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Michael Schwarz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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internet advertising and the generalized second price auction selling billions of dollars worth of keywords
The American Economic Review, 2007Co-Authors: Benjamin Edelman, Michael Ostrovsky, Michael SchwarzAbstract:We investigate the "generalized second-price" (GSP) auction, a new mechanism used by search engines to sell online advertising. Although GSP looks similar to the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism, its properties are very different. Unlike the VCG mechanism, GSP generally does not have an equilibrium in Dominant strategies, and truth-telling is not an equilibrium of GSP. To analyze the properties of GSP, we describe the generalized English auction that corresponds to GSP and show that it has a unique equilibrium. This is an ex post equilibrium, with the same payoffs to all players as the Dominant Strategy equilibrium of VCG.
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internet advertising and the generalized second price auction selling billions of dollars worth of keywords
The American Economic Review, 2007Co-Authors: Benjamin Edelman, Michael Ostrovsky, Michael SchwarzAbstract:We investigate the "generalized second price" auction (GSP), a new mechanism which is used by search engines to sell online advertising that most Internet users encounter daily. GSP is tailored to its unique environment, and neither the mechanism nor the environment have previously been studied in the mechanism design literature. Although GSP looks similar to the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism, its properties are very different. In particular, unlike the VCG mechanism, GSP generally does not have an equilibrium in Dominant strategies, and truth-telling is not an equilibrium of GSP. To analyze the properties of GSP in a dynamic environment, we describe the generalized English auction that corresponds to the GSP and show that it has a unique equilibrium. This is an ex post equilibrium that results in the same payoffs to all players as the Dominant Strategy equilibrium of VCG.
Marc Dommergues - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cost-effectiveness of acupuncture versus standard care for pelvic and low back pain in pregnancy: A randomized controlled trial
PLoS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Stephanie Nicolian, Thibault Butel, Laetitia Gambotti, Manon Durand, Antoine Filipovic-pierucci, Alain Mallet, Mamadou Kone, Isabelle Durand-zaleski, Marc DommerguesAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-effectiveness of acupuncture for pelvic girdle and low back pain (PGLBP) during pregnancy. DESIGN: Pragmatic-open-label randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Five maternity hospitals. POPULATION: Pregnant women with PGLBP. METHOD: 1:1 randomization to standard care or standard care plus acupuncture (5 sessions by an acupuncturist midwife). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Efficacy: proportion of days with self-assessed pain by numerical rating scale (NRS) ≤ 4/10. Cost effectiveness (societal viewpoint, time horizon: pregnancy): incremental cost per days with NRS ≤ 4/10. Indirect non-healthcare costs included daily compensations for sick leave and productivity loss caused by absenteeism or presenteeism. RESULTS: 96 women were allocated to acupuncture and 103 to standard care (total 199). The proportion of days with NRS ≤ 4/10 was greater in the acupuncture group than in the standard care group (61% vs 48%, p = 0.007). The mean Oswestry disability score was lower in the acupuncture group than with standard care alone (33 versus 38, Δ = 5, 95% CI: 0.8 to 9, p = 0.02). Average total costs were higher in the control group (€2947) than in the acupuncture group (€2635, Δ = -€312, 95% CI: -966 to +325), resulting from the higher indirect costs of absenteeism and presenteeism. Acupuncture was a Dominant Strategy when both healthcare and non-healthcare costs were included. Costs for the health system (employer and out-of-pocket costs excluded) were slightly higher for acupuncture (€1512 versus €1452, Δ = €60, 95% CI: -272 to +470). CONCLUSION: Acupuncture was a Dominant Strategy when accounting for employer costs. A 100% probability of cost-effectiveness was obtained for a willingness to pay of €100 per days with pain NRS ≤ 4.
Erika F Werner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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timing of postpartum intrauterine device placement a cost effectiveness analysis
Fertility and Sterility, 2015Co-Authors: Chantel I Washington, Erika F Werner, Stephen F Thung, Roxanne Jamshidi, Unzila Ali Nayeri, Aaron B CaugheyAbstract:Objective To determine if immediate postpartum (PP) intrauterine device (IUD) placement prevents pregnancy and is cost-effective compared with routine placement. Design We developed a decision-analysis model to determine the number of pregnancies prevented and the cost-effectiveness of immediate PP IUD placement defined as within the first 10 minutes of placental expulsion compared with routine placement at the PP visit. Associated costs and probability estimates for adherence to PP follow-up, IUD placement, expulsion, and pregnancy were determined from the literature. Setting Hospital and outpatient facility. Patient(s) Women desiring PP IUDs. Intervention(s) IUD placement. Main Outcome Measure(s) The main outcome measure was the number of pregnancies prevented per 1,000 women. The secondary outcome was an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) defined as the marginal cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. An ICER of Result(s) Immediate PP IUD placement prevented 88 unintended pregnancies per 1,000 women over a 2-year time horizon. Immediate PP IUD placement was the Dominant Strategy. For every 1,000 women who desired a PP IUD, attempted immediate PP placement resulted in a cost savings of $282,540 and a gain of 10 QALYs. The model is most sensitive to the cost of an undesired pregnancy. When the cost of a live birth is Conclusion(s) Immediate PP IUD placement is a Dominant Strategy that prevents unintended pregnancy.
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universal cervical length screening to prevent preterm birth a cost effectiveness analysis
Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2011Co-Authors: Erika F Werner, Christina S Han, Christian M Pettker, Catalin S Buhimschi, Joshua A Copel, Edmund F Funai, Stephen F ThungAbstract:Objective To determine whether routine measurement of second-trimester transvaginal cervical length by ultrasound in low-risk singleton pregnancies is a cost-effective Strategy. Methods We developed a decision analysis model to compare the cost-effectiveness of two strategies for identifying pregnancies at risk for preterm birth: (1) no routine cervical length screening and (2) a single routine transvaginal cervical length measurement at 18–24 weeks' gestation. In our model, women identified as being at increased risk (cervical length < 1.5 cm) for preterm birth would be offered daily vaginal progesterone supplementation. We assumed that vaginal progesterone reduces preterm birth at < 34 weeks' gestation by 45%. We also assumed that a decreased cervical length could result in additional costs (ultrasound scans, inpatient admission) without significantly improved neonatal outcomes. The main outcome measure was incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Results Our model predicts that routine cervical-length screening is a Dominant Strategy when compared to routine care. For every 100 000 women screened, $ 12 119 947 can be potentially saved (in 2010 US dollars) and 423.9 quality-adjusted life-years could be gained. Additionally, we estimate that 22 cases of neonatal death or long-term neurologic deficits could be prevented per 100 000 women screened. Screening remained cost-effective but was no longer the Dominant Strategy when cervical-length ultrasound measurement costs exceeded $ 187 or when vaginal progesterone reduced delivery risk at < 34 weeks by less than 20%. Conclusion In low-risk pregnancies, universal transvaginal cervical length ultrasound screening appears to be a cost-effective Strategy under a wide range of clinical circumstances (varied preterm birth rates, predictive values of a shortened cervix and costs). Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raul V Fabella - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Service of zbw Helping cost, assortative matching and production cycles in the dynamic humean farmer game Helping Cost, Assortative Matching and Production Cycles in the Dynamic Humean Farmer Game Helping Cost, Assortative Matching and Production Cycles
2020Co-Authors: Raul V FabellaAbstract:Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in Abstract We reformulate the Humean farmer game on the basis of random assignment of advantage and the cost e of helping in another's harvest. The result is a game that is a coordination game if e < ½ or a Dominant Strategy Prisoner's Dilemma Game if e > ½ which allows a joint treatment of the two interpretations of the Humean farmer game. We employ two behavioral types initially: the conditionally cooperative (H-type) and the free riding (NH-type). We employ replication dynamics with assortative matching and multiple production cycles to investigate which evolutionarily stable (EE) monomorphic population it engenders. We show that the ceiling for effort cost e to support an EE monomorphic H-type population in the Stag-Hunt game rises to (1 + b)/2 from 1/2 in pure random matching case. As the assortative index b rises, the basin of attraction of the EE H-type solution rises. When the assortative matching is perfect (b = 1), in the Stag-Hunt game version (0 < e < ½), the monomorphic NH-type population (s* = 0) is no longer EE while the monomorphic H-type solution (s** = 1) is EE; in the Dominant Strategy game version (e > ½), s* = 0 is EE iff e > (3/4) while s** = 1 is EE
Stephanie Nicolian - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cost-effectiveness of acupuncture versus standard care for pelvic and low back pain in pregnancy: A randomized controlled trial
PLoS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Stephanie Nicolian, Thibault Butel, Laetitia Gambotti, Manon Durand, Antoine Filipovic-pierucci, Alain Mallet, Mamadou Kone, Isabelle Durand-zaleski, Marc DommerguesAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-effectiveness of acupuncture for pelvic girdle and low back pain (PGLBP) during pregnancy. DESIGN: Pragmatic-open-label randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Five maternity hospitals. POPULATION: Pregnant women with PGLBP. METHOD: 1:1 randomization to standard care or standard care plus acupuncture (5 sessions by an acupuncturist midwife). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Efficacy: proportion of days with self-assessed pain by numerical rating scale (NRS) ≤ 4/10. Cost effectiveness (societal viewpoint, time horizon: pregnancy): incremental cost per days with NRS ≤ 4/10. Indirect non-healthcare costs included daily compensations for sick leave and productivity loss caused by absenteeism or presenteeism. RESULTS: 96 women were allocated to acupuncture and 103 to standard care (total 199). The proportion of days with NRS ≤ 4/10 was greater in the acupuncture group than in the standard care group (61% vs 48%, p = 0.007). The mean Oswestry disability score was lower in the acupuncture group than with standard care alone (33 versus 38, Δ = 5, 95% CI: 0.8 to 9, p = 0.02). Average total costs were higher in the control group (€2947) than in the acupuncture group (€2635, Δ = -€312, 95% CI: -966 to +325), resulting from the higher indirect costs of absenteeism and presenteeism. Acupuncture was a Dominant Strategy when both healthcare and non-healthcare costs were included. Costs for the health system (employer and out-of-pocket costs excluded) were slightly higher for acupuncture (€1512 versus €1452, Δ = €60, 95% CI: -272 to +470). CONCLUSION: Acupuncture was a Dominant Strategy when accounting for employer costs. A 100% probability of cost-effectiveness was obtained for a willingness to pay of €100 per days with pain NRS ≤ 4.