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Sutarta E. S. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • KaraktEristik Tanah Dan PErbandingan Produksi KElapa Sawit (ElaEis GuinEEnsis Jacq.) DEngan MEtodE Tanam Lubang BEsar Dan Parit DrainasE 2:1 Pada Lahan Spodosol Di KabupatEn Barito Timur Propinsi Kalimantan TEngah - IndonEsia
    University of North Sumatra, 2015
    Co-Authors: Surianto S., Rauf A., Sabrina T., Sutarta E. S.
    Abstract:

    Spodosol soil of Typic Placorthod sub-group of East Barito District is onE of thE problEm soils with thE prEsEncE of hardpan layEr, low fErtility, low watEr holding capacity, acid rEaction and it is not suitablE for oil palm cultivation without any propErly spEcific managEmEnt of land prEparation and implEmEntEd bEst agronomic practicEs. A study was carriEd out to EvaluatE thE soil charactEristic of big holE (A profilE) and non big holE (B profilE) systEm and comparativE oil palm productivity among two planting systEms. This study was conductEd in Spodosol soil at oil palm plantation (coordinatE X = 0281843 and Y = 9764116), East Barito District, CEntral Kalimantan ProvincE on FEbruary 2014, by survEying of placic and ortstEin dEpth and obsErving soil tExturE and chEmical propErtiEs of 2 (two) oil palm\u27s soil profilEs that havE bEEn plantEd in fivE yEars. Big holE systEm of commErcial oil palm fiEld planting on Spodosol soil arEa was dEsignEd for thE spEcific purposE of minimizing potEntial of nEgativE EffEct of shallow EffEctivE planting dEpth for oil palms growing duE to hardpan layEr (placic and ortstEin) prEsEncE as dEEp as 0.25 - 0.50 m. ThE big holE systEm is a planting holE typE which was vErtical-sidEd with 2.00 m x 1.50 m on top and bottom sidE and 3.00 m dEpth mEanwhilE thE 2:1 drain was vErtical-sidEd also with 1.50 m dEpth and 300 m lEngth. Oil palm production was rEcordEd from yEar of 2012 up to 2014. REsults indicatEd that thE fractions both big holE profilE (A profilE) and non big holE profilE (B profilE) wErE dominatEd by sands rangEd from 60% to 92% and thE highEst sands contEnt of non big holE soil profilE wErE found in A and E Horizons (92%). BEttEr distribution of sand and clay fractions contEnt in bEtwEEn layErs of big holE soil profilEs of A profilE samplE is morE uniform comparEd to B profilE samplE. ThE mEchanical holing and matErial mixing of soil matErials of A soil profilE among thE uppEr and lowEr Horizons i.E. A, E, B and C Horizons bEforE planting that rEsultEd a bEttEr distribution of both soil tExturE (sands and clay) and chEmical propErtiEs such as acidity valuE (pH), C-organic, N, C/N ratio, CEC, P-availablE and ExchangEablE BasEs. InvEstigation showEd that ExchangEablE cations (Ca, Mg, K), wErE vEry low in soil layErs (A profilE) and Horizons (B profilE) invEstigatEd. ThE low ExchangEablE cations duE to highly lEachEd of basEs to thE lowEr layErs and Horizons. BEsidEs, thE palm which was plantEd on thE big holE systEm showEd good adaptation and rEsponsEd positivEly by growing wEll of tErtiary and quatErnary roots that thE roots wErE pEnEtrablE in to dEEpEr rooting zonE as much as >1.00 m dEpth. ThE roots can grow wEll and pEnEtratE much dEEpEr in A profilE comparEd to undisturbEd hard pan layEr (B profilE). ThE FFB (frEsh fruit bunchEs) production of non big holE block was highEr than big holE block for thE first thrEE yEars of production. This might bE duE to thE high variation of monthly rainfall in bEtwEEn yEars of obsErvation from 2009 to 2014. ThErEforE, thE hardnEss of placic and ortstEin as unpEnEtrablE agEnts by rootsJurnal PErtanian Tropik ISSN OnlinE No : 2356-4725Vol.2, No.2. Agustus 2015. (19) : 148- 158149and watEr to prEvEnt watEr loss and rEtain thE watEr in thE rhizosphErE EspEcially in thE driEr wEathEr. In thE high rainfall condition, thE 2:1 drain to prEvEnt watEr saturation in thE oil palm rhizosphErE by moving somE watEr in to thE drain. MEanwhilE thE disturbEd soil horizon (big holE arEa) was driEr than undisturbancE immEdiatEly duE to watEr rEmoval to dEEpEr layErs. WE concludEd that both big holE and 2:1 drain arE suitablE tEchnology for Spodosol soil land EspEcially in prEparing of palms planting to minimizE nEgativE EffEct of hardpan layEr for oil palm growth

Edi Sigit Sutarta - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • karaktEristik tanah dan pErbandingan produksi kElapa sawit ElaEis guinEEnsis jacq dEngan mEtodE tanam lubang bEsar dan parit drainasE 2 1 pada lahan spodosol di kabupatEn barito timur propinsi kalimantan tEngah indonEsia
    Jurnal Pertanian Tropik, 2015
    Co-Authors: Surianto Surianto, Abdul Rauf, T Sabrina, Edi Sigit Sutarta
    Abstract:

    Spodosol soil of Typic Placorthod sub-group of East Barito District is onE of thE problEm soils with thE prEsEncE of hardpan layEr, low fErtility, low watEr holding capacity, acid rEaction and it is not suitablE for oil palm cultivation without any propErly spEcific managEmEnt of land prEparation and implEmEntEd bEst agronomic practicEs. A study was carriEd out to EvaluatE thE soil charactEristic of big holE (A profilE) and non big holE (B profilE) systEm and comparativE oil palm productivity among two planting systEms. This study was conductEd in Spodosol soil at oil palm plantation (coordinatE X = 0281843 and Y = 9764116), East Barito District, CEntral Kalimantan ProvincE on FEbruary 2014, by survEying of placic and ortstEin dEpth and obsErving soil tExturE and chEmical propErtiEs of 2 (two) oil palm's soil profilEs that havE bEEn plantEd in fivE yEars. Big holE systEm of commErcial oil palm fiEld planting on Spodosol soil arEa was dEsignEd for thE spEcific purposE of minimizing potEntial of nEgativE EffEct of shallow EffEctivE planting dEpth for oil palms growing duE to hardpan layEr (placic and ortstEin) prEsEncE as dEEp as 0.25 - 0.50 m. ThE big holE systEm is a planting holE typE which was vErtical-sidEd with 2.00 m x 1.50 m on top and bottom sidE and 3.00 m dEpth mEanwhilE thE 2:1 drain was vErtical-sidEd also with 1.50 m dEpth and 300 m lEngth. Oil palm production was rEcordEd from yEar of 2012 up to 2014. REsults indicatEd that thE fractions both big holE profilE (A profilE) and non big holE profilE (B profilE) wErE dominatEd by sands rangEd from 60% to 92% and thE highEst sands contEnt of non big holE soil profilE wErE found in A and E Horizons (92%). BEttEr distribution of sand and clay fractions contEnt in bEtwEEn layErs of big holE soil profilEs of A profilE samplE is morE uniform comparEd to B profilE samplE. ThE mEchanical holing and matErial mixing of soil matErials of A soil profilE among thE uppEr and lowEr Horizons i.E. A, E, B and C Horizons bEforE planting that rEsultEd a bEttEr distribution of both soil tExturE (sands and clay) and chEmical propErtiEs such as acidity valuE (pH), C-organic, N, C/N ratio, CEC, P-availablE and ExchangEablE BasEs. InvEstigation showEd that ExchangEablE cations (Ca, Mg, K), wErE vEry low in soil layErs (A profilE) and Horizons (B profilE) invEstigatEd. ThE low ExchangEablE cations duE to highly lEachEd of basEs to thE lowEr layErs and Horizons. BEsidEs, thE palm which was plantEd on thE big holE systEm showEd good adaptation and rEsponsEd positivEly by growing wEll of tErtiary and quatErnary roots that thE roots wErE pEnEtrablE in to dEEpEr rooting zonE as much as >1.00 m dEpth. ThE roots can grow wEll and pEnEtratE much dEEpEr in A profilE comparEd to undisturbEd hard pan layEr (B profilE). ThE FFB (frEsh fruit bunchEs) production of non big holE block was highEr than big holE block for thE first thrEE yEars of production. This might bE duE to thE high variation of monthly rainfall in bEtwEEn yEars of obsErvation from 2009 to 2014. ThErEforE, thE hardnEss of placic and ortstEin as unpEnEtrablE agEnts by rootsJurnal PErtanian Tropik ISSN OnlinE No : 2356-4725Vol.2, No.2. Agustus 2015. (19) : 148- 158149and watEr to prEvEnt watEr loss and rEtain thE watEr in thE rhizosphErE EspEcially in thE driEr wEathEr. In thE high rainfall condition, thE 2:1 drain to prEvEnt watEr saturation in thE oil palm rhizosphErE by moving somE watEr in to thE drain. MEanwhilE thE disturbEd soil horizon (big holE arEa) was driEr than undisturbancE immEdiatEly duE to watEr rEmoval to dEEpEr layErs. WE concludEd that both big holE and 2:1 drain arE suitablE tEchnology for Spodosol soil land EspEcially in prEparing of palms planting to minimizE nEgativE EffEct of hardpan layEr for oil palm growth.KEy words : Spodosol, Typic Placorthod, big holE, drain, frEsh fruit bunchEs, hardpan, placic, ortstEin

Ulf Skyllberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • ph and solubility of aluminium in acidic forEst soils a consEquEncE of rEactions bEtwEEn organic acidity and aluminium alkalinity
    European Journal of Soil Science, 1999
    Co-Authors: Ulf Skyllberg
    Abstract:

    Data from two Podzol O and E Horizons, samplEd in 1-cm layErs at 13 points within 2 m × 2 m plots, wErE usEd to tEst thE hypothEsis that thE composition of hydrogEn ions (H) and aluminium (Al) adsorbEd to thE solid-phasE soil organic mattEr (SOM) dEtErminEs pH and Al solubility in organic-rich acidic forEst soils. Organically adsorbEd Al was ExtractEd sEquEntially with 0.5 M CuCl 2 and organically adsorbEd H was dEtErminEd as thE diffErEncE bEtwEEn total acidity titratEd to pH 8.2 and Al ExtractEd in 0.5 M CuCl 2 . ThE quotiEnt bEtwEEn fractions of SOM sitEs binding Al and H (N Al /N H ) is shown to dEtErminE thE variation in pH and Al solubility. It is furthErmorE shown that modEls in which pH and Al solubility arE linkEd via a pH-dEpEndEnt solubility of an Al hydroxidE and in which cation ExchangE bEtwEEn Al 3+ and Ca 2+ , rathEr than cation ExchangE bEtwEEn Al 3+ and H + , is thE main pH-buffEring procEss cannot bE usEd to simulatE pH or Al solubility in O and E Horizons. ThE fraction of SOM sitEs adsorbing Al incrEasEd by dEpth in thE lowEr O and throughout thE E horizon at thE samE magnitudE as sitEs adsorbing H dEcrEasEd. ThE fraction of sitEs binding thE cations Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ + K + + Na + rEmainEd constant. It is suggEstEd that a nEt rEaction bEtwEEn Al silicatEs (proton accEptors) and protonatEd functional groups in SOM (proton donors) is thE long-tErm chEmical procEss dEtErmining thE composition of organically adsorbEd H and Al in thE lowEr part of thE O and in thE E horizon of Podzols. Thus, in thE long tErm, pH and Al solubility arE dEtErminEd by thE intEraction bEtwEEn organic acidity and Al alkalinity.

  • solution soil ratio and rElEasE of cations and acidity from spodosol Horizons
    Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1995
    Co-Authors: Ulf Skyllberg
    Abstract:

    ThE pH valuE, ExchangEablE acidity, and EffEctivE cation-ExchangE capacity (CEC E ) arE oftEn usEd to charactErizE soils. In addition to propErtiEs of thE soil itsElf, thEsE paramEtErs arE highly attributEd to ElEctrolytEs and ionic strEngth in Extraction solutions, as wEll as to thE solution/soil ratio (s/s ratio, litErs pEr kilogram). ThE influEncE of thE s/s ratio on pH, ExchangEablE acidity, and cations wErE studiEd in soil suspEnsions of Spodosol O, E, and Bs horizon soil samplEs in distillEd watEr, 0.01 M CaCl 2 , 1.0 M KCl, and 0.5 M CuCl 2 . An EnhancEd s/s ratio rEsultEd in a rElEasE of H ions from O and E horizon soil samplEs in agrEEmEnt with a wEak acid Equilibrium, whErEas thE Bs horizon samplEs showEd a highEr buffEr intEnsity of pH. A simultanEous rElEasE of organic acids and Al and thE fact that samplEs from thE spodic Horizons wErE closE to thE point of zEro chargE indicatE a morE complicatEd pH buffEring mEchanism in thEsE Horizons. ThE amount of Al ions rElEasEd from O and E horizon samplEs in 1.0 M KCl (Al E ) wErE simply dilutEd whEn thE s/s ratio was incrEasEd. ThErEforE, Al E is suggEstEd to bE a quitE finitE subpool of totally bound Al (Al t ; ExtractEd in 0.5 M CuCl 2 ). A solution of 0.5 M Cucl 2 ExtractEd all ExchangEablE K + , Na + , Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ , FE 3+ , and Al 3+ in O horizon samplEs, indEpEndEnt of s/s ratio, whErEas thE rElEasE of Ca 2+ was slightly EnhancEd with incrEasEd s/s ratio. HydrogEn ions ExchangEablE in 1.0 M KCl (H E , cEntimolEs of chargE pEr kilogram) incrEasEd by 17 to 22% in O and E Horizons and by 32 to 33% in Bs Horizons whEn thE s/s ratio incrEasEd from 100 to 150. ConsEquEntly, EstimatEd H E and CEC E pErtaining to diffErEnt samplEs can only bE accuratEly comparEd if thEy arE obtainEd at thE samE s/s ratio or corrEctEd for diffErEncEs in thE s/s ratio by spEcific functions for diffErEnt soil Horizons.

P A Mcdaniel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a hillslopE scalE ExpErimEnt to mEasurE latEral saturatEd hydraulic conductivity
    Water Resources Research, 2004
    Co-Authors: Erin S. Brooks, Jan Boll, P A Mcdaniel
    Abstract:

    [1] OnE of thE most challEnging paramEtErs in hillslopE- and watErshEd-scalE, distributEd, hydrologic modEls is thE latEral saturatEd hydraulic conductivity (Ks). In this papEr, wE prEsEnt a mEthodology to dEtErminE thE hillslopE-scalE latEral Ks abovE a modEratEly dEEp sloping rEstrictivE layEr in an 18 × 35 m hillslopE plot using pErchEd watEr lEvEl mEasurEmEnts and drain tilE outflow data. ThE hillslopE-scalE latEral Ks was comparEd to small-scalE Ks mEasurEd with small soil corEs and thE GuElph pErmEamEtEr. Our rEsults show that small-scalE Ks mEasurEmEnts undErEstimatE thE actual hillslopE-scalE Ks. ThE hillslopE-scalE Ks mEasurEmEnts wErE 13.7, 4.1, and 3.2 largEr than small soil corE mEasurEmEnts in thE A, B, and E Horizons, rEspEctivEly. WE arguE that thE gap bEtwEEn small-scalE and hillslopE-scalE Ks within thE samE porous mEdium is forEmost a mEasurEmEnt problEm. Data analysis providEd thE Ks distribution with dEpth, showing a sharp dEcrEasE in Ks within thE first 0.1 m of thE soil and an ExponEntial dEclinE in Ks bElow 0.1 m. ThE distribution of Ks with dEpth was bEst dEscribEd by a doublE-ExponEntial rElationship. OvErall, rEsults indicatE thE importancE of macroporosity, pErhaps of biological origin, in dEtErmining Ks at a hillslopE scalE.

  • gEnEsis of non allophanic E Horizons in tEphra influEncEd spodosols
    Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1997
    Co-Authors: P A Mcdaniel, A. L. Falen, Maynard A Fosberg
    Abstract:

    HolocEnE volcanic ash from thE cataclysmic Eruption of Mount Mazama in southwEstErn OrEgon is an important componEnt of many soils of thE Pacific NorthwEst rEgion. High-ElEvation forEstEd soils of northErn Idaho containing Mazama tEphra havE dEvElopEd E-Bhs horizon sEquEncEs and arE accordingly classifiEd as Spodosols. In this study, wE rEport on thE formation and ExprEssion of E Horizons in a dEvElopmEntal sEquEncE of volcanic-ash-influEncEd Spodosols from this rEgion. REsults suggEst that dEvElopmEnt of E Horizons in thEsE volcanic-ash-influEncEd soils procEEds systEmatically along an ElEvational gradiEnt. ThE lightEst colorEd, thickEst E Horizons arE associatEd with thE highEst ElEvation soils of thE subalpinE fir [AbiEs lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.] forEst zonE, and E Horizons arE morE wEakly ExprEssEd and thEn absEnt with dEcrEasing ElEvation. MicroprobE analysis of volcanic glass shows that E and Bhs Horizons contain thE samE tEphra, indicating that substantial pEdogEnEsis has takEn placE in thEsE Horizons. Formation and Eluviation of At-humus complExEs has givEn risE to E Horizons whosE minEralogy and chEmistry arE consistEnt with that of non-allophanic Andisols and diffEr markEdly from undErlying Horizons. BEidEllitE, an At-rich smEctitE, dominatEs thE clay fraction of thE wEll-dEvElopEd, vEry strongly acid E Horizons at thE ExpEnsE of allophanic clays and mEtal-humus complExEs; othEr than bEidEllitE, opalinE SiO 2 is thE major sEcondary Si-bEaring phasE. ChEmical and minEralogical propErtiEs of illuvial B Horizons arE consistEnt with thosE of allophanic soils; short-rangE-ordEr aluminosilicatEs and mEtal-humus complExEs dominatE thE clay fractions. REsults indicatE that couplEd Eluvial-illuvial procEssEs associatEd with podzolization arE rEsponsiblE for thE non-altophanic charactEr of E Horizons and thE allophanic charactEr of Bhs Horizons in thEsE forEstEd, volcanic-ash-influEncEd EcosystEms.

  • BEidEllitE in E Horizons of NorthErn Idaho Spodosols FormEd in Volcanic Ash
    Clays and Clay Minerals, 1995
    Co-Authors: P A Mcdaniel, A. L. Falen, K. R. Tice, R. C. Graham, S. E. Fendorf
    Abstract:

    WhilE soils formEd in tEphra arE typically dominatEd by poorly crystallinE clay minErals, thE occurrEncE of smEctitE in E Horizons of podzolizEd soils (Spodosols) has bEEn wEll-documEntEd. WE havE obsErvEd a wEll-crystallizEd smEctitE minEral dominating thE clay fraction of E Horizons in tEphra-dErivEd soils of northErn Idaho. This study was initiatEd to ExaminE propErtiEs and distribution of this minEral along a dEvElopmEntal sEquEncE of high-ElEvation, forEstEd Spodosols formEd in 6800-yr-old Mazama tEphra. ThrEE soils Exhibiting strong, modEratE, and wEak E horizon dEvElopmEnt wErE samplEd along an ElEvational and climatic gradiEnt. ThE smEctitE minEral was idEntifiEd as bEidEllitE basEd on Expansion and layEr chargE charactEristics. HEatEd, Li-saturatEd samplEs from thE most strongly dEvElopEd E horizon ExhibitEd rElativEly complEtE Expansion to 1.8 nm with glycErol solvation and mEan layEr chargE was calculatEd to bE 0.44 mol_c/formula unit using sorption charactEristics of alkylammonium ions. ApparEnt crystallinity and rElativE abundancE of thE bEidEllitE in clay fractions dEcrEasE with dEcrEasing E horizon dEvElopmEnt. ThE morE poorly crystallinE bEidEllitE is associatEd with a non-ExpansivE 1.4-nm minEral with considErablE Al-hydroxy intErlayEring. BEidEllitE was not dEtEctEd in undErlying glacial drift or in a thin layEr of 200-yr-old ash that mantlEs thEsE soils, suggEsting it is not inhEritEd from thEsE matErials. RathEr, our rEsults indicatE that bEidEllitE forms in thEsE soils in an EnvironmEnt charactErizEd by low pH and a largE flux of organic mEtal-complExing agEnts.

  • bEidEllitE in E Horizons of northErn idaho spodosols formEd in volcanic ash
    Clays and Clay Minerals, 1995
    Co-Authors: P A Mcdaniel
    Abstract:

    WhilE soils formEd in tEphra arE typically dominatEd by poorly crystallinE clay minErals, thE occurrEncE of smEctitE in E Horizons of podzolizEd soils (Spodosols) has bEEn wEll-documEntEd. WE havE obsErvEd a wEll-crystallizEd smEctitE minEral dominating thE clay fraction of E Horizons in tEphra-dErivEd soils of northErn Idaho. This study was initiatEd to ExaminE propErtiEs and distribution of this minEral along a dEvElopmEntal sEquEncE of high-ElEvation, forEstEd Spodosols formEd in 6800-yr-old Mazama tEphra. ThrEE soils Exhibiting strong, modEratE, and wEak E horizon dEvElopmEnt wErE samplEd along an ElEvational and climatic gradiEnt. ThE smEctitE minEral was idEntifiEd as bEidEllitE basEd on Expansion and layEr chargE charactEristics. HEatEd, Li-saturatEd samplEs from thE most strongly dEvElopEd E horizon ExhibitEd rElativEly complEtE Expansion to 1.8 nm with glycErol solvation and mEan layEr chargE was calculatEd to bE 0.44 molE/formula unit using sorption charactEristics of alkylammonium ions. ApparEnt crystallinity and rElativE abundancE of thE bEidEllitE in clay fractions dEcrEasE with dEcrEasing E horizon dEvElopmEnt. ThE morE poorly crystallinE bEidEllitE is associatEd with a non-ExpansivE 1.4-nm minEral with considErablE Al-hydroxy intErlayEring. BEidEllitE was not dEtEctEd in undErlying glacial drift or in a thin layEr of 200-yr-old ash that mantlEs thEsE soils, suggEsting it is not inhEritEd from thEsE matErials. RathEr, our rEsults indicatE that bEidEllitE forms in thEsE soils in an EnvironmEnt charactErizEd by low pH and a largE flux of organic mEtal-complExing agEnts.

Karl Stahr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • soil formation in marinE sEdimEnts and bEach dEposits of southErn norway invEstigations of soil chronosEquEncEs in thE oslofjord rEgion
    Revista Mexicana De Ciencias Geologicas, 2007
    Co-Authors: Isabelle Schullimaurer, Karl Stahr, Daniela Sauer, Ragnhild Sperstad, Rolf Sorensen
    Abstract:

    WE invEstigatEd thE dEvElopmEnt of AlbEluvisols and Podzols with timE in southErn Norway. ThE VEstfold rEgion at thE wEstErn shorE of thE Oslofjord was chosEn bEcausE it is charactErizEd by continuous glacio-isostatic uplift for thE last 12,000 yEars. DuE to thE pErmanEnt ElEvation procEss, no distinct marinE tErracEs havE bEEn built, and thE agE of thE sEdimEnts continuously incrEasEs with distancE from thE modErn coastlinE. AlbEluvisol dEvElopmEnt was assEssEd in a soil chronosEquEncE on loamy marinE sEdimEnts with agEs ranging from approximatEly 1,800 to 10,200 yEars. ThE most obvious changE during soil dEvElopmEnt was that aftEr 4,500 – 5,000 yEars light tonguEs intrudEd from thE E horizon into thE B horizon, and bEcamE morE pronouncEd with timE. ThE combinEd thicknEss of thE A and E-Horizons was constant at 40 ± 3 cm in 9 of thE 12 profi lEs and did not changE with agE. ThE organic mattEr contEnt of thE A-Horizons, thE fi nE silt to coarsE silt ratio of thE Btg Horizons and thE FEo/FEd ratio all dEcrEasEd with soil agE, whErEas thE thicknEss of thE organic surfacE horizon and B horizon, as wEll as thE FEd/FEt ratio all incrEasEd. Podzol dEvElopmEnt was invEstigatEd in a chronosEquEncE on sandy bEach sEdimEnts, thE agEs of thE soils ranging from 2,400 to 8,500 yEars. All soil propErtiEs invEstigatEd –thE organic mattEr contEnt of thE B Horizons, clay contEnt, FEo, Alo, Sio, FEo/FEd and FEd/FEt – tEnd to incrEasE with advancing podzolization, and arE strongly corrElatEd with soil agE. Topsoil pH valuEs dEcrEasE with agE. ThE charactEristic Bh and Bs Horizons had dEvElopEd aftEr approximatEly 4,000 yEars.

  • latEral podzolization in a sandstonE catchmEnt
    Geoderma, 2001
    Co-Authors: Michael Sommer, D Halm, C Geisinger, I Andruschkewitsch, Mehdi Zarei, Karl Stahr
    Abstract:

    A sandstonE catchmEnt of thE cool, pErhumid Black ForEst, GErmany, was studiEd with rEspEct to podzolization procEssEs on a landscapE scalE. Soil mapping along a stEEp slopE (25%) rEvEalEd Spodosols with thick E-Horizons combinEd with thin spodic Horizons in thE uppEr catchmEnt arEa. LowErmost parts of thE landscapE showEd thinnEst E- and thickEst Bhs-Horizons. This catEnary trEnd was quantifiEd by a non-linEar incrEasE of thE “illuviation–Eluviation ratio of podzolization” (IERpodzol). Soil tExturE, pEdogEnic oxidEs (FEo, FEd, Alo, Mnd), pH (CaCl2), Corg, and minEralogical composition of thE clay and mEdium sand fraction wErE dEtErminEd in six rEprEsEntativE pEdons. ChEmical analysis matchEd morphology in that vEry low contEnts and mass dEnsitiEs of FEo, FEd, Alo, and Mnd wErE found in upslopE soils. ThE distal pEdons wErE 2–5-fold highEr in thEsE ElEmEnts. ThE catEnary trEnds corrEspondEd to a downslopE incrEasE in pH as wEll as organic carbon in minEral soils. MinEralogical analysis showEd a dEcrEasE in fEldspar wEathEring and an incrEasE in hydroxy-intErlayErEd vErmiculitEs towards thE downslopE soils. ThE morphological, chEmical, and minEralogical rEsults lEd to thE conclusion of a procEss sEquEncE of (i) an upslopE mobilization and dEplEtion of iron, manganEsE and aluminum (“E-Spodosols”), (ii) a latEral translocation (≈30% of catchmEnt dischargE occurrEd as intErflow), and (iii) a downslopE immobilization rEsulting in a (rElativE or absolutE) accumulation of thE translocatEd soil compounds (“Bs-Spodosols”). ThE immobilization probably was controllEd by an admixturE of FE- and basE-richEr rocks into thE parEnt matErial downslopE. ThE concEpt of latEral podzolization dEvElopEd in a granitE landscapE was confirmEd in thE sandstonE arEa studiEd.

  • latEral podzolization in a granitE landscapE
    Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2000
    Co-Authors: Michael Sommer, D Halm, Mehdi Zarei, Ulrich Weller, Karl Stahr
    Abstract:

    Analysis of soil pattErn, EspEcially thE pattErn of dEplEtion and accumulation zonEs, is a powErful tool to dEciphEr pEdogEnic procEssEs at thE landscapE scalE. To clarify thE pEdogEnEsis of a distinct pattErn of podzolizEd soils in thE cool, pErhumid Black ForEst (GErmany) wE pErformEd a study in thE forEstEd uppEr part of a granitic catchmEnt (BarhaldE). From dEtailEd soil mapping wE sElEctEd a typical catEna of four pEdons, which wErE analyzEd for physical (bulk dEnsitiEs and particlE-sizE distribution), chEmical (pH, organic C, pyrophosphatE, oxalatE, dithionitE, and total Al, Mn, FE), and minEralogical (clay minErals) propErtiEs. Standard mass balancE calculations wErE modifiEd to includE a two-componEnt systEm with rEgard to parEnt matErial. REsults showEd a shift from two-mica granitE to granitE-porphyry downslopE. Soil pattErn rEvEalEd podzolizEd soils with thick E Horizons and thin spodic Horizons dEvElopEd in thE upslopE arEas, whErEas in downslopE soils thE rEvErsE was found (thick spodic B and thin E Horizons). Soil chEmical and minEralogical propErtiEs wErE linkEd to soil morphology in that contEnts of organic C, pEdogEnic oxidEs, hydroxy-intErlayErEd vErmiculitEs (HIV), and pH incrEasEd from Eluvial to illuvial Horizons as wEll as from up- to downslopE soils. Mass balancEs of FE and Al showEd nEgativE fluxEs in upslopE soils and positivE fluxEs in downslopE soils during pEdogEnEsis. WE concludEd from thEsE rEsults that a catEnary Eluvial-illuvial sEquEncE (latEral podzolization) dEvElops as a rEsult of upslopE mobilization followEd by a (partially) latEral transport and subsEquEnt immobilization in downslopE zonEs, probably bEcausE thE basE-richEr parEnt matErial built up a gEochEmical barriEr.