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Dongliang Hu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the emetic activity of staphylococcal enterotoxins sek sel sem sen and seo in a small emetic animal model the house musk shrew
Microbiology and Immunology, 2017Co-Authors: Shouhei Hirose, Krisana Asano, Dongliang Hu, Yusuke Satoo, Ikunori Naito, Katsuhiko Omoe, Akio NakaneAbstract:: Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus are the most recognizable causative agents of emetic food poisoning in humans. New types of SEs and SE-like (SEl) toxins have been reported. Several epidemiological investigations have shown that the SEs and SEl genes, particularly, SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO genes, are frequently detected in strains isolated from patients with food poisoning. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the emetic activity of recently identified SEs using a small emetic animal model, the house musk shrew. The emetic activity of these SEs in house musk shrews was evaluated by intraperitoneal administration and emetic responses, including the number of shrews that vomited, emetic frequency and latency of vomiting were documented. It was found that SEs induce emetic responses in these animals. This is the first time to demonstrate that SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO possess emetic activity in the house musk shrew.
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the emetic activity of staphylococcal enterotoxins sek sel sem sen and seo in a small emetic animal model the house musk shrew
Microbiology and Immunology, 2017Co-Authors: Shouhei Hirose, Krisana Asano, Dongliang Hu, Yusuke Satoo, Ikunori Naito, Katsuhiko Omoe, Akio NakaneAbstract:: Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus are the most recognizable causative agents of emetic food poisoning in humans. New types of SEs and SE-like (SEl) toxins have been reported. Several epidemiological investigations have shown that the SEs and SEl genes, particularly, SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO genes, are frequently detected in strains isolated from patients with food poisoning. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the emetic activity of recently identified SEs using a small emetic animal model, the house musk shrew. The emetic activity of these SEs in house musk shrews was evaluated by intraperitoneal administration and emetic responses, including the number of shrews that vomited, emetic frequency and latency of vomiting were documented. It was found that SEs induce emetic responses in these animals. This is the first time to demonstrate that SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO possess emetic activity in the house musk shrew.
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induction of emetic response to staphylococcal enterotoxins in the house musk shrew suncus murinus
Infection and Immunity, 2003Co-Authors: Yu Shimoda, Dongliang Hu, Akio Nakane, Katsuhiko Omoe, Kunihiro ShinagawaAbstract:The emetic responses induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEB, SEC2, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) were investigated. SEA, SEE, and SEI showed higher emetic activity in the house musk shrew than the other SEs. SEB, SEC2, SED, SEG, and SEH also induced emetic responses in this animal model but relatively high doses were required. The house musk shrew appears to be a valuable model for studying the mechanisms of emetic reactions caused by SEs.
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emesis in the shrew mouse suncus murinus induced by peroral and intraperitoneal administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin a
Journal of Food Protection, 1999Co-Authors: Dongliang Hu, Katsuhiko Omoe, Hideaki Shimura, Shunji Sugii, Kunihiro ShinagawaAbstract:Peroral and intraperitoneal administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) to Suncus murinus elicited an emetic response. The 50% emetic dose of SEA by peroral administration was found to be 32 μg per kg of body weight, whereas that by intraperitoneal administration was 3 μg per kg. Multiple emetic responses occurred 70 to 108 min after peroral administration of an emetic dose of SEA. Similar responses occurred 65 to 102 min after intraperitoneal injection of an emetic dose of SEA. No significant difference in vomiting was observed between male and female animals. Anti-SEA serum neutralized SEA-induced emesis in S. murinus. These findings indicate that S. murinus may serve as a suitable animal model to study the enterotoxigenicity of SEA.
Kunihiro Shinagawa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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induction of emetic response to staphylococcal enterotoxins in the house musk shrew suncus murinus
Infection and Immunity, 2003Co-Authors: Yu Shimoda, Dongliang Hu, Akio Nakane, Katsuhiko Omoe, Kunihiro ShinagawaAbstract:The emetic responses induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEB, SEC2, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) were investigated. SEA, SEE, and SEI showed higher emetic activity in the house musk shrew than the other SEs. SEB, SEC2, SED, SEG, and SEH also induced emetic responses in this animal model but relatively high doses were required. The house musk shrew appears to be a valuable model for studying the mechanisms of emetic reactions caused by SEs.
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emesis in the shrew mouse suncus murinus induced by peroral and intraperitoneal administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin a
Journal of Food Protection, 1999Co-Authors: Dongliang Hu, Katsuhiko Omoe, Hideaki Shimura, Shunji Sugii, Kunihiro ShinagawaAbstract:Peroral and intraperitoneal administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) to Suncus murinus elicited an emetic response. The 50% emetic dose of SEA by peroral administration was found to be 32 μg per kg of body weight, whereas that by intraperitoneal administration was 3 μg per kg. Multiple emetic responses occurred 70 to 108 min after peroral administration of an emetic dose of SEA. Similar responses occurred 65 to 102 min after intraperitoneal injection of an emetic dose of SEA. No significant difference in vomiting was observed between male and female animals. Anti-SEA serum neutralized SEA-induced emesis in S. murinus. These findings indicate that S. murinus may serve as a suitable animal model to study the enterotoxigenicity of SEA.
Katsuhiko Omoe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the emetic activity of staphylococcal enterotoxins sek sel sem sen and seo in a small emetic animal model the house musk shrew
Microbiology and Immunology, 2017Co-Authors: Shouhei Hirose, Krisana Asano, Dongliang Hu, Yusuke Satoo, Ikunori Naito, Katsuhiko Omoe, Akio NakaneAbstract:: Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus are the most recognizable causative agents of emetic food poisoning in humans. New types of SEs and SE-like (SEl) toxins have been reported. Several epidemiological investigations have shown that the SEs and SEl genes, particularly, SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO genes, are frequently detected in strains isolated from patients with food poisoning. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the emetic activity of recently identified SEs using a small emetic animal model, the house musk shrew. The emetic activity of these SEs in house musk shrews was evaluated by intraperitoneal administration and emetic responses, including the number of shrews that vomited, emetic frequency and latency of vomiting were documented. It was found that SEs induce emetic responses in these animals. This is the first time to demonstrate that SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO possess emetic activity in the house musk shrew.
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the emetic activity of staphylococcal enterotoxins sek sel sem sen and seo in a small emetic animal model the house musk shrew
Microbiology and Immunology, 2017Co-Authors: Shouhei Hirose, Krisana Asano, Dongliang Hu, Yusuke Satoo, Ikunori Naito, Katsuhiko Omoe, Akio NakaneAbstract:: Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus are the most recognizable causative agents of emetic food poisoning in humans. New types of SEs and SE-like (SEl) toxins have been reported. Several epidemiological investigations have shown that the SEs and SEl genes, particularly, SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO genes, are frequently detected in strains isolated from patients with food poisoning. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the emetic activity of recently identified SEs using a small emetic animal model, the house musk shrew. The emetic activity of these SEs in house musk shrews was evaluated by intraperitoneal administration and emetic responses, including the number of shrews that vomited, emetic frequency and latency of vomiting were documented. It was found that SEs induce emetic responses in these animals. This is the first time to demonstrate that SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO possess emetic activity in the house musk shrew.
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induction of emetic response to staphylococcal enterotoxins in the house musk shrew suncus murinus
Infection and Immunity, 2003Co-Authors: Yu Shimoda, Dongliang Hu, Akio Nakane, Katsuhiko Omoe, Kunihiro ShinagawaAbstract:The emetic responses induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEB, SEC2, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) were investigated. SEA, SEE, and SEI showed higher emetic activity in the house musk shrew than the other SEs. SEB, SEC2, SED, SEG, and SEH also induced emetic responses in this animal model but relatively high doses were required. The house musk shrew appears to be a valuable model for studying the mechanisms of emetic reactions caused by SEs.
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emesis in the shrew mouse suncus murinus induced by peroral and intraperitoneal administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin a
Journal of Food Protection, 1999Co-Authors: Dongliang Hu, Katsuhiko Omoe, Hideaki Shimura, Shunji Sugii, Kunihiro ShinagawaAbstract:Peroral and intraperitoneal administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) to Suncus murinus elicited an emetic response. The 50% emetic dose of SEA by peroral administration was found to be 32 μg per kg of body weight, whereas that by intraperitoneal administration was 3 μg per kg. Multiple emetic responses occurred 70 to 108 min after peroral administration of an emetic dose of SEA. Similar responses occurred 65 to 102 min after intraperitoneal injection of an emetic dose of SEA. No significant difference in vomiting was observed between male and female animals. Anti-SEA serum neutralized SEA-induced emesis in S. murinus. These findings indicate that S. murinus may serve as a suitable animal model to study the enterotoxigenicity of SEA.
Akio Nakane - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the emetic activity of staphylococcal enterotoxins sek sel sem sen and seo in a small emetic animal model the house musk shrew
Microbiology and Immunology, 2017Co-Authors: Shouhei Hirose, Krisana Asano, Dongliang Hu, Yusuke Satoo, Ikunori Naito, Katsuhiko Omoe, Akio NakaneAbstract:: Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus are the most recognizable causative agents of emetic food poisoning in humans. New types of SEs and SE-like (SEl) toxins have been reported. Several epidemiological investigations have shown that the SEs and SEl genes, particularly, SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO genes, are frequently detected in strains isolated from patients with food poisoning. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the emetic activity of recently identified SEs using a small emetic animal model, the house musk shrew. The emetic activity of these SEs in house musk shrews was evaluated by intraperitoneal administration and emetic responses, including the number of shrews that vomited, emetic frequency and latency of vomiting were documented. It was found that SEs induce emetic responses in these animals. This is the first time to demonstrate that SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO possess emetic activity in the house musk shrew.
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the emetic activity of staphylococcal enterotoxins sek sel sem sen and seo in a small emetic animal model the house musk shrew
Microbiology and Immunology, 2017Co-Authors: Shouhei Hirose, Krisana Asano, Dongliang Hu, Yusuke Satoo, Ikunori Naito, Katsuhiko Omoe, Akio NakaneAbstract:: Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus are the most recognizable causative agents of emetic food poisoning in humans. New types of SEs and SE-like (SEl) toxins have been reported. Several epidemiological investigations have shown that the SEs and SEl genes, particularly, SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO genes, are frequently detected in strains isolated from patients with food poisoning. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the emetic activity of recently identified SEs using a small emetic animal model, the house musk shrew. The emetic activity of these SEs in house musk shrews was evaluated by intraperitoneal administration and emetic responses, including the number of shrews that vomited, emetic frequency and latency of vomiting were documented. It was found that SEs induce emetic responses in these animals. This is the first time to demonstrate that SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO possess emetic activity in the house musk shrew.
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induction of emetic response to staphylococcal enterotoxins in the house musk shrew suncus murinus
Infection and Immunity, 2003Co-Authors: Yu Shimoda, Dongliang Hu, Akio Nakane, Katsuhiko Omoe, Kunihiro ShinagawaAbstract:The emetic responses induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEB, SEC2, SED, SEE, SEG, SEH, and SEI in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) were investigated. SEA, SEE, and SEI showed higher emetic activity in the house musk shrew than the other SEs. SEB, SEC2, SED, SEG, and SEH also induced emetic responses in this animal model but relatively high doses were required. The house musk shrew appears to be a valuable model for studying the mechanisms of emetic reactions caused by SEs.
Paul L. R. Andrews - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A History of Drug Discovery for Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting and the Implications for Future Research
Frontiers Media S.A., 2018Co-Authors: Gareth J. Sanger, Paul L. R. AndrewsAbstract:The origins of the major classes of current anti-Emetics are examined. Serendipity is a recurrent theme in discovery of their anti-emetic properties and repurposing from one indication to another is a continuing trend. Notably, the discoveries have occurred against a background of company mergers and changing anti-emetic requirements. Major drug classes include: (i) Muscarinic receptor antagonists–originated from historical accounts of plant extracts containing atropine and hyoscine with development stimulated by the need to prevent sea-sickness among soldiers during beach landings; (ii) Histamine receptor antagonists–searching for replacements for the anti-malaria drug quinine, in short supply because of wartime shipping blockade, facilitated the discovery of histamine (H1) antagonists (e.g., dimenhydrinate), followed by serendipitous discovery of anti-emetic activity against motion sickness in a patient undergoing treatment for urticaria; (iii) Phenothiazines and dopamine receptor antagonists–investigations of their pharmacology as “sedatives” (e.g., chlorpromazine) implicated dopamine receptors in emesis, leading to development of selective dopamine (D2) receptor antagonists (e.g., domperidone with poor ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier) as anti-Emetics in chemotherapy and surgery; (iv) Metoclopramide and selective 5-hydroxytryptamine3(5-HT3) receptor antagonists–metoclopramide was initially assumed to act only via D2 receptor antagonism but subsequently its gastric motility stimulant effect (proposed to contribute to the anti-emetic action) was shown to be due to 5-hydroxytryptamine4 receptor agonism. Pre-clinical studies showed that anti-emetic efficacy against the newly-introduced, highly emetic, chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin was due to antagonism at 5-HT3 receptors. The latter led to identification of selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g., granisetron), a major breakthrough in treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis; (v) Neurokinin1receptor antagonists–antagonists of the actions of substance P were developed as analgesics but pre-clinical studies identified broad-spectrum anti-emetic effects; clinical studies showed particular efficacy in the delayed phase of chemotherapy-induced emesis. Finally, the repurposing of different drugs for treatment of nausea and vomiting is examined, particularly during palliative care, and also the challenges in identifying novel anti-emetic drugs, particularly for treatment of nausea as compared to vomiting. We consider the lessons from the past for the future and ask why there has not been a major breakthrough in the last 20 years
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nausea and the quest for the perfect anti emetic
European Journal of Pharmacology, 2014Co-Authors: Paul L. R. Andrews, Gareth J. SangerAbstract:The discovery of anti-emetic agents is reviewed to illustrate the large database (>129,000 papers in PubMed) available for potential data mining and to provide a background to the shift in interest to nausea from vomiting. Research on nausea extends to identification of biomarkers for diagnosis/clinical trials and to understanding why nausea is such a common dose-limiting toxicity of diverse therapeutic agents. The lessons learned for translation from animals to humans, from the discovery of the anti-vomiting effects of 5-HT3 and NK1 receptor antagonists, is discussed in terms of the similarities between the emetic pathways and their pharmacology, and also in terms of the limitations of rodent models of "nausea" (pica, conditioned taste aversion, conditioned gaping and disgust). The review focuses on the established view that anti-Emetics are more efficacious against vomiting than nausea. In particular we examine studies of 5-HT3, NK1 and D2 receptor antagonists, gabapentin and various receptor agonists. The potential for targeting anti-nausea agents is then considered, by targeting mechanisms which correct delayed gastric emptying (prokinetics), the rise in plasma vasopressin (AVP) and/or act at central targets revealed by the growing knowledge of cortical regions activated/inhibited in subjects reporting nausea. Modulation of the projections from the brainstem to the cortical areas responsible for the genesis of the sensation of nausea provides the most likely approach to a target at which an anti-nausea drug could be targeted with the expectation that it would affect nausea from multiple causes.
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an arterially perfused decerebrate preparation of suncus murinus house musk shrew for the study of emesis and swallowing
Experimental Physiology, 2002Co-Authors: Julia E Smith, Julian F R Paton, Paul L. R. AndrewsAbstract:Arterially perfused, decerebrate preparations of the insectivore, Suncus murinus were made to determine whether the emetic reflex could be activated in such a preparation using a range of stimuli shown to be emetic in conscious or anaesthetised Suncus. Efferent phrenic and vagus nerve activities and electromyograms (EMGs) from the temporalis, abdominal oesophagus and trapezius muscles were recorded, as well as longitudinal shortening of the oesophagus and dorso-ventral movements of the thorax. The preparations swallowed spontaneously every 0.6 to 6.5 min. The duration of a swallow was 3.1 ± 0.3 s (recorded as the time taken for the oesophagus to shorten and recover to its resting position) and the oesophagus shortened by 3.5 ± 0.4 mm during a swallow. The emetic reflex was activated by electrical stimulation (30 Hz, 10-20 V, 0.2 ms pulse width, for 30 s) of abdominal vagal afferents (latency < 30 s) or by arterial perfusion with either 40 nM of the capsaicin analogue resiniferatoxin (latency 1.7 ± 0.6 min), 6 μM nicotine (latency 1.6 ± 0.1 min) or 1 μM of the phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor CP-80,633 (latency 8.9 ± 3.9 min). These emetic stimuli produced somatic and visceral movements in Suncus preparations indicative of activation of the emetic reflex. There were pronounced contractions of the thorax that occurred simultaneously with oesophageal shortening and mouth opening, separated by thorax expansion and a burst of phrenic nerve activity. During emetic-like episodes, oesophageal shortenings were only 0.84 ± 0.1 s in duration, faster than the duration of shortening observed during swallowing (cf. swallowing, 3.1 ± 0.3 s; P < 0.0001). The shortening of the oesophagus during emetic-like episodes was 6.2 ± 0.4 mm, which was greater than the shortening seen during swallowing (cf. swallowing, 3.5 ± 0.4 mm; P < 0.0001). We conclude that the emetic reflex can be activated in our Suncus preparations and that this non-sentient small adult animal model can now be used to study the neurophysiology and pharmacology of swallowing and emesis.
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the development of the emetic reflex in the house musk shrew suncus murinus
Developmental Brain Research, 2000Co-Authors: Paul L. R. Andrews, Emma Dovey, Joanne Hockaday, Charles H V Hoyle, Anthony J Woods, Norio MatsukiAbstract:Abstract The emetic (retching and vomiting) reflex is an important component of the body’s defence system against accidentally ingested toxins and emesis is also a common symptom of disease and a side-effect of a number of pharmacological therapies. The development of the reflex has been the subject of few systematic studies. The aim of this study was to characterise the development of the emetic reflex in Suncus murinus (the house musk shrew) using emetic stimuli acting via three different afferent pathways: motion via the vestibular system, pyrogallol via abdominal vagal afferents and resiniferatoxin (a capsaicin analog) via the brainstem. The emetic reflex was not present to any stimulus prior to postnatal day 10 but the onset of the response to motion lagged behind that to the other stimuli in not being present until postnatal day 15. Body weight was not a determinant of the presence of the reflex. It is proposed that the delayed presence of the emetic reflex in Suncus makes it an ideal species in which to investigate factors regulating its development.