The objective of this work was study the sensory characteristics of aspartame, stevia leaf extract and eye i a mate/saccharin 2:1; using the determination of equi-sweetness of sucrose, quantitative descriptive analysis and time-intensity methodology, capable of evaluating the temporal attributes of these compounds, little studied. Of those compounds meniioned, only the stevia leaf extract can be produced with totally national (Brazilian) technology. In addition, it is obtained from a native Brazilian plant. This is why its characterization is of great interest. The sweeteners were studied at the equi- sweet level of sucrose at 3, 10, 20 and 30%. research at levels greater than these concentrations could not be done for the aspartame and eye I am ate/saccharin 2:1 mixture because the sweet taste was covered by undesirable aftertaste, which became more intense with increasing concentration. For the stevia leaf extract this occurred at an equivalence of sucrose in solution of 20%. With increasing concentration, the sweetness potency of all the sweeteners studied decreased. Applying the quantitative descriptive analysis the following attributes were obtained: initial sweetness, residual sweetness, initial bitter, residual bitter, liquorice and body. The liquorice taste was noticed only in the stevia leaf extract. The increase in sweetener concentration produced changes in the attribute intensities, such as initial and residual bitter., and also iiquorice taste of the stevia leaf extract. With the time-intensity analysis it was possible to notice that the temporal behavior of aspartame changed with the increased in concentration, in sweetness equivalence with a 3% sucrose solution (SESS), the bitter taste was not perceived, while with 10% SESS it was noticed. Increasing the aspartame concentration, the intensity and the duration time increased. The total duration time and the total area under the time-intensity curve of the sweet taste also increased with the increase in concentration. The stevia leaf extract and the cyciamate/saccharin mixture had the same temporal behavior as the aspartame. The most discriminative parameters of the time-intensity curve were different for each equivalence of sweetness and for each attribute (sweet or bitter taste). However, in most cases, the total duration time or total area under curve with high positive correlation, was found among the most discriminative parameters. The software developed for the time-intensity analysis, the "Time- Intensity Data Collecting System" (Sistema de Ooleta de Dados Tempo- Intensidade - SCDTI), responded perfectly, as expected, in collecting the data and obtaining the curve time-intensity parameters
Paola Maresca - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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High hydrostatic pressure assisted enzymatic hydrolysis of whey proteins
Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 2016Co-Authors: Vanina Ambrosi, Gustavo Alberto Polenta, Claudia Beatriz Gonzalez, Giovanna Ferrari, Paola MarescaAbstract:Abstract Whey proteins, due to their high nutritional value, are generally hydrolyzed to reduce the allergenicity and used as ingredients in many special products, such as infant formulae, geriatric products, highly energetic supplements or Dietetic Foods or in Foods produced to prevent nutrition related diseases, like food intolerances and allergies. The aim of this work was to assess the applicability of innovative technologies, such as high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processes, to assist the enzymatic hydrolysis of target proteins, namely whey protein concentrate (WPC-80), in order to modify their antigenicity. Experiments were carried out to verify the effectiveness of HHP technology to accelerate whey protein hydrolysis reaction with selected enzymes (α-chymotrypsin, bromelain), and to affect the protein allergenic power. To this purpose, different HHP treatments were carried out at several pressure levels (100, 200, 300 and 400 MPa) and the untreated whey protein samples were used as control. A defined enzyme/substrate ratio of 1/10 w/w was used in the experiments, while the treatment time was changed from 0 to 30 min (0, 5, 15, or 30 min). The experimental data demonstrated that High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) induced WPC-80 unfolding at the highest value of the pressure applied (400 MPa) as indicated by the higher exposure of free sulfhydryl groups. When HHP was used in combination with enzymatic hydrolysis, the degree of hydrolysis increased not only with the pressure level applied but also with the processing time. These results suggested that, even if the exposure of hidden epitopes upon protein unfolding increased the antigenicity of whey proteins, further peptide bonds cleavage also took place after hydrolysis. This effect could modify whey proteins antigenic sequences, and thus their antigenic power.