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Piet W. N. M. Van Leeuwen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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THE EFFECT OF THE BITE ANGLE OF DIPHOSPHANE LIGANDS ON ACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY IN PALLADIUM-CATALYZED CROSS-COUPLING
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 1998Co-Authors: Mirko Kranenburg, Piet W. N. M. Van LeeuwenAbstract:The effect of the natural bite angle (βn) of diphosphane ligands on catalyst selectivity and activity in the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of sec-butyl magnesium chloride with bromobenzene was investigated. The calculated natural bite angles range from 78° for dppe (1,2-bisdiphenylphosphanoethane) to 110° for Xantphos. The natural bite angle of diphosphane ligands has a large effect on catalyst selectivity and activity. Both rate and selectivity of the cross-coupling reaction increase with increasing bite angle and reach a maximum value with DPEphos (βn = 102.7° ). Larger bite angles of the diphosphane ligands result in a decreased selectivity and activity.
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the effect of the bite angle of diphosphane ligands on activity and selectivity in palladium catalyzed allylic alkylation
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 1998Co-Authors: Mirko Kranenburg, Piet W. N. M. Van LeeuwenAbstract:The effect of the natural bite angle (βn) of diphosphane ligands on catalyst selectivity and activity in the palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation was investigated. The selectivity and rate of the reaction are mainly determined by steric hindrance induced by the diphosphane ligands. The steric hindrance at the palladium center increases as the natural bite angle of the ligand becomes larger. This results in an increasing selectivity at larger bite angles, but at very large bite angles the rate of the reaction drops. The ligand with the largest calculated bite angle, Xantphos, induced 100% selectivity but the reaction rate became low.
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Effect of the bite angle of diphosphine ligands on activity and selectivity in the nickel-catalysed hydrocyanation of styrene
Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communications, 1995Co-Authors: Mirko Kranenburg, Dieter Vogt, Piet W. N. M. Van Leeuwen, P.c.j. Kamer, Wilhelm KeimAbstract:The application of diphosphines with large bite angles (βn= 101-109°) in nickel catalysts leads to successful, regioselective hydrocyanation of styrene.
Mirko Kranenburg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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THE EFFECT OF THE BITE ANGLE OF DIPHOSPHANE LIGANDS ON ACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY IN PALLADIUM-CATALYZED CROSS-COUPLING
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 1998Co-Authors: Mirko Kranenburg, Piet W. N. M. Van LeeuwenAbstract:The effect of the natural bite angle (βn) of diphosphane ligands on catalyst selectivity and activity in the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of sec-butyl magnesium chloride with bromobenzene was investigated. The calculated natural bite angles range from 78° for dppe (1,2-bisdiphenylphosphanoethane) to 110° for Xantphos. The natural bite angle of diphosphane ligands has a large effect on catalyst selectivity and activity. Both rate and selectivity of the cross-coupling reaction increase with increasing bite angle and reach a maximum value with DPEphos (βn = 102.7° ). Larger bite angles of the diphosphane ligands result in a decreased selectivity and activity.
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the effect of the bite angle of diphosphane ligands on activity and selectivity in palladium catalyzed allylic alkylation
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 1998Co-Authors: Mirko Kranenburg, Piet W. N. M. Van LeeuwenAbstract:The effect of the natural bite angle (βn) of diphosphane ligands on catalyst selectivity and activity in the palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation was investigated. The selectivity and rate of the reaction are mainly determined by steric hindrance induced by the diphosphane ligands. The steric hindrance at the palladium center increases as the natural bite angle of the ligand becomes larger. This results in an increasing selectivity at larger bite angles, but at very large bite angles the rate of the reaction drops. The ligand with the largest calculated bite angle, Xantphos, induced 100% selectivity but the reaction rate became low.
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Effect of the bite angle of diphosphine ligands on activity and selectivity in the nickel-catalysed hydrocyanation of styrene
Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communications, 1995Co-Authors: Mirko Kranenburg, Dieter Vogt, Piet W. N. M. Van Leeuwen, P.c.j. Kamer, Wilhelm KeimAbstract:The application of diphosphines with large bite angles (βn= 101-109°) in nickel catalysts leads to successful, regioselective hydrocyanation of styrene.
Bertrand Etienne - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ligands P-stéréogéniques dérivés du calix[4]arène. Synthèses et applications en catalyse asymétrique
HAL CCSD, 2010Co-Authors: Bertrand EtienneAbstract:We were interested in synthesis of P-stereogenic ligands derived from calix[4]arene and in their application in asymmetric catalysis. Mono et diphosphines were prepared on the upper rim of the macrocyle starting from the mono or dianion of the calix[4]arene and chlorophosphines borane or the oxazaphospholidine borane complex. The best selectivity was obtained by reaction of the dianion with the oxazaphospholidine borane complex leading to a bisaminophosphine borane. After acidolysis with HCl giving the corresponding bischlorophosphine and reaction with organolithium reagents, diphosphines diborane were obtained with good yields (40 à 60 %). X-ray structures of the prepared ligands confirmed the stereospecificity of the ephedrine method. Preparation of P-stereogeniques diphosphines elevated above the upper rim of the calix[4]arène was carried out by reaction of phosphides borane with the corresponding bisiodomethyl derivative. Ligands aminophosphinephosphinite (AMP*P) were also prepared from the opened product of the oxazaphospholidine borane complex by the calixarene anion.Ligands were synthetised in borane complex serie. Decomplexation with DABCO affords quantitatively the free phosphanes which were used in the preparation of transition metal catalysts. AMP*P bearing calix[4]arene on the aminophosphine moeity gave very high asymetric induction in hydrogenation catalysis of methyl α-acetamidocinnamate with rhodium complexes (98% e.e.). Compared study with isoelectronic or sterically similar ligands obviously prove the positive influence of the calix[4]arene substituent. P-stereogenic mono and diphosphines on the upper rim of the macrocycle were used in asymetric allylic subtitution catalyzed with palladium complexes. High yields and enantioselectivities were obtained with carboned and nitrogened nucleophiles. The best inductions were carried out with a diphosphine bearing methyl and phenyl on the phosphorous centers, affording enantiomeric excesses of 82 % and 79 % in alkylation and in amination, respectively.Cette thèse porte sur la synthèse de ligands P-stéréogéniques dérivés du calix[4]arène et leur utilisation en catalyse asymétrique dans des complexes de métaux de transition. Des mono et diphosphines ont été préparées sur la cavité supérieure du macrocycle par réaction du mono ou dianion du calix[4]arène avec des chlorophosphines borane ou le complexe d’oxazaphospholidine borane préparés à partir d’éphédrine. La meilleure sélectivité est observée par réaction du dianion avec le complexe d’oxazaphospholidine borane qui conduit à une bisaminophosphine borane. Après acidolyse par HCl pour donner la bischlorophosphine correspondante puis réaction avec organolithien, les diphosphines diborane sont obtenus avec 40 à 60 % de rendement. Les structures cristallographiques des ligands préparés confirment la stéréospécificité de la méthode éphédrine. La préparation de diphosphines P-stéréogéniques surélevées au dessus de la cavité supérieure du calix[4]arène a été effectuée par réaction de phosphures borane avec le dérivé bisiodométhyl correspondant. Des ligands de type aminophosphinephosphinite (AMP*P) ont également été préparés à partir du produit d’ouverture du complexe d’oxazaphospholidine borane par l’anion du calixarène. Les différents ligands ont été synthétisés en série complexée au borane. La décomplexation est ensuite réalisée par réaction avec le DABCO et les phosphanes libres obtenus quantitativement ont été utilisés pour la préparation de catalyseurs chiraux de métaux de transition. Les AMP*P porteurs d’un substituant calix[4]arène sur le fragment aminophosphine ont permis d’obtenir de très bonnes inductions asymétriques en catalyse d’hydrogénation de l’α-acétamidocinnamate de méthyle par des complexes de rhodium (98% e.e.). L’étude comparée avec des ligands homologues d’un point de vue stérique et/ou électronique montre clairement l’influence bénéfique du substituant calix[4]arène. Les mono et diphosphines P-stéréogéniques fonctionnalisées sur la partie supérieure du calix[4]arène ont été utilisés en substitution allylique catalysée par des complexes de palladium. La réaction donne d’excellents rendements et stéréosélectivités avec des nucléophiles carbonés et azotés. Les meilleures inductions ont été obtenues avec une diphosphine porteuse de substituants méthyl et phényl au niveau des atomes de phosphore, qui entraîne des excès énantiomériques de 82% et 79 % en alkylation et en amination, respectivement
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P.stereogenic ligands derived from calix[4]arène. Syntheses and application in Anymetric catalysis
2010Co-Authors: Bertrand EtienneAbstract:Cette thèse porte sur la synthèse de ligands P-stéréogéniques dérivés du calix[4]arène et leur utilisation en catalyse asymétrique dans des complexes de métaux de transition. Des mono et diphosphines ont été préparées sur la cavité supérieure du macrocycle par réaction du mono ou dianion du calix[4]arène avec des chlorophosphines borane ou le complexe d’oxazaphospholidine borane préparés à partir d’éphédrine. La meilleure sélectivité est observée par réaction du dianion avec le complexe d’oxazaphospholidine borane qui conduit à une bisaminophosphine borane. Après acidolyse par HCl pour donner la bischlorophosphine correspondante puis réaction avec organolithien, les diphosphines diborane sont obtenus avec 40 à 60 % de rendement. Les structures cristallographiques des ligands préparés confirment la stéréospécificité de la méthode éphédrine. La préparation de diphosphines P-stéréogéniques surélevées au dessus de la cavité supérieure du calix[4]arène a été effectuée par réaction de phosphures borane avec le dérivé bisiodométhyl correspondant. Des ligands de type aminophosphinephosphinite (AMP*P) ont également été préparés à partir du produit d’ouverture du complexe d’oxazaphospholidine borane par l’anion du calixarène. Les différents ligands ont été synthétisés en série complexée au borane. La décomplexation est ensuite réalisée par réaction avec le DABCO et les phosphanes libres obtenus quantitativement ont été utilisés pour la préparation de catalyseurs chiraux de métaux de transition. Les AMP*P porteurs d’un substituant calix[4]arène sur le fragment aminophosphine ont permis d’obtenir de très bonnes inductions asymétriques en catalyse d’hydrogénation de l’α-acétamidocinnamate de méthyle par des complexes de rhodium (98% e.e.). L’étude comparée avec des ligands homologues d’un point de vue stérique et/ou électronique montre clairement l’influence bénéfique du substituant calix[4]arène. Les mono et diphosphines P-stéréogéniques fonctionnalisées sur la partie supérieure du calix[4]arène ont été utilisés en substitution allylique catalysée par des complexes de palladium. La réaction donne d’excellents rendements et stéréosélectivités avec des nucléophiles carbonés et azotés. Les meilleures inductions ont été obtenues avec une diphosphine porteuse de substituants méthyl et phényl au niveau des atomes de phosphore, qui entraîne des excès énantiomériques de 82% et 79 % en alkylation et en amination, respectivement.We were interested in synthesis of P-stereogenic ligands derived from calix[4]arene and in their application in asymmetric catalysis. Mono et diphosphines were prepared on the upper rim of the macrocyle starting from the mono or dianion of the calix[4]arene and chlorophosphines borane or the oxazaphospholidine borane complex. The best selectivity was obtained by reaction of the dianion with the oxazaphospholidine borane complex leading to a bisaminophosphine borane. After acidolysis with HCl giving the corresponding bischlorophosphine and reaction with organolithium reagents, diphosphines diborane were obtained with good yields (40 à 60 %). X-ray structures of the prepared ligands confirmed the stereospecificity of the ephedrine method. Preparation of P-stereogeniques diphosphines elevated above the upper rim of the calix[4]arène was carried out by reaction of phosphides borane with the corresponding bisiodomethyl derivative. Ligands aminophosphinephosphinite (AMP*P) were also prepared from the opened product of the oxazaphospholidine borane complex by the calixarene anion. Ligands were synthetised in borane complex serie. Decomplexation with DABCO affords quantitatively the free phosphanes which were used in the preparation of transition metal catalysts. AMP*P bearing calix[4]arene on the aminophosphine moeity gave very high asymetric induction in hydrogenation catalysis of methyl α-acetamidocinnamate with rhodium complexes (98% e.e.). Compared study with isoelectronic or sterically similar ligands obviously prove the positive influence of the calix[4]arene substituent. P-stereogenic mono and diphosphines on the upper rim of the macrocycle were used in asymetric allylic subtitution catalyzed with palladium complexes. High yields and enantioselectivities were obtained with carboned and nitrogened nucleophiles. The best inductions were carried out with a diphosphine bearing methyl and phenyl on the phosphorous centers, affording enantiomeric excesses of 82 % and 79 % in alkylation and in amination, respectively
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Ligands P-stéréogéniques dérivés du calix[4]arène. Synthèses et applications en catalyse asymétrique
2010Co-Authors: Bertrand Etienne, Juge Sylvain, Harvey, Pierre D., Lucas DominiqueAbstract:Cette thèse porte sur la synthèse de ligands P-stéréogéniques dérivés du calix[4]arène et leur utilisation en catalyse asymétrique dans des complexes de métaux de transition. Des mono et diphosphines ont été préparées sur la cavité supérieure du macrocycle par réaction du mono ou dianion du calix[4]arène avec des chlorophosphines borane ou le complexe d oxazaphospholidine borane préparés à partir d éphédrine. La meilleure sélectivité est observée par réaction du dianion avec le complexe d oxazaphospholidine borane qui conduit à une bisaminophosphine borane. Après acidolyse par HCl pour donner la bischlorophosphine correspondante puis réaction avec organolithien, les diphosphines diborane sont obtenus avec 40 à 60 % de rendement. Les structures cristallographiques des ligands préparés confirment la stéréospécificité de la méthode éphédrine. La préparation de diphosphines P-stéréogéniques surélevées au dessus de la cavité supérieure du calix[4]arène a été effectuée par réaction de phosphures borane avec le dérivé bisiodométhyl correspondant. Des ligands de type aminophosphinephosphinite (AMP*P) ont également été préparés à partir du produit d ouverture du complexe d oxazaphospholidine borane par l anion du calixarène. Les différents ligands ont été synthétisés en série complexée au borane. La décomplexation est ensuite réalisée par réaction avec le DABCO et les phosphanes libres obtenus quantitativement ont été utilisés pour la préparation de catalyseurs chiraux de métaux de transition. Les AMP*P porteurs d un substituant calix[4]arène sur le fragment aminophosphine ont permis d obtenir de très bonnes inductions asymétriques en catalyse d hydrogénation de l a-acétamidocinnamate de méthyle par des complexes de rhodium (98% e.e.). L étude comparée avec des ligands homologues d un point de vue stérique et/ou électronique montre clairement l influence bénéfique du substituant calix[4]arène. Les mono et diphosphines P-stéréogéniques fonctionnalisées sur la partie supérieure du calix[4]arène ont été utilisés en substitution allylique catalysée par des complexes de palladium. La réaction donne d excellents rendements et stéréosélectivités avec des nucléophiles carbonés et azotés. Les meilleures inductions ont été obtenues avec une diphosphine porteuse de substituants méthyl et phényl au niveau des atomes de phosphore, qui entraîne des excès énantiomériques de 82% et 79 % en alkylation et en amination, respectivement.We were interested in synthesis of P-stereogenic ligands derived from calix[4]arene and in their application in asymmetric catalysis. Mono et diphosphines were prepared on the upper rim of the macrocyle starting from the mono or dianion of the calix[4]arene and chlorophosphines borane or the oxazaphospholidine borane complex. The best selectivity was obtained by reaction of the dianion with the oxazaphospholidine borane complex leading to a bisaminophosphine borane. After acidolysis with HCl giving the corresponding bischlorophosphine and reaction with organolithium reagents, diphosphines diborane were obtained with good yields (40 à 60 %). X-ray structures of the prepared ligands confirmed the stereospecificity of the ephedrine method. Preparation of P-stereogeniques diphosphines elevated above the upper rim of the calix[4]arène was carried out by reaction of phosphides borane with the corresponding bisiodomethyl derivative. Ligands aminophosphinephosphinite (AMP*P) were also prepared from the opened product of the oxazaphospholidine borane complex by the calixarene anion. Ligands were synthetised in borane complex serie. Decomplexation with DABCO affords quantitatively the free phosphanes which were used in the preparation of transition metal catalysts. AMP*P bearing calix[4]arene on the aminophosphine moeity gave very high asymetric induction in hydrogenation catalysis of methyl a-acetamidocinnamate with rhodium complexes (98% e.e.). Compared study with isoelectronic or sterically similar ligands obviously prove the positive influence of the calix[4]arene substituent. P-stereogenic mono and diphosphines on the upper rim of the macrocycle were used in asymetric allylic subtitution catalyzed with palladium complexes. High yields and enantioselectivities were obtained with carboned and nitrogened nucleophiles. The best inductions were carried out with a diphosphine bearing methyl and phenyl on the phosphorous centers, affording enantiomeric excesses of 82 % and 79 % in alkylation and in amination, respectively.DIJON-BU Doc.électronique (212319901) / SudocSudocFranceF
Masahiko Nagaki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Substrate specificities of farnesyl diphosphate synthases of Bacillus stearothermophilus and porcine liver with allylic substrate homologs having vinyl or ethynyl group
Journal of Molecular Catalysis B-enzymatic, 2009Co-Authors: Masahiko Nagaki, Tohru Musashi, Yuji Hirano, Hidenori Tanaka, Junji Ichita, Yuji MakiAbstract:Abstract To investigate substrate specificities of farnesyl diphosphate synthases from porcine liver and Bacillus stearothermophilus , we have examined the reactivities of vinyldimethylallyl and ethynyldimethylallyl diphosphates as allylic substrate homologs. The reaction of vinyldimethylallyl diphosphate with isopentenyl diphosphate by farnesyl diphosphate synthase of porcine liver gave vinylgeranyl and vinylfarnesyl diphosphates, which shows that the reaction stopped at the single or double condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate, respectively. However, the similar reaction by the use of wild-type farnesyl diphosphate synthase of B. stearothermophilus gave vinylfarnesyl diphosphate, exclusively. On the other hand, the reaction of Z -ethynyldimethylallyl diphosphates with isopentenyl diphosphate by the use of wild-type of farnesyl diphosphate synthase of B. stearothermophilus gave Z -ethynylfarnesyl diphosphate, as the sole product. Moreover, a mutated farnesyl diphosphate synthase (Y81D) reaction of Z -ethynyldimethylallyl diphosphates with isopentenyl diphosphate gave three kinds of products: ethynylgeranyl, ethynylfarnesyl, and ethynylgeranylgeranyl diphosphates. Using wild-type of farnesyl diphosphate synthase of B. stearothermophilus , the reaction of E -ethynyldimethylallyl diphosphate with isopentenyl diphosphate gave only E -ethynylfarnesyl diphosphate as double condensation product.
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substrate specificity of thermostable farnesyl diphosphate synthase with respect to 4 alkyl group homologs of isopentenyl diphosphate
Journal of Molecular Catalysis B-enzymatic, 2002Co-Authors: Masahiko Nagaki, Junji Ishibashi, Yuji Maki, Tokuzo Nishino, Hiroto Yamamoto, Ayumi Takahashi, Tanetoshi KoyamaAbstract:In order to investigate substrate spcificity of Bacillus stearothermophilus farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), we examined the reactivity of 4-alkyl group homologs of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). The enzymatic reactions of the 4-methyl homologs, (E)-3-methylpent-3-enyl diphophates (1a) and (Z)-3-methylpent-3-enyl diphophates (1b) with geranyl diphosphate (GPP) gave 4-methylfarnesyl diphosphates (2a and 2b), respectively. The stereochemistry of each aldehyde derived from 2a or 2b was determined by CD spectrometry to be (S)-4-methylfarnesal or (R)-4-methylfarnesal, respectively. Similarly, 1a reacted with dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to give a mixture of (4S)-4-methylgeranyl diphosphates (3a) and (4S,8S)-4,8-dimethylfarnesyl diphosphates (4a). The (Z)-isomer 1b also reacted with DMAPP to give the corresponding enantiomers with (4R)- and (4R,8R)-configurations. On the other hand, reactions of the 4-ethyl homologs, (E)-3-methylhex-3-enyl diphosphates (1c) and (Z)-3-methylhex-3-enyl diphosphates (1d) with GPP gave two types of 4-ethylfarnesyl diphosphates. Reactions of 1c or 1d with DMAPP also gave two types of 4-ethylgeranyl- and 4,8-diethylfarnesyl diphosphates. Meanwhile, reaction of the 4-propyl homologs, (E)-3-methylhept-3-enyl diphosphates (1e) and (Z)-3-methylhept-3-enyl diphosphates (1f) with GPP gave two types of 4-propylfarnesyl diphosphates. Reactions of 1e or 1f with DMAPP gave only two types of the 4-propyl GPPs. However, neither (E)-3-methyloct-3-enyl diphosphates (1g) or (Z)-3-methyloct-3-enyl diphosphates (1h), nor (E)-4-bromo-3-methylbut-3-enyl diphosphate (1i) or (Z)-4-bromo-3-methylbut-3-enyl diphosphate (1j) was acceptable as a substrate for the thermophilic FPS at all.
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artificial substrates for undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase from micrococcus luteus b p 26
Journal of Molecular Catalysis B-enzymatic, 2000Co-Authors: Masahiko Nagaki, Yuji Maki, Tokuzo Nishino, Shunsuke Sato, Tanetoshi KoyamaAbstract:Abstract Substrate specificity of undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase of Micrococcus luteus B-P 26 was investigated with respect to some alkyl- and bromo-group homologs of isopentenyl diphosphate. Among the homologs relating to the 3-methyl group, but-3-enyl diphosphate ( 2b ) and 3-ethylbut-3-enyl diphosphate ( 3b ) were accepted as substrates, with (all- E )-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to give 7,11,15-trimethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraenyl diphosphate, and a mixture of 3-ethyl-7,11,15-trimethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraenyl- and 3,7-diethyleicosa-2,6,10,14,18-pentaenyl diphosphates, respectively. With respect to the homologs modified at the 4 position of isopentenyl diphosphate, (4 E )-3-methylpent-3-enyl diphosphate ( 2f ) was accepted as a substrate to give (4 S )-(2 Z ,6 E ,10 E ,14 E )-4-methylgeranylgeranyl- and (4 S ,8 S )-(2 Z ,6 Z ,10 E ,14 E ,18 E )-4,8-dimethylgeranylfarnesyl diphosphates. Neither (4 Z )-3-methylpent-3-enyl diphosphate nor 4-bromo-3-methylbut-3-enyl diphosphates was accepted as a substrate at all.
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Substrate specificity of thermostable farnesyl diphosphate synthase with alkyl group homologs of isopentenyl diphosphate.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 1998Co-Authors: Masahiko Nagaki, Junji Ishibashi, Hiroki Kannari, Yuji Maki, Kyozo OguraAbstract:3-Alkyl group homologs of isopentenyl diphosphate were examined for the reactivity as substrates of the thermostable farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Even 3-n-propyl- and 3-n-butyl-but-3-enyl diphosphates, which are hardly acceptable by animal FPP synthases, are accepted by this bacterial enzyme as substrates to react with dimethylallyl- and geranyl diphosphates, yielding 7-methyl-3-n-propylocta-2,6-dienyl- and 7,11-dimethyl-3-n-propyldodeca-2,6,10-trienyl diphosphate, respectively.
Dietrich Gudat - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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specific photochemical dehydrocoupling of n heterocyclic phosphanes and their use in the photocatalytic generation of dihydrogen
Angewandte Chemie, 2015Co-Authors: Oliver Puntigam, Laszlo Konczol, László Nyulászi, Dietrich GudatAbstract:N-Heterocyclic phosphanes react under UV irradiation in a highly selective dehydrocoupling reaction to Diphosphanes and H2. Computational studies suggest that the product formation is initiated by the formation of dimeric molecular associates whose electronic excitation yields H2 and a diphosphane. Combining the dehydrocoupling of sterically demanding phosphanes with Mg-reduction of the formed Diphosphanes allows constructing a reaction cycle for the photocatalytic reductive generation of H2 from Et3NH+.
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rational synthesis and mutual conversion of bis n heterocyclic Diphosphanes and secondary n heterocyclic phosphanes
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2013Co-Authors: Oliver Puntigam, Daniela Forster, Nick A Giffin, Sebastian Burck, Johannes Bender, Fabian Ehret, Arthur D. Hendsbee, Martin Nieger, Jason D. Masuda, Dietrich GudatAbstract:Symmetrical N-heterocyclic 1,1′,3,3′-tetrahydro-2,2′-bi-1,3,2-diazaphospholes and 2,2′-bi-1,3,2-diazaphospholidines are prepared by time-saving, sequential “one-pot” syntheses starting from 1,4-diazabutadienes or N-alkyl or N-aryl-substituted ethane-1,2-diamines. This method offers high selectivity and minimizes the loss of products owing to unwanted hydrolysis, and thus grants high product yields. In some cases, secondary phosphanes were formed together with or instead of Diphosphanes. This reaction is explained by a follow-up process involving homolytic fission of Diphosphanes to give phosphanyl radicals, which then react with ammonium salts to give a mixture of secondary phosphanes and chlorophosphanes. Even if its synthetic scope is as yet limited, this approach seems promising in offering superior selectivity and higher yields than common synthetic protocols that rely on the use of complex hydrides as reducing agents. In addition to the reductive conversion of Diphosphanes into secondary phosphanes, a reverse reaction under exposure of the reactants to light is also reported.