The Experts below are selected from a list of 11532 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Ann Blandford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Distributed Cognition: Understanding Complex Sociotechnical Informatics.
Studies in health technology and informatics, 2019Co-Authors: Dominic Furniss, Ann Blandford, Sara Garfield, Fran Husson, Bryony Dean FranklinAbstract:Distributed Cognition theory posits that our cognitive tasks are so tightly coupled to the environment that Cognition extends into the environment, beyond the skin and the skull. It uses cognitive concepts to describe information processing across external representations, social networks and across different periods of time. Distributed Cognition lends itself to exploring how people interact with technology in the workplace, issues to do with communication and coordination, how people's thinking extends into the environment and sociotechnical system architecture and performance more broadly. We provide an overview of early work that established Distributed Cognition theory, describe more recent work that facilitates its application, and outline how this theory has been used in health informatics. We present two use cases to show how Distributed Cognition can be used at the formative and summative stages of a project life cycle. In both cases, key determinants that influence performance of the sociotechnical system and/or the technology are identified. We argue that Distributed Cognition theory can have descriptive, rhetorical, inferential and application power. For evidence-based health informatics it can lead to design changes and hypotheses that can be tested.
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understanding safety critical interactions with a home medical device through Distributed Cognition
Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 2015Co-Authors: Atish Rajkomar, A Mayer, Ann BlandfordAbstract:Display Omitted Distributed Cognition helps identify patients' interaction strategies and issues.DCog helps to understand how safety is achieved or compromised in home hemodialysis.Cognitive processes are Distributed in home hemodialysis through different media.Home hemodialysis technology should be designed for the broader home context. As healthcare shifts from the hospital to the home, it is becoming increasingly important to understand how patients interact with home medical devices, to inform the safe and patient-friendly design of these devices. Distributed Cognition (DCog) has been a useful theoretical framework for understanding situated interactions in the healthcare domain. However, it has not previously been applied to study interactions with home medical devices. In this study, DCog was applied to understand renal patients' interactions with Home Hemodialysis Technology (HHT), as an example of a home medical device. Data was gathered through ethnographic observations and interviews with 19 renal patients and interviews with seven professionals. Data was analyzed through the principles summarized in the Distributed Cognition for Teamwork methodology. In this paper we focus on the analysis of system activities, information flows, social structures, physical layouts, and artefacts. By explicitly considering different ways in which cognitive processes are Distributed, the DCog approach helped to understand patients' interaction strategies, and pointed to design opportunities that could improve patients' experiences of using HHT. The findings highlight the need to design HHT taking into consideration likely scenarios of use in the home and of the broader home context. A setting such as home hemodialysis has the characteristics of a complex and safety-critical socio-technical system, and a DCog approach effectively helps to understand how safety is achieved or compromised in such a system.
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Using PVS to support the analysis of Distributed Cognition systems
Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Paolo Masci, Dominic Furniss, Paul Curzon, Ann BlandfordAbstract:The rigorous analysis of socio-technical systems is challenging, because people are inherent parts of the system, together with devices and artefacts. In this paper, we report on the use of PVS as a way of analysing such systems in terms of Distributed Cognition. Distributed Cognition is a conceptual framework that allows us to derive insights about plausible user trajectories in socio-technical systems by exploring what information in the environment provides resources for user action, but its application has traditionally required substantial craft skill. DiCoT adds structure and method to the analysis of socio-technical systems from a Distributed Cognition perspective. In this work, we demonstrate how PVS can be used with DiCoT to conduct a systematic analysis. We illustrate how a relatively simple use of PVS can help a field researcher to (i) externalise assumptions and facts, (ii) verify the consistency of the logical argument framed in the descriptions, (iii) help uncover latent situations that may warrant further investigation, and (iv) verify conjectures about potential hazards linked to the observed use of information resources. Evidence is also provided that formal methods and empirical studies are not alternative approaches for studying a socio-technical system, but that they can complement and refine each other. The combined use of PVS and DiCoT is illustrated through a case study concerning a real-world emergency medical dispatch system.
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Understanding infusion administration in the ICU through Distributed Cognition
Journal of biomedical informatics, 2012Co-Authors: Atish Rajkomar, Ann BlandfordAbstract:Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Highlights? Infusion administration can be interpreted in terms of Distributed Cognition. ? DiCoT can be used to study infusion pump use in an ICU from a DC perspective. ? DiCoT can help to improve the user interface of an infusion pump. To understand how healthcare technologies are used in practice and evaluate them, researchers have argued for adopting the theoretical framework of Distributed Cognition (DC). This paper describes the methods and results of a study in which a DC methodology, Distributed Cognition for Teamwork (DiCoT), was applied to study the use of infusion pumps by nurses in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Data was gathered through ethnographic observations and interviews. Data analysis consisted of constructing the representational models of DiCoT, focusing on information flows, physical layouts, social structures and artefacts. The findings show that there is significant distribution of Cognition in the ICU: socially, among nurses; physically, through the material environment; and through technological artefacts. The DiCoT methodology facilitated the identification of potential improvements that could increase the safety and efficiency of nurses' interactions with infusion technology.
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DiCoT: A methodology for applying Distributed Cognition to the design of teamworking systems
Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2006Co-Authors: Ann Blandford, Dominic FurnissAbstract:Distributed Cognition is growing in popularity as a way of reasoning about group working and the design of artefacts within work systems. DiCoT (Distributed Cognition for Teamwork) is a methodology and representational system we are developing to support Distributed Cognition analysis of small team working. It draws on ideas from Contextual Design, but re-orients them towards the principles that are central to Distributed Cognition. When used to reason about possible changes to the design of a system, it also draws on Claims Analysis to reason about the likely effects of changes from a Distributed Cognition perspective. The approach has been developed and tested within a large, busy ambulance control centre. It supports reasoning about both existing system design and possible future designs.
Victoria A. Banks - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Distributed Cognition on the road using east to explore future road transportation systems
Applied Ergonomics, 2018Co-Authors: Neville A Stanton, Victoria A. Banks, Gary Burnett, Setia HermawatiAbstract:Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) are set to revolutionise the way in which we use our transportation system. However, we do not fully understand how the integration of wireless and autonomous technology into the road transportation network affects overall network dynamism. This paper uses the theoretical principles underlying Distributed Cognition to explore the dependencies and interdependencies that exist between system agents located within the road environment, traffic management centres and other external agencies in both non-connected and connected transportation systems. This represents a significant step forward in modelling complex sociotechnical systems as it shows that the principles underlying Distributed Cognition can be applied to macro-level systems using the visual representations afforded by the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) method.
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Automobile Automation: Distributed Cognition on the Road
2017Co-Authors: Victoria A. Banks, Neville A StantonAbstract:Increasing levels of driving automation has changed the role of the driver from active operator to passive monitor. However, Systems Design has been plagued by criticism for failing to acknowledge the new role of the driver within the system network. To understand the driver’s new role within an automated driving system, the theory of Distributed Cognition is adopted. This approach provides a useful framework for the investigation of allocation of function between multiple agents in the driving system. A Systems Design Framework has been developed that outlines how the Distributed Cognition paradigm can be applied to driving using both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies.
Neville A Stanton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Distributed Cognition on the road using east to explore future road transportation systems
Applied Ergonomics, 2018Co-Authors: Neville A Stanton, Victoria A. Banks, Gary Burnett, Setia HermawatiAbstract:Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) are set to revolutionise the way in which we use our transportation system. However, we do not fully understand how the integration of wireless and autonomous technology into the road transportation network affects overall network dynamism. This paper uses the theoretical principles underlying Distributed Cognition to explore the dependencies and interdependencies that exist between system agents located within the road environment, traffic management centres and other external agencies in both non-connected and connected transportation systems. This represents a significant step forward in modelling complex sociotechnical systems as it shows that the principles underlying Distributed Cognition can be applied to macro-level systems using the visual representations afforded by the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) method.
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Automobile Automation: Distributed Cognition on the Road
2017Co-Authors: Victoria A. Banks, Neville A StantonAbstract:Increasing levels of driving automation has changed the role of the driver from active operator to passive monitor. However, Systems Design has been plagued by criticism for failing to acknowledge the new role of the driver within the system network. To understand the driver’s new role within an automated driving system, the theory of Distributed Cognition is adopted. This approach provides a useful framework for the investigation of allocation of function between multiple agents in the driving system. A Systems Design Framework has been developed that outlines how the Distributed Cognition paradigm can be applied to driving using both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies.
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Representing Distributed Cognition in socio-technical systems
IFAC-PapersOnLine, 2016Co-Authors: Neville A StantonAbstract:Abstract Distributed Cognition is characterised by multiple ‘agents’ (both human and technological) working together in pursuit of common goals for which high levels of communication and coordination are required. The dynamic nature of transportation means the cognitive functions change moment-by- moment, in light of changes in the task, environment and interactions. It is argued in this paper that the EAST method is able to represent the complexity of Distributed Cognition using a network of networks approach. This systems paradigm provides the necessary foundations and methods to explore the non- linearity experienced in complex, highly automated, socio-technical systems, such as those found in ground, maritime and aviation transportation.
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Representing Distributed Cognition in complex systems: How a submarine returns to periscope depth
Ergonomics, 2014Co-Authors: Neville A StantonAbstract:This paper presents the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) method as a means of modelling Distributed Cognition in systems. The method comprises three network models (i.e. task, social and information) and their combination. This method was applied to the interactions between the sound room and control room in a submarine, following the activities of returning the submarine to periscope depth. This paper demonstrates three main developments in EAST. First, building the network models directly, without reference to the intervening methods. Second, the application of analysis metrics to all three networks. Third, the combination of the aforementioned networks in different ways to gain a broader understanding of the Distributed Cognition. Analyses have shown that EAST can be used to gain both qualitative and quantitative insights into Distributed Cognition. Future research should focus on the analyses of network resilience and modelling alternative versions of a system.
Dominic Furniss - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Distributed Cognition: Understanding Complex Sociotechnical Informatics.
Studies in health technology and informatics, 2019Co-Authors: Dominic Furniss, Ann Blandford, Sara Garfield, Fran Husson, Bryony Dean FranklinAbstract:Distributed Cognition theory posits that our cognitive tasks are so tightly coupled to the environment that Cognition extends into the environment, beyond the skin and the skull. It uses cognitive concepts to describe information processing across external representations, social networks and across different periods of time. Distributed Cognition lends itself to exploring how people interact with technology in the workplace, issues to do with communication and coordination, how people's thinking extends into the environment and sociotechnical system architecture and performance more broadly. We provide an overview of early work that established Distributed Cognition theory, describe more recent work that facilitates its application, and outline how this theory has been used in health informatics. We present two use cases to show how Distributed Cognition can be used at the formative and summative stages of a project life cycle. In both cases, key determinants that influence performance of the sociotechnical system and/or the technology are identified. We argue that Distributed Cognition theory can have descriptive, rhetorical, inferential and application power. For evidence-based health informatics it can lead to design changes and hypotheses that can be tested.
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Using PVS to support the analysis of Distributed Cognition systems
Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Paolo Masci, Dominic Furniss, Paul Curzon, Ann BlandfordAbstract:The rigorous analysis of socio-technical systems is challenging, because people are inherent parts of the system, together with devices and artefacts. In this paper, we report on the use of PVS as a way of analysing such systems in terms of Distributed Cognition. Distributed Cognition is a conceptual framework that allows us to derive insights about plausible user trajectories in socio-technical systems by exploring what information in the environment provides resources for user action, but its application has traditionally required substantial craft skill. DiCoT adds structure and method to the analysis of socio-technical systems from a Distributed Cognition perspective. In this work, we demonstrate how PVS can be used with DiCoT to conduct a systematic analysis. We illustrate how a relatively simple use of PVS can help a field researcher to (i) externalise assumptions and facts, (ii) verify the consistency of the logical argument framed in the descriptions, (iii) help uncover latent situations that may warrant further investigation, and (iv) verify conjectures about potential hazards linked to the observed use of information resources. Evidence is also provided that formal methods and empirical studies are not alternative approaches for studying a socio-technical system, but that they can complement and refine each other. The combined use of PVS and DiCoT is illustrated through a case study concerning a real-world emergency medical dispatch system.
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DiCoT: A methodology for applying Distributed Cognition to the design of teamworking systems
Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2006Co-Authors: Ann Blandford, Dominic FurnissAbstract:Distributed Cognition is growing in popularity as a way of reasoning about group working and the design of artefacts within work systems. DiCoT (Distributed Cognition for Teamwork) is a methodology and representational system we are developing to support Distributed Cognition analysis of small team working. It draws on ideas from Contextual Design, but re-orients them towards the principles that are central to Distributed Cognition. When used to reason about possible changes to the design of a system, it also draws on Claims Analysis to reason about the likely effects of changes from a Distributed Cognition perspective. The approach has been developed and tested within a large, busy ambulance control centre. It supports reasoning about both existing system design and possible future designs.
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DiCoT: a methodology for applying Distributed Cognition to the design of team working systems
2006Co-Authors: Ann Blandford, Dominic FurnissAbstract:Distributed Cognition is growing in popularity as a way of reasoning about group working and the design of artefacts within work systems. DiCoT (Distributed Cognition for Teamwork) is a methodology and representational system we are developing to support Distributed Cognition analysis of small team working. It draws on ideas from Contextual Design, but re-orients them towards the principles that are central to Distributed Cognition. When used to reason about possible changes to the design of a system, it also draws on Claims Analysis to reason about the likely effects of changes from a Distributed Cognition perspective. The approach has been developed and tested within a large, busy ambulance control centre. It supports reasoning about both existing system design and possible future designs.
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DSV-IS - DiCoT: a methodology for applying Distributed Cognition to the design of teamworking systems
Interactive Systems. Design Specification and Verification, 2006Co-Authors: Ann Blandford, Dominic FurnissAbstract:Distributed Cognition is growing in popularity as a way of reasoning about group working and the design of artefacts within work systems. DiCoT (Distributed Cognition for Teamwork) is a methodology and representational system we are developing to support Distributed Cognition analysis of small team working. It draws on ideas from Contextual Design, but re-orients them towards the principles that are central to Distributed Cognition. When used to reason about possible changes to the design of a system, it also draws on Claims Analysis to reason about the likely effects of changes from a Distributed Cognition perspective. The approach has been developed and tested within a large, busy ambulance control centre. It supports reasoning about both existing system design and possible future designs.
Setia Hermawati - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Distributed Cognition on the road using east to explore future road transportation systems
Applied Ergonomics, 2018Co-Authors: Neville A Stanton, Victoria A. Banks, Gary Burnett, Setia HermawatiAbstract:Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) are set to revolutionise the way in which we use our transportation system. However, we do not fully understand how the integration of wireless and autonomous technology into the road transportation network affects overall network dynamism. This paper uses the theoretical principles underlying Distributed Cognition to explore the dependencies and interdependencies that exist between system agents located within the road environment, traffic management centres and other external agencies in both non-connected and connected transportation systems. This represents a significant step forward in modelling complex sociotechnical systems as it shows that the principles underlying Distributed Cognition can be applied to macro-level systems using the visual representations afforded by the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) method.
