The Experts below are selected from a list of 11568 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Bettina Rockenbach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Egalitarianism in young children
Nature, 2008Co-Authors: Ernst Fehr, Helen Bernhard, Bettina RockenbachAbstract:Human social interaction is strongly shaped by other-regarding preferences, that is, a concern for the welfare of others. These preferences are important for a unique aspect of human sociality-large scale cooperation with genetic strangers-but little is known about their developmental roots. Here we show that young children's other-regarding preferences assume a particular form, inequality aversion that develops strongly between the ages of 3 and 8. At age 3-4, the overwhelming majority of children behave selfishly, whereas most children at age 7-8 prefer resource allocations that remove advantageous or disadvantageous inequality. Moreover, inequality aversion is strongly shaped by parochialism, a preference for favouring the members of one's own social group. These results indicate that human Egalitarianism and parochialism have deep developmental roots, and the simultaneous emergence of altruistic sharing and parochialism during childhood is intriguing in view of recent evolutionary theories which predict that the same evolutionary process jointly drives both human altruism and parochialism.
-
Egalitarianism in young children
Nature, 2008Co-Authors: Ernst Fehr, Helen Bernhard, Bettina RockenbachAbstract:Human social interaction is strongly shaped by other-regarding preferences, that is, a concern for the welfare of others. These preferences are important for a unique aspect of human sociality—large scale cooperation with genetic strangers—but little is known about their developmental roots. Here we show that young children’s other-regarding preferences assume a particular form, inequality aversion that develops strongly between the ages of 3 and 8. At age 3–4, the overwhelming majority of children behave selfishly, whereas most children at age 7–8 prefer resource allocations that remove advantageous or disadvantageous inequality. Moreover, inequality aversion is strongly shaped by parochialism, a preference for favouring the members of one’s own social group. These results indicate that human Egalitarianism and parochialism have deep developmental roots, and the simultaneous emergence of altruistic sharing and parochialism during childhood is intriguing in view of recent evolutionary theories which predict that the same evolutionary process jointly drives both human altruism and parochialism. The way that children interact in specially designed tests (well, games) can illuminate the mechanisms behind human altruism and cooperation. Fehr et al. present evidence that young children's other-regarding preferences (where 'Smarties, jellybabies and fizzers' are the rewards in a sharing game and an envy game) take a particular form — inequality aversion. This behaviour pattern develops between the ages of 3 and 8 years. Aged 3 or 4, most children behave selfishly, while by the age of 7 or 8 the vast majority prefer resource allocations that remove inequality. But if the removal of advantageous inequality involves costly sharing, the egalitarian allocation is chosen less often and children tend to favour members of their own social group. These findings suggest that Egalitarianism and parochialism have deep developmental roots.
Ernst Fehr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Egalitarianism and competitiveness
The American Economic Review, 2009Co-Authors: Bjorn Bartling, Ernst Fehr, Michel Andre Marechal, Daniel SchunkAbstract:Competition is a cornerstone of economic life. Some environments are, however, more competitive than others and individuals are often confronted with the decision whether to self-select into a competitive environment. An important example is occupational choice: a self-employed lawyer is in constant competition for clients, whereas a lawyer working as a civil servant in a public authority is not. Likewise, some people vigorously compete for promo tion to better paid jobs associated with a high prestige while others don’t. Understanding who self-selects into competitive environments and who shies away from them is thus important. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that individu als with a preference for egalitarian outcomes are more reluctant to self-select into competitive environments. Our hypothesis is based on (i) the observation that payoff inequalities among winners and losers arise as a natural by-product of competition; and (ii) the empirical literature showing that a nonnegligible share of children and adults is willing to incur costs to reduce earnings inequalities (see, e.g., Christopher Dawes et al. 2007; Ernst Fehr, Helen Bernhard, and Bettina Rockenbach 2008 ). We analyze data from several economic experiments implemented in a household survey study with mothers of preschool children. We
-
Egalitarianism in young children
Nature, 2008Co-Authors: Ernst Fehr, Helen Bernhard, Bettina RockenbachAbstract:Human social interaction is strongly shaped by other-regarding preferences, that is, a concern for the welfare of others. These preferences are important for a unique aspect of human sociality-large scale cooperation with genetic strangers-but little is known about their developmental roots. Here we show that young children's other-regarding preferences assume a particular form, inequality aversion that develops strongly between the ages of 3 and 8. At age 3-4, the overwhelming majority of children behave selfishly, whereas most children at age 7-8 prefer resource allocations that remove advantageous or disadvantageous inequality. Moreover, inequality aversion is strongly shaped by parochialism, a preference for favouring the members of one's own social group. These results indicate that human Egalitarianism and parochialism have deep developmental roots, and the simultaneous emergence of altruistic sharing and parochialism during childhood is intriguing in view of recent evolutionary theories which predict that the same evolutionary process jointly drives both human altruism and parochialism.
-
Egalitarianism in young children
Nature, 2008Co-Authors: Ernst Fehr, Helen Bernhard, Bettina RockenbachAbstract:Human social interaction is strongly shaped by other-regarding preferences, that is, a concern for the welfare of others. These preferences are important for a unique aspect of human sociality—large scale cooperation with genetic strangers—but little is known about their developmental roots. Here we show that young children’s other-regarding preferences assume a particular form, inequality aversion that develops strongly between the ages of 3 and 8. At age 3–4, the overwhelming majority of children behave selfishly, whereas most children at age 7–8 prefer resource allocations that remove advantageous or disadvantageous inequality. Moreover, inequality aversion is strongly shaped by parochialism, a preference for favouring the members of one’s own social group. These results indicate that human Egalitarianism and parochialism have deep developmental roots, and the simultaneous emergence of altruistic sharing and parochialism during childhood is intriguing in view of recent evolutionary theories which predict that the same evolutionary process jointly drives both human altruism and parochialism. The way that children interact in specially designed tests (well, games) can illuminate the mechanisms behind human altruism and cooperation. Fehr et al. present evidence that young children's other-regarding preferences (where 'Smarties, jellybabies and fizzers' are the rewards in a sharing game and an envy game) take a particular form — inequality aversion. This behaviour pattern develops between the ages of 3 and 8 years. Aged 3 or 4, most children behave selfishly, while by the age of 7 or 8 the vast majority prefer resource allocations that remove inequality. But if the removal of advantageous inequality involves costly sharing, the egalitarian allocation is chosen less often and children tend to favour members of their own social group. These findings suggest that Egalitarianism and parochialism have deep developmental roots.
Eric R A N Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the relationship between cultural values and political ideology and the role of political knowledge
Political Psychology, 2009Co-Authors: Kristy Michaud, Juliet E Carlisle, Eric R A N SmithAbstract:Cultural theory maintains that four worldviews—Egalitarianism, individualism, hierarchicalism, and fatalism—can be used to describe people and societies. We examine survey measures of two of those worldviews—Egalitarianism and individualism—to understand their relationship with belief systems. Contrary to what one might expect based on the cultural theory literature, we find that people with low levels of political knowledge seem not to have coherent worldviews regarding these issues. In contrast, people with high levels of political knowledge respond to Egalitarianism and individualism questions as if they were opposite ends of a single, liberal-conservative continuum, rather than two of four distinct worldviews. We conclude that cultural theory researchers should take account of the influence of political knowledge whenever they investigate worldviews.
Joerg Zumbach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Visual Dominance and Visual Egalitarianism: Individual and Group-Level Influences of Sex and Status in Group Interactions
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 2010Co-Authors: Sabine C. Koch, Christina G. Baehne, Lenelis Kruse, Friederike Zimmermann, Joerg ZumbachAbstract:This study investigated visual dominance and visual Egalitarianism of men and women ( N = 94; 17 teams) in team meetings at diverse workplaces. Two novel gaze-related measures were developed: (a) a group visual dominance ratio (group-VDR) assessing each member’s visual dominance vis-à-vis all other members, and (b) a gaze distribution index (GDI) assessing each member’s visual Egalitarianism to all group members. Multilevel analyses were conducted to account for influences of the team members’ sex and status on the individual level and for influences of sex and status composition of the teams, and the team leaders’ sex on the group level. Results suggested that high-status individuals displayed more visual dominance than low-status individuals. The significant interaction of individuals’ sex and status indicated that the positive relationship of status and visual dominance applied particularly to women. The more women in a team, the more visual dominance was displayed. The team leader’s sex significantly influenced visual Egalitarianism: Gaze distribution was less egalitarian when the team leader was male.
Kristy Michaud - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
the relationship between cultural values and political ideology and the role of political knowledge
Political Psychology, 2009Co-Authors: Kristy Michaud, Juliet E Carlisle, Eric R A N SmithAbstract:Cultural theory maintains that four worldviews—Egalitarianism, individualism, hierarchicalism, and fatalism—can be used to describe people and societies. We examine survey measures of two of those worldviews—Egalitarianism and individualism—to understand their relationship with belief systems. Contrary to what one might expect based on the cultural theory literature, we find that people with low levels of political knowledge seem not to have coherent worldviews regarding these issues. In contrast, people with high levels of political knowledge respond to Egalitarianism and individualism questions as if they were opposite ends of a single, liberal-conservative continuum, rather than two of four distinct worldviews. We conclude that cultural theory researchers should take account of the influence of political knowledge whenever they investigate worldviews.
