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Nancy Haley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Maintenance of a high intention of avoiding initiation into Drug Injection among street youths: A longitudinal study
Addiction Research & Theory, 2009Co-Authors: Gaston Godin, Pascale Leclerc, Nancy Haley, Jean-françois BoivinAbstract:The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with the maintenance of a high intention of avoiding initiation into Drug Injection among street youths. A prospective cohort study of street youths aged 14 to 23 was initiated in Montreal in July 2001. A total of 330 street youths who had never injected Drugs and had completed at least one semi-annual follow-up questionnaire were included in the analysis. The prediction of the maintenance of a high intention over given time intervals of 6 to 36 months was assessed. At baseline, 83.6% of the respondents firmly intended avoiding initiation into Drug Injection. Maintenance of high intention was significantly associated with the maintenance of high values of perceived control, attitude and role beliefs. These results clearly demonstrate that youths who maintain a high intention of avoiding initiation into Drug Injection hold more favourable cognitions over time.
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Drug Injection among street youths in montreal predictors of initiation
Journal of Urban Health-bulletin of The New York Academy of Medicine, 2003Co-Authors: Nancy Haley, Pascale Leclerc, Lyne Cedras, Lucie Blais, Jean-françois BoivinAbstract:In North America, street youths are generally considered at very high risk of Injection Drug use. To estimate the incidence rate of Injection Drug use in this population and to identify predictors of Injection Drug use, we conducted the present analysis. Among participants to a cohort study initiated in January 1995, we selected subjects who had never injected at study entry and had completed at least one follow-up questionnaire. Predictors of initiation were identified using Cox proportional bazard regression models. Among the 415 never injectors (mean age at entry 19.5 years), 74 had initiated Injection by January 2000 (incidence rate 8.2 per 100 person-years). Independent predictors of initiation were recent episode of homelessness; age younger than 18 years; being tattooed; recently using hallucinogens, beroin, and cocainelcrack/freebase; having a friend who injects Drugs; and having ever experienced extrafamilial sexual abuse. This study showed that Injection Drug use is frequent among street youths, but prevention appears possible.
Jean-françois Boivin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Initiation to Drug Injection among street youth: A gender-based analysis
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2010Co-Authors: Jean-françois Boivin, Pascale LeclercAbstract:Abstract Objective(s) To estimate the incidence rate of initiation into Drug Injection and to identify predictors of initiation into Drug Injection separately among street girls and boys. Design Data from two consecutive prospective street youth cohort studies (1995–2001 and 2001–2005) were used to conduct these analyses, stratified by gender. Methods Data were collected using semi-annual interviewer-administered questionnaires. Variables from the following domains were considered in Cox regression models: socio-demographic characteristics, early and current substance abuse, marginalization, childhood traumatic sexual events and Injection exposure. Results Of the 946 youth who had never injected Drugs at study entry, 86.4% completed at least two questionnaires representing 243 girls and 574 boys. Incidence rates of Injection of 7.0 and 5.9 per 100 person-years were observed among these girls and boys respectively. Among girls, cocaine or crack use (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 1.97), heroin use (AHR = 2.86), homelessness (AHR = 2.49) and hanging out regularly with people who inject (AHR = 4.46) all independently increased risk of first Injection. Among boys, age decreased risk of initiating Injection (AHR = 0.90/year), while cocaine or crack use (AHR = 2.14), heroin use (AHR = 3.56), homelessness before age 16 (AHR = 1.68), incest or rape before age 14 (AHR = 1.98) and hanging out regularly with people who inject (AHR = 1.66) all independently increased this risk. Conclusions Our findings suggest similar rates of initiation among girls and boys; however, factors associated with initiation vary by gender. This might lead to the design of more effective programs to prevent initiation into Drug Injection.
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Maintenance of a high intention of avoiding initiation into Drug Injection among street youths: A longitudinal study
Addiction Research & Theory, 2009Co-Authors: Gaston Godin, Pascale Leclerc, Nancy Haley, Jean-françois BoivinAbstract:The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with the maintenance of a high intention of avoiding initiation into Drug Injection among street youths. A prospective cohort study of street youths aged 14 to 23 was initiated in Montreal in July 2001. A total of 330 street youths who had never injected Drugs and had completed at least one semi-annual follow-up questionnaire were included in the analysis. The prediction of the maintenance of a high intention over given time intervals of 6 to 36 months was assessed. At baseline, 83.6% of the respondents firmly intended avoiding initiation into Drug Injection. Maintenance of high intention was significantly associated with the maintenance of high values of perceived control, attitude and role beliefs. These results clearly demonstrate that youths who maintain a high intention of avoiding initiation into Drug Injection hold more favourable cognitions over time.
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Drug Injection among street youths in montreal predictors of initiation
Journal of Urban Health-bulletin of The New York Academy of Medicine, 2003Co-Authors: Nancy Haley, Pascale Leclerc, Lyne Cedras, Lucie Blais, Jean-françois BoivinAbstract:In North America, street youths are generally considered at very high risk of Injection Drug use. To estimate the incidence rate of Injection Drug use in this population and to identify predictors of Injection Drug use, we conducted the present analysis. Among participants to a cohort study initiated in January 1995, we selected subjects who had never injected at study entry and had completed at least one follow-up questionnaire. Predictors of initiation were identified using Cox proportional bazard regression models. Among the 415 never injectors (mean age at entry 19.5 years), 74 had initiated Injection by January 2000 (incidence rate 8.2 per 100 person-years). Independent predictors of initiation were recent episode of homelessness; age younger than 18 years; being tattooed; recently using hallucinogens, beroin, and cocainelcrack/freebase; having a friend who injects Drugs; and having ever experienced extrafamilial sexual abuse. This study showed that Injection Drug use is frequent among street youths, but prevention appears possible.
W H O Phase I I Drug Injection Collaborative Study Group Switzerland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Using standardized methods for research on HIV and injecting Drug use in developing/transitional countries: case study from the WHO Drug Injection Study Phase II
BMC Public Health; 2006, 2006Co-Authors: Don C. Des Jarlais, T E Perlis, V. Poznyak, Gerry V Stimson, W H O Phase I I Drug Injection Collaborative Study Group SwitzerlandAbstract:Background: Successful cross-national research requires methods that are both standardized across sites and adaptable to local conditions. We report on the development and implementation of the methodology underlying the survey component of the WHO Drug Injection Study Phase II - a multi-site study of risk behavior and HIV seroprevalence among Injecting Drug Users (IDUs). Methods: Standardized operational guidelines were developed by the Survey Coordinating Center in collaboration with the WHO Project Officer and participating site Investigators. Throughout the duration of the study, survey implementation at the local level was monitored by the Coordinating Center. Surveys were conducted in 12 different cities. Prior rapid assessment conducted in 10 cities provided insight into local context and guided survey implementation. Where possible, subjects were recruited both from Drug abuse treatment centers and via street outreach. While emphasis was on IDUs, non-injectors were also recruited in cities with substantial non-injecting use of injectable Drugs. A structured interview and HIV counseling/testing were administered. Results: Over 5,000 subjects were recruited. Subjects were recruited from both Drug treatment and street outreach in 10 cities. Non-injectors were recruited in nine cities. Prior rapid assessment identified suitable recruitment areas, reduced Drug users' distrust of survey staff, and revealed sitespecific risk behaviors. Centralized survey coordination facilitated local questionnaire modification within a core structure, standardized data collection protocols, uniform database structure, and cross-site analyses. Major site-specific problems included: questionnaire translation difficulties; locating affordable HIV-testing facilities; recruitment from Drug treatment due to limited/selective treatment infrastructure; access to specific sub-groups of Drug users in the community, particularly females or higher income groups; security problems for users and interviewers, hostility from local Drug dealers; and interference by local service providers. Conclusion: Rapid assessment proved invaluable in paving the way for the survey. Central coordination of data collection is crucial. While fully standardized methods may be a research ideal, local circumstances may require substantial adaptation of the methods to achieve meaningful local representation. Allowance for understanding of local context may increase rather than decrease the generalizability of the data.
W H O Phase I I Drug Injection Collaborative Study Group - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Using standardized methods for research on HIV and injecting Drug use in developing/transitional countries: case study from the WHO Drug Injection Study Phase II
BMC Public Health, 2006Co-Authors: D. C. Des Jarlais, V. Poznyak, T E Perlis, Gerry V Stimson, W H O Phase I I Drug Injection Collaborative Study GroupAbstract:BACKGROUND: Successful cross-national research requires methods that are both standardized across sites and adaptable to local conditions. We report on the development and implementation of the methodology underlying the survey component of the WHO Drug Injection Study Phase II--a multi-site study of risk behavior and HIV seroprevalence among Injecting Drug Users (IDUs). METHODS: Standardized operational guidelines were developed by the Survey Coordinating Center in collaboration with the WHO Project Officer and participating site Investigators. Throughout the duration of the study, survey implementation at the local level was monitored by the Coordinating Center. Surveys were conducted in 12 different cities. Prior rapid assessment conducted in 10 cities provided insight into local context and guided survey implementation. Where possible, subjects were recruited both from Drug abuse treatment centers and via street outreach. While emphasis was on IDUs, non-injectors were also recruited in cities with substantial non-injecting use of injectable Drugs. A structured interview and HIV counseling/testing were administered. RESULTS: Over 5,000 subjects were recruited. Subjects were recruited from both Drug treatment and street outreach in 10 cities. Non-injectors were recruited in nine cities. Prior rapid assessment identified suitable recruitment areas, reduced Drug users' distrust of survey staff, and revealed site-specific risk behaviors. Centralized survey coordination facilitated local questionnaire modification within a core structure, standardized data collection protocols, uniform database structure, and cross-site analyses. Major site-specific problems included: questionnaire translation difficulties; locating affordable HIV-testing facilities; recruitment from Drug treatment due to limited/selective treatment infrastructure; access to specific sub-groups of Drug users in the community, particularly females or higher income groups; security problems for users and interviewers, hostility from local Drug dealers; and interference by local service providers. CONCLUSION: Rapid assessment proved invaluable in paving the way for the survey. Central coordination of data collection is crucial. While fully standardized methods may be a research ideal, local circumstances may require substantial adaptation of the methods to achieve meaningful local representation. Allowance for understanding of local context may increase rather than decrease the generalizability of the data.
V. Poznyak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Using standardized methods for research on HIV and injecting Drug use in developing/transitional countries: case study from the WHO Drug Injection Study Phase II
BMC Public Health; 2006, 2006Co-Authors: Don C. Des Jarlais, T E Perlis, V. Poznyak, Gerry V Stimson, W H O Phase I I Drug Injection Collaborative Study Group SwitzerlandAbstract:Background: Successful cross-national research requires methods that are both standardized across sites and adaptable to local conditions. We report on the development and implementation of the methodology underlying the survey component of the WHO Drug Injection Study Phase II - a multi-site study of risk behavior and HIV seroprevalence among Injecting Drug Users (IDUs). Methods: Standardized operational guidelines were developed by the Survey Coordinating Center in collaboration with the WHO Project Officer and participating site Investigators. Throughout the duration of the study, survey implementation at the local level was monitored by the Coordinating Center. Surveys were conducted in 12 different cities. Prior rapid assessment conducted in 10 cities provided insight into local context and guided survey implementation. Where possible, subjects were recruited both from Drug abuse treatment centers and via street outreach. While emphasis was on IDUs, non-injectors were also recruited in cities with substantial non-injecting use of injectable Drugs. A structured interview and HIV counseling/testing were administered. Results: Over 5,000 subjects were recruited. Subjects were recruited from both Drug treatment and street outreach in 10 cities. Non-injectors were recruited in nine cities. Prior rapid assessment identified suitable recruitment areas, reduced Drug users' distrust of survey staff, and revealed sitespecific risk behaviors. Centralized survey coordination facilitated local questionnaire modification within a core structure, standardized data collection protocols, uniform database structure, and cross-site analyses. Major site-specific problems included: questionnaire translation difficulties; locating affordable HIV-testing facilities; recruitment from Drug treatment due to limited/selective treatment infrastructure; access to specific sub-groups of Drug users in the community, particularly females or higher income groups; security problems for users and interviewers, hostility from local Drug dealers; and interference by local service providers. Conclusion: Rapid assessment proved invaluable in paving the way for the survey. Central coordination of data collection is crucial. While fully standardized methods may be a research ideal, local circumstances may require substantial adaptation of the methods to achieve meaningful local representation. Allowance for understanding of local context may increase rather than decrease the generalizability of the data.
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Using standardized methods for research on HIV and injecting Drug use in developing/transitional countries: case study from the WHO Drug Injection Study Phase II
BMC Public Health, 2006Co-Authors: D. C. Des Jarlais, V. Poznyak, T E Perlis, Gerry V Stimson, W H O Phase I I Drug Injection Collaborative Study GroupAbstract:BACKGROUND: Successful cross-national research requires methods that are both standardized across sites and adaptable to local conditions. We report on the development and implementation of the methodology underlying the survey component of the WHO Drug Injection Study Phase II--a multi-site study of risk behavior and HIV seroprevalence among Injecting Drug Users (IDUs). METHODS: Standardized operational guidelines were developed by the Survey Coordinating Center in collaboration with the WHO Project Officer and participating site Investigators. Throughout the duration of the study, survey implementation at the local level was monitored by the Coordinating Center. Surveys were conducted in 12 different cities. Prior rapid assessment conducted in 10 cities provided insight into local context and guided survey implementation. Where possible, subjects were recruited both from Drug abuse treatment centers and via street outreach. While emphasis was on IDUs, non-injectors were also recruited in cities with substantial non-injecting use of injectable Drugs. A structured interview and HIV counseling/testing were administered. RESULTS: Over 5,000 subjects were recruited. Subjects were recruited from both Drug treatment and street outreach in 10 cities. Non-injectors were recruited in nine cities. Prior rapid assessment identified suitable recruitment areas, reduced Drug users' distrust of survey staff, and revealed site-specific risk behaviors. Centralized survey coordination facilitated local questionnaire modification within a core structure, standardized data collection protocols, uniform database structure, and cross-site analyses. Major site-specific problems included: questionnaire translation difficulties; locating affordable HIV-testing facilities; recruitment from Drug treatment due to limited/selective treatment infrastructure; access to specific sub-groups of Drug users in the community, particularly females or higher income groups; security problems for users and interviewers, hostility from local Drug dealers; and interference by local service providers. CONCLUSION: Rapid assessment proved invaluable in paving the way for the survey. Central coordination of data collection is crucial. While fully standardized methods may be a research ideal, local circumstances may require substantial adaptation of the methods to achieve meaningful local representation. Allowance for understanding of local context may increase rather than decrease the generalizability of the data.
