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Rune Elvik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the non linearity of risk and the promotion of Environmentally Sustainable Transport
    Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2009
    Co-Authors: Rune Elvik
    Abstract:

    Several studies show that the risks of injury to pedestrians and cyclists are highly non-linear. This means that the more pedestrians or cyclists there are, the lower is the risk faced by each pedestrian or cyclist. On the other hand, the more motor vehicles there are, the higher becomes the risk faced by each pedestrian or cyclist. The relationships found in previous studies suggest that if very large transfers of trips from motor vehicles to walking or cycling take place, the total number of accidents may be reduced. The "safety in numbers" effect for pedestrians and cyclists would then combine favourably with the effect of a lower number of motor vehicles to produce a lower total number of accidents. This paper explores if such an effect is possible, relying on the findings of studies that show the non-linearity of injury risks for pedestrians and cyclists. It is found that for very large transfers of trips from motor vehicles to walking or cycling, a reduction of the total number of accidents is indeed possible. This shows that the high injury rate for pedestrians and cyclists in the current Transport system does not necessarily imply that encouraging walking or cycling rather than driving will lead to more accidents.

Ester Van Der Voet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • life cycle assessment of switchgrass derived ethanol as Transport fuel
    International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2010
    Co-Authors: Yu Bai, Lin Luo, Ester Van Der Voet
    Abstract:

    Background, aim, and scope The increasing gasoline price, the depletion of fossil resources, and the negative environmental consequences of driving with petroleum fuels have driven the development of alternative Transport fuels. Bioethanol, which is converted from cellulosic feedstocks, has attracted increasing attention as one such alternative. This study assesses the environmental impact of using ethanol from switchgrass as Transport fuel and compares the results with the ones of gasoline to analyze the potential of developing switchgrass ethanol as an Environmentally Sustainable Transport fuel.

Yu Bai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • life cycle assessment of switchgrass derived ethanol as Transport fuel
    International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2010
    Co-Authors: Yu Bai, Lin Luo, Ester Van Der Voet
    Abstract:

    Background, aim, and scope The increasing gasoline price, the depletion of fossil resources, and the negative environmental consequences of driving with petroleum fuels have driven the development of alternative Transport fuels. Bioethanol, which is converted from cellulosic feedstocks, has attracted increasing attention as one such alternative. This study assesses the environmental impact of using ethanol from switchgrass as Transport fuel and compares the results with the ones of gasoline to analyze the potential of developing switchgrass ethanol as an Environmentally Sustainable Transport fuel.

Wardianto Gatoet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • JALUR PEJALAN KAKI BERBASIS ADAPTASI MANUSIA TERHADAP PANAS MATAHARI DI RUANG TERBUKA KOTA Studi Kasus: Jalur Pejalan Kaki di Kota Semarang
    2011
    Co-Authors: Wardianto Gatoet
    Abstract:

    Di daerah tropis lembab seperti kota Semarang, panas matahari pada tengah hari menimbulkan rasa tidak nyaman bagi pejalan kaki di ruang terbuka kota, sehingga cenderung mengurangi minat untuk berjalan kaki. Agar dapat melakukan aktivitasnya, pejalan kaki harus melakukan adaptasi terhadap panas matahari. Elemen-elemen fisik jalur pejalan kaki dapat membantu pejalan kaki melakukan adaptasi terhadap panas matahari yang disebut sebagai “Adaptabilitas Jalur Pejalan Kaki Terhadap Panas Matahari”. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan faktor-faktor yang mewujudkan adaptabilitas jalur pejalan kaki terhadap panas matahari dengan mempelajari pola hubungan antara pejalan kaki dengan lingkungan fisik jalur pejalan kaki. Pengetahuan tentang adaptabilitas jalur pejalan kaki terhadap panas matahari ini penting sebagai rujukan untuk menyediakan fasilitas jalur pejalan kaki yang tanggap terhadap panas matahari, sehingga dapat membantu meningkatkan ketertarikan warga kota untuk berjalan kaki di ruang terbuka kota. Kota Semarang dipilih sebagai studi kasus karena memiliki karakterisitik yang cocok dengan tujuan penelitian yaitu adanya warga kota yang harus berjalan kaki pada siang hari di ruang terbuka kota pada kondisi tidak nyaman karena panas matahari seperti dijumpai di kota-kota di Indonesia pada umumnya. Disamping itu merupakan salah satu kota dengan tingkat radiasi panas matahari tertinggi, dan sebagai salah satu kota lokasi program Environmentally Sustainable Transport di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan lingkungan dan perilaku, yaitu dengan mencatat apa yang dirasakan, dipikirkan dan dilakukan oleh perjalan kaki dengan teknik wawancara, merekam perilaku pejalan kaki secara visual dengan teknik fotografi serta mencatat perilaku yang terjadi berdasarkan observasi langsung di lapangan. Dianalisis menggunakan metoda korelasional dengan teknik statistik deskriptif, didasari logika berpikir deduktif. Ditemukan lima faktor yang mewujudkan adaptabilitas jalur pejalan kaki terhadap panas matahari. Pertama, fungsi-fungsi bangunan atau kawasan yang menumbuhkan aktivitas berjalan kaki. Kedua, kualitas jalur pejalan kaki sebagai ruang untuk bergerak. Ketiga, kualitas jalur pejalan kaki sebagai ruang untuk berlindung terhadap panas matahari. Keempat, motif berjalan kaki untuk mencapai tujuan. Kelima, kemampuan adaptasi pejalan kaki terhadap panas matahari. Hubungan lima faktor tersebut menghasilkan tingkat adaptabilitas berjenjang dari minimum sampai maksimum, digambarkan dalam Diagram Adaptabilitas Jalur Pejalan Kaki Terhadap Panas Matahari. Penelitian ini menemukan pengetahuan tentang kualitas ruang terbuka kota berbasis adaptasi manusia terhadap panas matahari, melengkapi pengetahuan-pengetahuan tentang kualitas ruang terbuka kota yang berbasis pada aspek fungsional, fisik, estetika, dan sosial. Secara spesifik hasil penelitian ini mendukung berlakunya teori Activity Support dari Hamid Shirvani, teori Place dari David Canter, dan teori Lost Space dari Roger Trancik, di daerah tropis lembab dalam hubungannya dengan pengaruh panas matahari. Kata kunci : jalur pejalan kaki, adaptasi, panas matahari, ruang terbuka In the tropical region like Semarang city, the solar heat in the middle of the day causes discomfort the pedestrians in urban open spaces, which then dampening desire to walk. In order to keep doing activities, the pedestrians have to adapt to the solar heat. The physical elements of pedestrian path supports the pedestrians to adapt the solar heat that called “pedestrian path adaptability against the solar heat”. The objective of this research is to find the factors realizing the adaptability of pedestrian path against the solar heat by examining the relation between pedestrians and the physical environments of the pedestrian path. The knowledge about adaptability of pedestrian path against the solar heat is important as a reference in providing a sensitive solar heat pedestrian path facilities for the town residents, thus it will increase the residents’ interest to walk in urban open spaces. Semarang is purposely chosen as the location for the study because it has characteristics that match with the purpose of the research, which are some empiric facts showing the existence of some residents who have to uncomfortably walk at the day time in the urban open space because of the solar heat like in other cities in Indonesia. Besides, as one of the cities exposed by high solar radiation and is stated as one of locations for Environmentally Sustainable Transport program in Indonesia. This research uses environmental behavior approach based on what the pedestrian feel, think, and do by noting their opinion (through interview), recording the pedestrians behaviors (through photographs), as well as descriptively noting their behavior based on direct observation in the field. The data were analyzed using correlation method with descriptive statistics technique, based on deductive logic thinking. This research found five factors that realize the adaptability of pedestrian path against the solar heat. First is the functions of buildings and areas as a generator of walking activities. Second is the quality of space for movement. Third is the quality of space for pedestrians to protect them from the solar heat. Forth is walking motive to reach destination. Fifth is the pedestrians’ adaptation capability against the solar heat. Correlations between those five factors produce some range of adaptability level from minimum adaptability to maximum adaptability which is summarized in a Diagram of Adaptability of Pedestrian Path against the Solar Heat. This research has found knowledge about urban open space quality based on adaptation against the solar heat which serves to complete the existing knowledge about urban open space quality based on functional, physical, esthetical, and social aspects. The result of this research specifically supports Hamid Shirvani’s Acitivty Support theory, David Canter’s Place theory, and Roger Trancik’s Lost Space theory prevails in the tropical humid area related with the effect of the solar heat. Key words: pedestrian path, adaptation, sun’s heat, open spac

Leijonhielm Per - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Cykelstaden Malmö : en fallstudie av Malmö stads cykelplanering ur ett makt- och stigberoendeperspektiv
    Lunds universitet Institutionen för kulturgeografi och ekonomisk geografi, 2020
    Co-Authors: Leijonhielm Per
    Abstract:

    With climate change as one of our most acute current issues and a large share of the population living in urban areas, the bicycle is often seen as a Sustainable solution. In Sweden, personal car use is responsible for a large share of the pollution. The benefits of cycling reach from improvements in personal health, to economic gains and a more Environmentally Sustainable Transport system. The city of Malmö has in national and international rankings proved to be a successful cycling city and it has a comparably high share of cyclist. This paper seeks to investigate what type of measures the city of Malmö adopts to increase their share of cyclist, as well as to research potential barriers in the development of Malmö as a cycling city from a perspective of power and path-dependency. By analysing documents published by the city and by interviews with an urban planner and a bicycle advocate, this paper has shown that the city of Malmö is planning for several measures with the purpose of increasing the number of cyclists. This paper also suggests that potential barriers in the development of Malmö as a cyclist city are the lack of space, the lack of funding, organisational issues and attitudes and opinions fearing change and seeing the car as an important part of the Transport system