The Experts below are selected from a list of 42531 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Tomasz Zylicz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Environmental policy in Economies in Transition.
Scandinavian journal of work environment & health, 1999Co-Authors: Tomasz ZyliczAbstract:Zylicz T. Environmental policy in Economies in Transition. Scand J Work Environ Health 1999;25 suppl 3:72-80. Considerable improvement in environmental pollution has been achieved, primarily due to targeted environmental policies rather than general economic developments. Some countries in central and eastern Europe have managed to reduce emissions even after the gross domestic product once again began to increase. Everywhere in the region, however, the cost-effectiveness of environmental spending is questionable. Most countries have established systems of earmarked resource and pollution taxes, which provide a sizable share in financing environmental investment. With stationary sources of pollution brought under increasingly effective control, the environmental problems in central and eastern Europe, and eventually in the newly independent states, will start to resemble those of developed market Economies. As more activities become affected by environmental protection measures, costeffectiveness considerations deserve increased attention. Key terms cost-effectiveness, environmental pollution, policy reform.
Richard J. Estes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Economies in Transition: Revisiting Challenges to Quality of Life
Handbook of Social Indicators and Quality of Life Research, 2011Co-Authors: Richard J. EstesAbstract:“Economies in Transition” consist of 31 countries that are in the process of Transitioning from centrally planned Economies and autocratically controlled political systems to free market Economies and democratic forms of political governance. EITs are located in all regions of the world and include (1) the successor states to the former Soviet Union, including the Russian Federation (N = 12), (2) the countries of Central and Eastern Europe that functioned under direct Soviet control (N = 10), (3) the Baltic States of Northern Europe (N = 3), (4) Turkey (N = 1), and (5) selected countries of East and Southeast Asia (N = 5). The combined population of the EITs account for approximately 28% of the world’s total. The present chapter is the third in a series of reports on the EITs prepared by this author since the collapse of the former Soviet Union in December 1991 (Estes, Trends in world social development. Praeger, New York, 1998; Social indicators Research 83:375–411, 2007). The time-series analysis that makes up the core of the chapter uses the author’s statistically Weighted index of Social Progress for analyzing EIT development trends for three time periods, i.e., 1990, 2000, and 2010. Data are reported for four levels of analysis: (1) development trends occurring within the EITs vis-a-vis those of other geopolitical groupings of nations, (2) social patterns for the EITs as a group, (3) EIT subgroup variations in development, and (4) development trends occurring in each of the 31 EITs. The chapter identifies a range of policy implications for use in accelerating the pace of development over the near term within the EITs, but especially within the subgroup of EIT “Middle Performing Countries.”
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Development challenges and opportunities confronting Economies in Transition
Social Indicators Research, 2007Co-Authors: Richard J. EstesAbstract:“Economies in Transition” (hereafter EIT or EITs) are countries in the process of shifting from “command” to “more open”, liberalized, free market economic systems. in addition to achieving major structural adjustments to their Economies, the transformational process requires the introduction of a high degree of transparency in both the economic and political spheres of society. The transfer of state assets to private ownership is one part of the process as well, as is the creation or opening of “political space” that permits the emergence of private enterprise, multiparty political systems, and the introduction of a broad range of non-governmental organizations that carry out missions and functions which people themselves prefer to perform. Thus, the process of economic transformation requires a major socio-political-economic paradigm shift...one that places people and their needs at the center of the transformational process. The process is extremely difficult to achieve and is fraught with many dangers for countries that enter into it without substantial guidance from more economically advanced countries. This paper reports on the social development successes and failures of 31 Economies in Transition over the 15-year period 1990–2005. included in the analysis are EITs located in East and South East Asia ( N = 5), Central and Eastern Europe ( N = 10), all 12 members of the Commonwealth of independent States including the Russian Federation ( N = 12), Turkey ( N = 1), and the three Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania ( N = 3). Using the author’s extensively pre-tested Weighted index of Social Progress (WISP), the paper reports data at three levels of analysis: (1) WISP performances for all 31 EITs-as-a-group; (2) sub-regional performances on the WISP and its component sub-indexes for each of the six EIT sub-regions included in the analysis; and (3) country-specific performances on the WISP for each of the 31 countries included in the analysis.
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Development challenges and opportunities confronting Economies in Transition
Social Indicators Research, 2007Co-Authors: Richard J. EstesAbstract:“Economies in Transition” (hereafter EIT or EITs) are countries in the process of shifting from “command” to “more open”, liberalized, free market economic systems. in addition to achieving major structural adjustments to their Economies, the transformational process requires the introduction of a high degree of transparency in both the economic and political spheres of society. The transfer of state assets to private ownership is one part of the process as well, as is the creation or opening of “political space” that permits the emergence of private enterprise, multiparty political systems, and the introduction of a broad range of non-governmental organizations that carry out missions and functions which people themselves prefer to perform. Thus, the process of economic transformation requires a major socio-political-economic paradigm shift...one that places people and their needs at the center of the transformational process. The process is extremely difficult to achieve and is fraught with many dangers for countries that enter into it without substantial guidance from more economically advanced countries. This paper reports on the social development successes and failures of 31 Economies in Transition over the 15-year period 1990–2005. included in the analysis are EITs located in East and South East Asia ( N = 5), Central and Eastern Europe ( N = 10), all 12 members of the Commonwealth of independent States including the Russian Federation ( N = 12), Turkey ( N = 1), and the three Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania ( N = 3). Using the author’s extensively pre-tested Weighted index of Social Progress (WISP), the paper reports data at three levels of analysis: (1) WISP performances for all 31 EITs-as-a-group; (2) sub-regional performances on the WISP and its component sub-indexes for each of the six EIT sub-regions included in the analysis; and (3) country-specific performances on the WISP for each of the 31 countries included in the analysis.
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Development challenges and opportunities confronting Economies in Transition
Social Indicators Research, 2006Co-Authors: Richard J. EstesAbstract:“Economies in Transition” (hereafter EIT or EITs) are countries in the process of shifting from “command” to “more open”, liberalized, free market economic systems. in addition to achieving major structural adjustments to their Economies, the transformational process requires the introduction of a high degree of transparency in both the economic and political spheres of society. The transfer of state assets to private ownership is one part of the process as well, as is the creation or opening of “political space” that permits the emergence of private enterprise, multiparty political systems, and the introduction of a broad range of non-governmental organizations that carry out missions and functions which people themselves prefer to perform. Thus, the process of economic transformation requires a major socio-political-economic paradigm shift...one that places people and their needs at the center of the transformational process. The process is extremely difficult to achieve and is fraught with many dangers for countries that enter into it without substantial guidance from more economically advanced countries.
Ivica Urban - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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measuring underground unobserved non observed unrecorded Economies in Transition countries can we trust gdp
Journal of Comparative Economics, 2008Co-Authors: Edgar L Feige, Ivica UrbanAbstract:This paper compiles alternative estimates of underground Economies in twenty five Transition countries during the Transition decade and finds a disturbing lack of convergence between them, calling into question the reliability of GDP figures (which in varying degrees now include non-transparent imputations for the "non-observed economy") as well as the macro model estimates of the unrecorded economy. A corollary of this finding is that substantive results from many studies examining the consequences of the radical Transition from planned to market Economies must be viewed with considerable skepticism. Underground (unobserved, non-observed, unrecorded) economic activities play a major role in Transition Economies. Evaluations of the success and failure of the Transition experience should be based on estimates of total economic activity (TEA), namely, recorded plus unrecorded economic activity. We examine the conceptual and empirical relationships between new National income and Product Accounts (NIPA) methods for obtaining "exhaustive" measures of total economic activity and the two most popular macro-model approaches (electric consumption and currency ratio models) for estimating the size and growth of the unrecorded sector. Our updated empirical results detailing the size and trajectory of unrecorded activities obtained from different estimation methods reveal a disturbing lack of convergence. Until these important differences are resolved, investigations of the relationship between economic reforms and economic outcomes during the Transition decade must be viewed with considerable caution. Given the shortcomings of conventional macro model estimates of the underground economy and the lack of transparency and consistency of NOE estimates, it is high time that the profession acknowledges how little we really know about underground Economies and their causes and consequences. Journal of Comparative Economics 36 (2) (2008) 287-306.
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measuring underground unobserved non observed unrecorded Economies in Transition countries can we trust gdp
MPRA Paper, 2007Co-Authors: Edgar L Feige, Ivica UrbanAbstract:Abstract This paper compiles alternative estimates of underground Economies in twenty five Transition countries during the Transition decade and finds a disturbing lack of convergence between them, calling into question the reliability of GDP figures (which in varying degrees now include non-transparent imputations for the “non-observed economy”) as well as the macro model estimates of the unrecorded economy. A corollary of this finding is that substantive results from many studies examining the consequences of the radical Transition from planned to market Economies must be viewed with considerable skepticism. Underground (unobserved, non-observed, unrecorded) economic activities play a major role in Transition Economies. Evaluations of the success and failure of the Transition experience should be based on estimates of total economic activity (TEA) namely, recorded plus unrecorded economic activity. We examine the conceptual and empirical relationships between new National income and Product Accounts (NIPA) methods for obtaining “exhaustive” measures of total economic activity and the two most popular macro-model approaches (electric consumption and currency ratio models) for estimating the size and growth of the unrecorded sector. Our updated empirical results detailing the size and trajectory of unrecorded activities obtained from different estimation methods reveal a disturbing lack of convergence. Until these important differences are resolved, investigations of the relationship between economic reforms and economic outcomes during the Transition decade must be viewed with considerable caution. Given the shortcomings of conventional macro model estimates of the underground economy and the lack of transparency and consistency of NOE estimates, it is high time that the profession acknowledges how little we really know about underground Economies and their causes and consequences.
Gerard Roland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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on the speed and sequencing of privatisation and restructuring
The Economic Journal, 1994Co-Authors: Gerard RolandAbstract:This paper examines aspects of speed and sequencing of restructuring and privatization in Economies in Transition. It is argued that because of political constraints, restructuring is more likely to be gradual. Because of the political constraints on restructuring, a very fast and non-differentiated approach to privatization may lead to renationalization and general delays in restructuring. A more gradual policy of privatization may allow for the screening of good from bad firms, allow the emergence of a sound financial sector and give credibility to a policy of gradual restructuring and hardening of budget constraints in the state sector.
Caălin Guraău - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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online banking in Transition Economies the implementation and development of online banking systems in romania
International Journal of Bank Marketing, 2002Co-Authors: Caălin GuraăuAbstract:internet banking is one of the newest internet technology applications, which promises multiple benefits both for the financial institutions and for clients. in the last five years a large number of banks have launched Web sites, offering online banking services. While the implementation and the functioning of these digital systems seem to be relatively smooth in the developed Economies, the situation may be different in countries with Economies in Transition. The present paper investigates and analyses the present situation of online banking in Romania, and the appropriate strategies for the successful implementation and development of online banking services in the Romanian context.
