The Experts below are selected from a list of 5745 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
David L. Strayer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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SPIDER: a framework for understanding Driver Distraction
Human factors, 2015Co-Authors: David L. Strayer, Donald L. FisherAbstract:OBJECTIVE: The objective was to identify key cognitive processes that are impaired when Drivers divert attention from driving. BACKGROUND: Driver Distraction is increasingly recognized as a significant source of injuries and fatalities on the roadway. METHOD/RESULTS: A "SPIDER" model is developed that identifies key cognitive processes that are impaired when Drivers divert attention from driving. SPIDER is an acronym standing for scanning, predicting, identifying, decision making, and executing a response. CONCLUSION: When Drivers engage in secondary activities unrelated to the task of driving, SPIDER-related processes are impaired, situation awareness is degraded, and the ability to safely operate a motor vehicle may be compromised. APPLICATION: The pattern of interference helps to illuminate the sources of Driver Distraction and may help guide the integration of new technology into the automobile. Keywords: Driver Distraction; Language: en
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an investigation of Driver Distraction near the tipping point of traffic flow stability
Human Factors, 2009Co-Authors: Joel M Cooper, Ivana Vladisavljevic, Nathan Medeirosward, Peter T Martin, David L. StrayerAbstract:Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the interrelationship between Driver Distraction and characteristics of Driver behavior associated with reduced highway traffic efficiency. Background: Research on the three-phase traffic theory and on behavioral driving suggests that a number of characteristics associated with efficient traffic flow may be affected by Driver Distraction. Previous studies have been limited, however, by the fact that researchers typically do not allow participants to change lanes, nor do they account for the impact of varying traffic states on driving performance. Methods: Participants drove in three simulated environments with differing traffic congestion while both using and not using a cell phone. Instructed only to obey the speed limit, participants were allowed to vary driving behaviors, such as those involving forward following distance, speed, and lane-changing frequency. Results: Both Driver Distraction and traffic congestion were found to significantly affect lane change frequency, mean speed, and the likelihood of remaining behind a slower-moving lead vehicle. Conclusions: This research suggests that the behavioral profile of “cell phone Drivers,” which is often described as compensatory, may have far-reaching and unexpected consequences for traffic efficiency. Application: By considering the dynamic interplay between characteristics of traffic flow and Driver behavior, this research may inform both public policy regarding in-vehicle cell phone use and future investigations of driving behavior. Keywords: Driver Distraction;
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Effects of Simulator Practice and Real-World Experience on Cell-Phone—Related Driver Distraction
Human factors, 2008Co-Authors: Joel M Cooper, David L. StrayerAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Our research examined the effects of practice on cell-phone-related Driver Distraction. BACKGROUND: The driving literature is ambiguous as to whether practice can reduce Driver Distraction from concurrent cell phone conversation. METHODS: Drivers reporting either high or low real-world cell phone usage were selected to participate in four 90-min simulated driving sessions on successive days. The research consisted of two phases: a practice phase and a novel transfer phase. RESULTS: Dual-task performance deficits persisted through practice and transfer driving conditions. Moreover, groups reporting high and low real-world experience exhibited similar driving impairments when conversing on a hands-free cell phone. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that practice is unlikely to eliminate the disruptive effects of concurrent cell phone use on driving. APPLICATION: Multiple regulatory agencies have considered, or are currently considering, legislation to restrict in-vehicle cell phone use. Findings reported herein may be useful to inform these public policy decisions. Keywords: Driver Distraction; Language: en
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effects of simulator practice and real world experience on cell phone related Driver Distraction
Human Factors, 2008Co-Authors: Joel M Cooper, David L. StrayerAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Our research examined the effects of practice on cell-phone-related Driver Distraction. BACKGROUND: The driving literature is ambiguous as to whether practice can reduce Driver Distraction from concurrent cell phone conversation. METHODS: Drivers reporting either high or low real-world cell phone usage were selected to participate in four 90-min simulated driving sessions on successive days. The research consisted of two phases: a practice phase and a novel transfer phase. RESULTS: Dual-task performance deficits persisted through practice and transfer driving conditions. Moreover, groups reporting high and low real-world experience exhibited similar driving impairments when conversing on a hands-free cell phone. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that practice is unlikely to eliminate the disruptive effects of concurrent cell phone use on driving. APPLICATION: Multiple regulatory agencies have considered, or are currently considering, legislation to restrict in-vehicle cell phone use. Findings reported herein may be useful to inform these public policy decisions. Keywords: Driver Distraction; Language: en
Joel M Cooper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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an investigation of Driver Distraction near the tipping point of traffic flow stability
Human Factors, 2009Co-Authors: Joel M Cooper, Ivana Vladisavljevic, Nathan Medeirosward, Peter T Martin, David L. StrayerAbstract:Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the interrelationship between Driver Distraction and characteristics of Driver behavior associated with reduced highway traffic efficiency. Background: Research on the three-phase traffic theory and on behavioral driving suggests that a number of characteristics associated with efficient traffic flow may be affected by Driver Distraction. Previous studies have been limited, however, by the fact that researchers typically do not allow participants to change lanes, nor do they account for the impact of varying traffic states on driving performance. Methods: Participants drove in three simulated environments with differing traffic congestion while both using and not using a cell phone. Instructed only to obey the speed limit, participants were allowed to vary driving behaviors, such as those involving forward following distance, speed, and lane-changing frequency. Results: Both Driver Distraction and traffic congestion were found to significantly affect lane change frequency, mean speed, and the likelihood of remaining behind a slower-moving lead vehicle. Conclusions: This research suggests that the behavioral profile of “cell phone Drivers,” which is often described as compensatory, may have far-reaching and unexpected consequences for traffic efficiency. Application: By considering the dynamic interplay between characteristics of traffic flow and Driver behavior, this research may inform both public policy regarding in-vehicle cell phone use and future investigations of driving behavior. Keywords: Driver Distraction;
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Effects of Simulator Practice and Real-World Experience on Cell-Phone—Related Driver Distraction
Human factors, 2008Co-Authors: Joel M Cooper, David L. StrayerAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Our research examined the effects of practice on cell-phone-related Driver Distraction. BACKGROUND: The driving literature is ambiguous as to whether practice can reduce Driver Distraction from concurrent cell phone conversation. METHODS: Drivers reporting either high or low real-world cell phone usage were selected to participate in four 90-min simulated driving sessions on successive days. The research consisted of two phases: a practice phase and a novel transfer phase. RESULTS: Dual-task performance deficits persisted through practice and transfer driving conditions. Moreover, groups reporting high and low real-world experience exhibited similar driving impairments when conversing on a hands-free cell phone. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that practice is unlikely to eliminate the disruptive effects of concurrent cell phone use on driving. APPLICATION: Multiple regulatory agencies have considered, or are currently considering, legislation to restrict in-vehicle cell phone use. Findings reported herein may be useful to inform these public policy decisions. Keywords: Driver Distraction; Language: en
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effects of simulator practice and real world experience on cell phone related Driver Distraction
Human Factors, 2008Co-Authors: Joel M Cooper, David L. StrayerAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Our research examined the effects of practice on cell-phone-related Driver Distraction. BACKGROUND: The driving literature is ambiguous as to whether practice can reduce Driver Distraction from concurrent cell phone conversation. METHODS: Drivers reporting either high or low real-world cell phone usage were selected to participate in four 90-min simulated driving sessions on successive days. The research consisted of two phases: a practice phase and a novel transfer phase. RESULTS: Dual-task performance deficits persisted through practice and transfer driving conditions. Moreover, groups reporting high and low real-world experience exhibited similar driving impairments when conversing on a hands-free cell phone. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that practice is unlikely to eliminate the disruptive effects of concurrent cell phone use on driving. APPLICATION: Multiple regulatory agencies have considered, or are currently considering, legislation to restrict in-vehicle cell phone use. Findings reported herein may be useful to inform these public policy decisions. Keywords: Driver Distraction; Language: en
Zhiping Lin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Driver Distraction detection using semi supervised machine learning
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2016Co-Authors: Tianchi Liu, Yan Yang, Guangbin Huang, Yong Kiang Yeo, Zhiping LinAbstract:Real-time Driver Distraction detection is the core to many Distraction countermeasures and fundamental for constructing a Driver-centered Driver assistance system. While data-driven methods demonstrate promising detection performance, a particular challenge is how to reduce the considerable cost for collecting labeled data. This paper explored semi-supervised methods for Driver Distraction detection in real driving conditions to alleviate the cost of labeling training data. Laplacian support vector machine and semi-supervised extreme learning machine were evaluated using eye and head movements to classify two Driver states: attentive and cognitively distracted. With the additional unlabeled data, the semi-supervised learning methods improved the detection performance ( $G$ -mean) by 0.0245, on average, over all subjects, as compared with the traditional supervised methods. As unlabeled training data can be collected from Drivers' naturalistic driving records with little extra resource, semi-supervised methods, which utilize both labeled and unlabeled data, can enhance the efficiency of model development in terms of time and cost.
Sharad K. Maheshwari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Methodological Approach For Studying Public Bus Transit Driver Distraction
International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 2015Co-Authors: Kelwyn A. D'souza, Sharad K. MaheshwariAbstract:The increase in bus transit ridership along with the proliferation of personal electronic control and communication gadgets is causing more Distractions for the Drivers. For transit vehicles, some Distractions are caused by factors beyond the Driver’s control such as operating additional equipment, attending to passengers, and communicating with the operations center. Several Driver Distraction studies have been conducted for personal vehicles and commercial vehicles. But bus transit Driver Distraction has received limited attention in the literature even though bus transit accidents may cause more injuries due to larger number of passengers. Hence, their Distraction is not clearly understood; furthermore, no established methodology is available to conduct a detailed study at a transit agency because of inadequate research in the field. The objective of this paper is to present a detailed modular research framework for studying bus transit Driver Distractions. The framework provides a transit agency with a set of standardized methodologies for studying Distraction over a wide range of cost and time intervals. An agency may choose one or more modules to suit their study requirements. The modules for data collection, analysis, validation, and interpretation and usage of results are designed on the basis of in-depth studies and tests at transit agencies in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The paper provides a detailed process and a set of guidelines to study bus transit Driver Distraction which will make it easier for any transit agency to conduct such a study. The results of the bus transit Driver Distraction studies could be used for training bus Drivers to mitigate Distraction and assist state and city governments to formulate effective regulations to control distracted driving.
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The comparison of regional and urban transit bus Driver Distraction
Urban Transport XX, 2014Co-Authors: K. A. D’souza, Sharad K. MaheshwariAbstract:This paper compares the Distraction risks and factors causing such Distractions between regional and urban transit bus Drivers. The objective is to ascertain if the nature and intensity of Driver Distraction and associated Distraction factors are common at the different types of transit agencies. To establish this, an independent Driver Distraction study was conducted at a regional transit agency and an urban transit agency located at different areas in the Commonwealth of Virginia, USA Using accident databases and bus Driver surveys, the distracting activities were classified into risk zones according to their severity. Furthermore, multinomial logistic regression models were applied to establish relationships between a set of dichotomous and continuous distracting factors and intensity of the multi categorical levels of Driver Distraction based on risk zones. Among the useful findings was similarity in the highest risk distracting activities for regional and urban transit bus Drivers which were mainly due to passengers, pedestrians and other road users. While many of the Distraction related factors such as the service area (regional/urban), Driver attributes (age, gender, driving experience, educational level, marital status etc.), driving pattern (driving schedule, driving hours per week, service location etc.), and type and age of the buses were significant in either regional and urban models, there were few that impacted both the transit agencies concurrently. The reasons for the resulting differences could be due to significant variations in Driver attributes, driving pattern, type and age of buses between the transit agencies. Hence, training needs and policies to curb distracted driving may differ at both agencies.
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A Research Framework for Studying Transit Bus Driver Distraction
2013Co-Authors: Kelwyn A. D'souza, Sharad K. MaheshwariAbstract:The increase in transit bus ridership nationally during the past ten years, along with the proliferation of personal electronic control and communication gadgets is causing more Distractions for the Drivers. Earlier research studies have found Driver Distraction to be a significant cause of accidents on the highway. The transit bus Driver Distraction has received limited attention in the literature even though transit bus accidents may cause more injuries due to larger number of passengers. Unlike personal vehicles, where most of the Distraction is within the control of the Driver, for transit vehicles, some Distractions are caused by factors beyond the Driver’s control such as operating additional equipment, attending to passengers, and communicating with the operations center. Due to lack of reporting of Distractions by transit Drivers and very limited research studies, transit bus Driver Distraction is not clearly understood and no established research framework is available to conduct a detailed study of transit bus Drivers’ Distraction. Every study at a transit agency is conducted independently from start to finish at the cost of additional time and resources. The objective of this project was to develop a modular research framework for studying transit bus Driver Distractions. The framework would provide a transit agency with a set of standardized modular methodologies for studying Distraction over a wide range of cost and time intervals. An agency could choose one or more modules to suit their study requirements. These modules for data collection, analysis, validation, and interpretation and usage of results are designed on the basis of in-depth studies and tests at transit agencies in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The results are reproduced in this report for purposes of illustrating the type of outputs obtainable from the framework and are not meant to reflect the accuracy of the data and model results. The major deliverables from this project are as follows: The research framework structure consisting of four modules; Standardized processes for data collection and analysis; Identifying sources, duration, and Driver’s perception of Distraction; Method of classifying distracting activities into risk zones; Appropriate statistical models to determine the significant factors that impact the levels of Distraction; Methods to access model fit and validate the model results; Guidelines on interpreting and using the results; and Recommendations for improving the model results.
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Research Framework for Studying Transit Bus Driver Distraction in the Commonwealth of Virginia
2012Co-Authors: Kelwyn A. D'souza, Sharad K. MaheshwariAbstract:Transit ridership has increased nationally during the past ten years. Higher ridership generally results in higher Distraction due to passenger related sources. Besides, this ridership growth in transit services, proliferation of personal electronic control and communication gadgets are causing more Distractions for the Drivers. Research on transit bus Driver Distraction is limited although transit buses account for more transit related injuries due to larger number of passengers. In the case of passenger vehicles, most of the Distraction is within the control of the Driver. However for transit vehicles, some Distractions are caused by factors beyond the Driver’s control such as operating equipment or attending to passengers. The accident reports filed by transit bus Drivers rarely document Distraction as the cause of accidents. Due to lack of reporting Distractions by transit Drivers, the associated risks and impact on performance is not well understood and no established research framework is available to study Driver Distractions. This paper proposes a modular research framework for conducting a Driver Distraction study that includes data collection, analysis, validating, and interpreting results of the study. The objective is to provide a transit agency in the Commonwealth of Virginia with a set of standardized methodologies for studying transit bus Driver Distraction from data collection to result interpretation and application. The proposed framework consists of four modules—Data Collection, Analysis, Validation and Result Interpretation. Each module utilizes tools for studying Distraction over a wide range of cost and time intervals whereby an agency may choose one or more modules to suit their study requirements. These modules are based on an earlier study conducted in the Commonwealth of Virginia whose results are reproduced in this paper for purposes of illustrating the type of outputs obtainable from the framework.
Birsen Donmez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Test–Retest Reliability of the Susceptibility to Driver Distraction Questionnaire
Transportation Research Record, 2015Co-Authors: Susana Marulanda, Huei-yen Winnie Chen, Birsen DonmezAbstract:The Susceptibility to Driver Distraction Questionnaire (SDDQ) investigates voluntary and involuntary factors associated with Driver Distraction. The questionnaire consists of 39 items in six subscales: (a) self-reported Distraction engagement, (b) attitudes toward Distractions, (c) perceived control of driving while engaged in Distractions, (d) injunctive social norms associated with Distraction engagement, (e) descriptive social norms associated with Distraction engagement, and (f) susceptibility to involuntary Distractions. A sample of 43 adults, ages 25 to 39 years, was used to assess the test–retest reliability of the SDDQ. The mean time between test and retest conditions was approximately 20 days. For subscale averages, intraclass correlation (ICC) statistics were used to assess test–retest reliability; weighted kappa statistics were used to assess individual items. The ICC results suggest good to excellent test–retest reliability for subscales of self-reported Distraction engagement, attitudes towar...
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susceptibility to Driver Distraction questionnaire development and relation to relevant self reported measures
Transportation Research Record, 2014Co-Authors: Jing Feng, Susana Marulanda, Birsen DonmezAbstract:Driver Distraction significantly impairs performance and increases the likelihood of vehicle crashes. Understanding the underlying reasons for Distraction engagement as well as individuals' susceptibility to various types of Distractions is a necessary step in developing effective solutions for mitigating Distraction. This paper describes the development and initial evaluation of a questionnaire, the Susceptibility to Driver Distraction Questionnaire (SDDQ), which investigates Distraction involvement by making a distinction between voluntary and involuntary engagement in secondary activities, or Distractions, as referred to in this paper. The paper presents the theoretical underpinnings, the questionnaire itself, as well as the results of an online survey that examined the reliability and validity of the newly developed questionnaire. The analyses show moderate to high levels of internal consistency among the questionnaire items; this consistency provides support to the reliability of the SDDQ. The result...
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Taxonomy of Mitigation Strategies for Driver Distraction
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2003Co-Authors: Birsen Donmez, Linda Ng Boyle, John D. LeeAbstract:Driver Distraction can be described as the diversion of Driver’s attention from the primary task of driving and is one of the most common causes of crashes. Complex technologies that have either been introduced to the driving domain or are planned to be, raise the concern of high levels of Distraction, by placing additional demands on Drivers. Different mitigation strategies (e.g., warning and vehicle control) have been implemented in the vehicle to reduce Driver Distraction. However there has not been a clear definition or categorization of these strategies. This paper, therefore, proposes a taxonomy of mitigation strategies for Driver Distraction and relates the strategies to accumulated research in the areas of automation and adaptive aiding to define important design tradeoffs with each strategy. This taxonomy provides a framework that can guide research and address the Driver Distraction problem systematically.
