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Carlos Priminho Pirovani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Protein profile and protein interaction network of Moniliophthora perniciosa basidiospores
    BMC Microbiology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Joise Hander Mares, Karina Peres Gramacho, Everton Cruz Dos Santos, André Da Silva Santiago, Edson Mário De Andrade Silva, Fátima Cerqueira Alvim, Carlos Priminho Pirovani
    Abstract:

    Background Witches’ broom, a disease caused by the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa , is considered to be the most important disease of the cocoa crop in Bahia, an area in the Brazilian Amazon, and also in the other countries where it is found. M. perniciosa germ tubes may penetrate into the host through intact or natural openings in the cuticle surface, in Epidermis Cell junctions, at the base of trichomes, or through the stomata. Despite its relevance to the fungal life cycle, basidiospore biology has not been extensively investigated. In this study, our goal was to optimize techniques for producing basidiospores for protein extraction, and to produce the first proteomics analysis map of ungerminated basidiospores. We then presented a protein interaction network by using Ustilago maydis as a model. Results The average pileus area ranged from 17.35 to 211.24 mm^2. The minimum and maximum productivity were 23,200 and 6,666,667 basidiospores per basidiome, respectively. The protein yield in micrograms per million basidiospores were approximately 0.161; 2.307, and 3.582 for germination times of 0, 2, and 4 h after germination, respectively. A total of 178 proteins were identified through mass spectrometry. These proteins were classified according to their molecular function and their involvement in biological processes such as Cellular energy production, oxidative metabolism, stress, protein synthesis, and protein folding. Furthermore, to better understand the expression pattern, signaling, and interaction events of spore proteins, we presented an interaction network using orthologous proteins from Ustilago maydis as a model. Most of the orthologous proteins that were identified in this study were not clustered in the network, but several of them play a very important role in hypha development and branching. Conclusions The quantities of basidiospores 7 × 10^9; 5.2 × 10^8, and 6.7 × 10^8 were sufficient to obtain enough protein mass for the three 2D-PAGE replicates, for the 0, 2, and 4 h-treatments, respectively. The protein extraction method that is based on sedimentation, followed by sonication with SDS-dense buffer, and phenolic extraction, which was utilized in this study, was effective, presenting a satisfactory resolution and reproducibility for M. perniciosa basidiospores. This report constitutes the first comprehensive study of protein expression during the ungerminated stage of the M. perniciosa basidiospore. Identification of the spots observed in the reference gel enabled us to know the main molecular interactions involved in the initial metabolic processes of fungal development.

  • Protein profile and protein interaction network of Moniliophthora perniciosa basidiospores
    BMC Microbiology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Joise Hander Mares, Karina Peres Gramacho, Fátima Cerqueira Alvim, Everton Cruz Dos Santos, A.s. Santiago, Edson Mario De Andrade Silva, Carlos Priminho Pirovani
    Abstract:

    Witches’ broom, a disease caused by the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa, is considered to be the most important disease of the cocoa crop in Bahia, an area in the Brazilian Amazon, and also in the other countries where it is found. M. perniciosa germ tubes may penetrate into the host through intact or natural openings in the cuticle surface, in Epidermis Cell junctions, at the base of trichomes, or through the stomata. Despite its relevance to the fungal life cycle, basidiospore biology has not been extensively investigated. In this study, our goal was to optimize techniques for producing basidiospores for protein extraction, and to produce the first proteomics analysis map of ungerminated basidiospores. We then presented a protein interaction network by using Ustilago maydis as a model. The average pileus area ranged from 17.35 to 211.24 mm2. The minimum and maximum productivity were 23,200 and 6,666,667 basidiospores per basidiome, respectively. The protein yield in micrograms per million basidiospores were approximately 0.161; 2.307, and 3.582 for germination times of 0, 2, and 4 h after germination, respectively. A total of 178 proteins were identified through mass spectrometry. These proteins were classified according to their molecular function and their involvement in biological processes such as Cellular energy production, oxidative metabolism, stress, protein synthesis, and protein folding. Furthermore, to better understand the expression pattern, signaling, and interaction events of spore proteins, we presented an interaction network using orthologous proteins from Ustilago maydis as a model. Most of the orthologous proteins that were identified in this study were not clustered in the network, but several of them play a very important role in hypha development and branching. The quantities of basidiospores 7 × 109; 5.2 × 108, and 6.7 × 108 were sufficient to obtain enough protein mass for the three 2D-PAGE replicates, for the 0, 2, and 4 h-treatments, respectively. The protein extraction method that is based on sedimentation, followed by sonication with SDS-dense buffer, and phenolic extraction, which was utilized in this study, was effective, presenting a satisfactory resolution and reproducibility for M. perniciosa basidiospores. This report constitutes the first comprehensive study of protein expression during the ungerminated stage of the M. perniciosa basidiospore. Identification of the spots observed in the reference gel enabled us to know the main molecular interactions involved in the initial metabolic processes of fungal development.

Joise Hander Mares - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Protein profile and protein interaction network of Moniliophthora perniciosa basidiospores
    BMC Microbiology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Joise Hander Mares, Karina Peres Gramacho, Everton Cruz Dos Santos, André Da Silva Santiago, Edson Mário De Andrade Silva, Fátima Cerqueira Alvim, Carlos Priminho Pirovani
    Abstract:

    Background Witches’ broom, a disease caused by the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa , is considered to be the most important disease of the cocoa crop in Bahia, an area in the Brazilian Amazon, and also in the other countries where it is found. M. perniciosa germ tubes may penetrate into the host through intact or natural openings in the cuticle surface, in Epidermis Cell junctions, at the base of trichomes, or through the stomata. Despite its relevance to the fungal life cycle, basidiospore biology has not been extensively investigated. In this study, our goal was to optimize techniques for producing basidiospores for protein extraction, and to produce the first proteomics analysis map of ungerminated basidiospores. We then presented a protein interaction network by using Ustilago maydis as a model. Results The average pileus area ranged from 17.35 to 211.24 mm^2. The minimum and maximum productivity were 23,200 and 6,666,667 basidiospores per basidiome, respectively. The protein yield in micrograms per million basidiospores were approximately 0.161; 2.307, and 3.582 for germination times of 0, 2, and 4 h after germination, respectively. A total of 178 proteins were identified through mass spectrometry. These proteins were classified according to their molecular function and their involvement in biological processes such as Cellular energy production, oxidative metabolism, stress, protein synthesis, and protein folding. Furthermore, to better understand the expression pattern, signaling, and interaction events of spore proteins, we presented an interaction network using orthologous proteins from Ustilago maydis as a model. Most of the orthologous proteins that were identified in this study were not clustered in the network, but several of them play a very important role in hypha development and branching. Conclusions The quantities of basidiospores 7 × 10^9; 5.2 × 10^8, and 6.7 × 10^8 were sufficient to obtain enough protein mass for the three 2D-PAGE replicates, for the 0, 2, and 4 h-treatments, respectively. The protein extraction method that is based on sedimentation, followed by sonication with SDS-dense buffer, and phenolic extraction, which was utilized in this study, was effective, presenting a satisfactory resolution and reproducibility for M. perniciosa basidiospores. This report constitutes the first comprehensive study of protein expression during the ungerminated stage of the M. perniciosa basidiospore. Identification of the spots observed in the reference gel enabled us to know the main molecular interactions involved in the initial metabolic processes of fungal development.

  • Protein profile and protein interaction network of Moniliophthora perniciosa basidiospores
    BMC Microbiology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Joise Hander Mares, Karina Peres Gramacho, Fátima Cerqueira Alvim, Everton Cruz Dos Santos, A.s. Santiago, Edson Mario De Andrade Silva, Carlos Priminho Pirovani
    Abstract:

    Witches’ broom, a disease caused by the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa, is considered to be the most important disease of the cocoa crop in Bahia, an area in the Brazilian Amazon, and also in the other countries where it is found. M. perniciosa germ tubes may penetrate into the host through intact or natural openings in the cuticle surface, in Epidermis Cell junctions, at the base of trichomes, or through the stomata. Despite its relevance to the fungal life cycle, basidiospore biology has not been extensively investigated. In this study, our goal was to optimize techniques for producing basidiospores for protein extraction, and to produce the first proteomics analysis map of ungerminated basidiospores. We then presented a protein interaction network by using Ustilago maydis as a model. The average pileus area ranged from 17.35 to 211.24 mm2. The minimum and maximum productivity were 23,200 and 6,666,667 basidiospores per basidiome, respectively. The protein yield in micrograms per million basidiospores were approximately 0.161; 2.307, and 3.582 for germination times of 0, 2, and 4 h after germination, respectively. A total of 178 proteins were identified through mass spectrometry. These proteins were classified according to their molecular function and their involvement in biological processes such as Cellular energy production, oxidative metabolism, stress, protein synthesis, and protein folding. Furthermore, to better understand the expression pattern, signaling, and interaction events of spore proteins, we presented an interaction network using orthologous proteins from Ustilago maydis as a model. Most of the orthologous proteins that were identified in this study were not clustered in the network, but several of them play a very important role in hypha development and branching. The quantities of basidiospores 7 × 109; 5.2 × 108, and 6.7 × 108 were sufficient to obtain enough protein mass for the three 2D-PAGE replicates, for the 0, 2, and 4 h-treatments, respectively. The protein extraction method that is based on sedimentation, followed by sonication with SDS-dense buffer, and phenolic extraction, which was utilized in this study, was effective, presenting a satisfactory resolution and reproducibility for M. perniciosa basidiospores. This report constitutes the first comprehensive study of protein expression during the ungerminated stage of the M. perniciosa basidiospore. Identification of the spots observed in the reference gel enabled us to know the main molecular interactions involved in the initial metabolic processes of fungal development.

Karina Peres Gramacho - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Protein profile and protein interaction network of Moniliophthora perniciosa basidiospores
    BMC Microbiology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Joise Hander Mares, Karina Peres Gramacho, Everton Cruz Dos Santos, André Da Silva Santiago, Edson Mário De Andrade Silva, Fátima Cerqueira Alvim, Carlos Priminho Pirovani
    Abstract:

    Background Witches’ broom, a disease caused by the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa , is considered to be the most important disease of the cocoa crop in Bahia, an area in the Brazilian Amazon, and also in the other countries where it is found. M. perniciosa germ tubes may penetrate into the host through intact or natural openings in the cuticle surface, in Epidermis Cell junctions, at the base of trichomes, or through the stomata. Despite its relevance to the fungal life cycle, basidiospore biology has not been extensively investigated. In this study, our goal was to optimize techniques for producing basidiospores for protein extraction, and to produce the first proteomics analysis map of ungerminated basidiospores. We then presented a protein interaction network by using Ustilago maydis as a model. Results The average pileus area ranged from 17.35 to 211.24 mm^2. The minimum and maximum productivity were 23,200 and 6,666,667 basidiospores per basidiome, respectively. The protein yield in micrograms per million basidiospores were approximately 0.161; 2.307, and 3.582 for germination times of 0, 2, and 4 h after germination, respectively. A total of 178 proteins were identified through mass spectrometry. These proteins were classified according to their molecular function and their involvement in biological processes such as Cellular energy production, oxidative metabolism, stress, protein synthesis, and protein folding. Furthermore, to better understand the expression pattern, signaling, and interaction events of spore proteins, we presented an interaction network using orthologous proteins from Ustilago maydis as a model. Most of the orthologous proteins that were identified in this study were not clustered in the network, but several of them play a very important role in hypha development and branching. Conclusions The quantities of basidiospores 7 × 10^9; 5.2 × 10^8, and 6.7 × 10^8 were sufficient to obtain enough protein mass for the three 2D-PAGE replicates, for the 0, 2, and 4 h-treatments, respectively. The protein extraction method that is based on sedimentation, followed by sonication with SDS-dense buffer, and phenolic extraction, which was utilized in this study, was effective, presenting a satisfactory resolution and reproducibility for M. perniciosa basidiospores. This report constitutes the first comprehensive study of protein expression during the ungerminated stage of the M. perniciosa basidiospore. Identification of the spots observed in the reference gel enabled us to know the main molecular interactions involved in the initial metabolic processes of fungal development.

  • Protein profile and protein interaction network of Moniliophthora perniciosa basidiospores
    BMC Microbiology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Joise Hander Mares, Karina Peres Gramacho, Fátima Cerqueira Alvim, Everton Cruz Dos Santos, A.s. Santiago, Edson Mario De Andrade Silva, Carlos Priminho Pirovani
    Abstract:

    Witches’ broom, a disease caused by the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa, is considered to be the most important disease of the cocoa crop in Bahia, an area in the Brazilian Amazon, and also in the other countries where it is found. M. perniciosa germ tubes may penetrate into the host through intact or natural openings in the cuticle surface, in Epidermis Cell junctions, at the base of trichomes, or through the stomata. Despite its relevance to the fungal life cycle, basidiospore biology has not been extensively investigated. In this study, our goal was to optimize techniques for producing basidiospores for protein extraction, and to produce the first proteomics analysis map of ungerminated basidiospores. We then presented a protein interaction network by using Ustilago maydis as a model. The average pileus area ranged from 17.35 to 211.24 mm2. The minimum and maximum productivity were 23,200 and 6,666,667 basidiospores per basidiome, respectively. The protein yield in micrograms per million basidiospores were approximately 0.161; 2.307, and 3.582 for germination times of 0, 2, and 4 h after germination, respectively. A total of 178 proteins were identified through mass spectrometry. These proteins were classified according to their molecular function and their involvement in biological processes such as Cellular energy production, oxidative metabolism, stress, protein synthesis, and protein folding. Furthermore, to better understand the expression pattern, signaling, and interaction events of spore proteins, we presented an interaction network using orthologous proteins from Ustilago maydis as a model. Most of the orthologous proteins that were identified in this study were not clustered in the network, but several of them play a very important role in hypha development and branching. The quantities of basidiospores 7 × 109; 5.2 × 108, and 6.7 × 108 were sufficient to obtain enough protein mass for the three 2D-PAGE replicates, for the 0, 2, and 4 h-treatments, respectively. The protein extraction method that is based on sedimentation, followed by sonication with SDS-dense buffer, and phenolic extraction, which was utilized in this study, was effective, presenting a satisfactory resolution and reproducibility for M. perniciosa basidiospores. This report constitutes the first comprehensive study of protein expression during the ungerminated stage of the M. perniciosa basidiospore. Identification of the spots observed in the reference gel enabled us to know the main molecular interactions involved in the initial metabolic processes of fungal development.

Fátima Cerqueira Alvim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Protein profile and protein interaction network of Moniliophthora perniciosa basidiospores
    BMC Microbiology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Joise Hander Mares, Karina Peres Gramacho, Everton Cruz Dos Santos, André Da Silva Santiago, Edson Mário De Andrade Silva, Fátima Cerqueira Alvim, Carlos Priminho Pirovani
    Abstract:

    Background Witches’ broom, a disease caused by the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa , is considered to be the most important disease of the cocoa crop in Bahia, an area in the Brazilian Amazon, and also in the other countries where it is found. M. perniciosa germ tubes may penetrate into the host through intact or natural openings in the cuticle surface, in Epidermis Cell junctions, at the base of trichomes, or through the stomata. Despite its relevance to the fungal life cycle, basidiospore biology has not been extensively investigated. In this study, our goal was to optimize techniques for producing basidiospores for protein extraction, and to produce the first proteomics analysis map of ungerminated basidiospores. We then presented a protein interaction network by using Ustilago maydis as a model. Results The average pileus area ranged from 17.35 to 211.24 mm^2. The minimum and maximum productivity were 23,200 and 6,666,667 basidiospores per basidiome, respectively. The protein yield in micrograms per million basidiospores were approximately 0.161; 2.307, and 3.582 for germination times of 0, 2, and 4 h after germination, respectively. A total of 178 proteins were identified through mass spectrometry. These proteins were classified according to their molecular function and their involvement in biological processes such as Cellular energy production, oxidative metabolism, stress, protein synthesis, and protein folding. Furthermore, to better understand the expression pattern, signaling, and interaction events of spore proteins, we presented an interaction network using orthologous proteins from Ustilago maydis as a model. Most of the orthologous proteins that were identified in this study were not clustered in the network, but several of them play a very important role in hypha development and branching. Conclusions The quantities of basidiospores 7 × 10^9; 5.2 × 10^8, and 6.7 × 10^8 were sufficient to obtain enough protein mass for the three 2D-PAGE replicates, for the 0, 2, and 4 h-treatments, respectively. The protein extraction method that is based on sedimentation, followed by sonication with SDS-dense buffer, and phenolic extraction, which was utilized in this study, was effective, presenting a satisfactory resolution and reproducibility for M. perniciosa basidiospores. This report constitutes the first comprehensive study of protein expression during the ungerminated stage of the M. perniciosa basidiospore. Identification of the spots observed in the reference gel enabled us to know the main molecular interactions involved in the initial metabolic processes of fungal development.

  • Protein profile and protein interaction network of Moniliophthora perniciosa basidiospores
    BMC Microbiology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Joise Hander Mares, Karina Peres Gramacho, Fátima Cerqueira Alvim, Everton Cruz Dos Santos, A.s. Santiago, Edson Mario De Andrade Silva, Carlos Priminho Pirovani
    Abstract:

    Witches’ broom, a disease caused by the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa, is considered to be the most important disease of the cocoa crop in Bahia, an area in the Brazilian Amazon, and also in the other countries where it is found. M. perniciosa germ tubes may penetrate into the host through intact or natural openings in the cuticle surface, in Epidermis Cell junctions, at the base of trichomes, or through the stomata. Despite its relevance to the fungal life cycle, basidiospore biology has not been extensively investigated. In this study, our goal was to optimize techniques for producing basidiospores for protein extraction, and to produce the first proteomics analysis map of ungerminated basidiospores. We then presented a protein interaction network by using Ustilago maydis as a model. The average pileus area ranged from 17.35 to 211.24 mm2. The minimum and maximum productivity were 23,200 and 6,666,667 basidiospores per basidiome, respectively. The protein yield in micrograms per million basidiospores were approximately 0.161; 2.307, and 3.582 for germination times of 0, 2, and 4 h after germination, respectively. A total of 178 proteins were identified through mass spectrometry. These proteins were classified according to their molecular function and their involvement in biological processes such as Cellular energy production, oxidative metabolism, stress, protein synthesis, and protein folding. Furthermore, to better understand the expression pattern, signaling, and interaction events of spore proteins, we presented an interaction network using orthologous proteins from Ustilago maydis as a model. Most of the orthologous proteins that were identified in this study were not clustered in the network, but several of them play a very important role in hypha development and branching. The quantities of basidiospores 7 × 109; 5.2 × 108, and 6.7 × 108 were sufficient to obtain enough protein mass for the three 2D-PAGE replicates, for the 0, 2, and 4 h-treatments, respectively. The protein extraction method that is based on sedimentation, followed by sonication with SDS-dense buffer, and phenolic extraction, which was utilized in this study, was effective, presenting a satisfactory resolution and reproducibility for M. perniciosa basidiospores. This report constitutes the first comprehensive study of protein expression during the ungerminated stage of the M. perniciosa basidiospore. Identification of the spots observed in the reference gel enabled us to know the main molecular interactions involved in the initial metabolic processes of fungal development.

Kudret Kabar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Effects of plant growth regulators on the root, stem and leaf anatomies of radish seedlings grown in abscisic acid medium.
    Advances in food sciences, 2009
    Co-Authors: K. Çavuşoğlu, Semra Kilic, Kudret Kabar
    Abstract:

    In this work, effects of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), 2-chloro-ethylphosphonic acid (ethephon/E), triacontanol (TRIA), 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) and polyamine (cadaverine/ Cad, putrescine/Put, spermidine/Spd, spermine/Spm) pretreatments on the root, stem and leaf anatomies of radish seedlings grown in abscisic acid (ABA) medium were studied. ABA decreased the endodermis Cell length, vascular cylinder diameter and protoxylem width in varying degrees in comparison with those of the seedlings grown in distilled water medium. In addition, it slightly increased the root diameter, root hair number, Epidermis and endodermis Cell width, cortex zone thickness and metaxylem width, but did not show a meaningful effect, statistically, on the Epidermis Cell length and trachea diameter. As for the stem anatomy, ABA partly increased the stem diameter, cuticle and cortex zone thickness according to those of the seedlings grown in distilled water medium, while it notably reduced the Epidermis Cell size, vascular bundle width and trachea diameter. Considering the effects of ABA on the leaf parameters, it relatively increased the stomata index in both the upper and lower surface, but did not change the number of stomata in the upper surface while increasing it in the lower one. It did not cause a significant change in the stomata length in the upper surface, but decreased this parameter in the lower surface. ABA markedly reduced the Epidermis Cell width in both surfaces, but increased the Epidermis Cell number in the lower surface while decreasing it in the upper surface. Although ABA slightly reduced stomata width in the lower surface, it partly increased this parameter in the upper surface. In addition, it notably decreased the leaf thickness, but did not cause a significant change in the distance between vascular bundles. On the other hand, interactions between pretreatments of the growth regulators and ABA, being statistically important in some cases, were observed on the various parameters of root, stem and leaf anatomies of radish seedlings. Moreover, the applying may have served to adaptation of the seedlings to ABA by causing a decrease or increase in most of the mentioned parameters.

  • Effects of some plant growth regulators on stem anatomy of radish seedlings grown under saline (NaCl) conditions
    Plant Soil and Environment, 2008
    Co-Authors: K. Çavuşoğlu, Semra Kilic, Kudret Kabar
    Abstract:

    In this work, effects of gibberellic acid, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon), triacontanol, 24-epibrassinolide and polyamine (cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine) pretreatments on the stem anatomy of radish seedlings grown under saline conditions were studied. Salt stress decreased the stem diameter, Epidermis Cell size, cortex zone thickness, vascular bundle width, cambium thickness, xylem width, trachea diameter and phloem width in the seedlings non-pretreated with the growth regulators, in comparison with the control seedlings grown in distilled water medium. In addition, it slightly increased the cuticle thickness. On the other hand, many of the growth regulator pretreatments more or less stimulated the stem diameter, Epidermis Cell width, cortex zone thickness, vascular bundle width, xylem width, trachea diameter and phloem width in comparison with the control seedlings grown on saline medium. Moreover, they generally reduced the cuticle thickness, Epidermis Cell length and cambium thickness.

  • Effects of pretreatments of some growth regulators on the stomata movements of barley seedlings grown under saline (NaCl) conditions
    Plant Soil and Environment, 2008
    Co-Authors: K. Çavuşoğlu, Semra Kilic, Kudret Kabar
    Abstract:

    In this work, the effects of double, triple and quadruple combinations of gibberellic acid, kinetin, 24-epibrassinolide and polyamines (cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine) on the stomata movements in the leaves of barley seedlings grown under saline conditions were studied. In the control seedlings, the stomata number, stomata index and stomata length increased in the upper surfaces of leaves in comparison with their lower surfaces. In addition, the Epidermis Cell number in the leaves of control plants were fewer in the upper surface than that in the lower surface, but the stomata were statistically in the equal width in both surfaces. As for the applyings, they generally decreased stomata number, stomata index, stomata length and Epidermis Cell number, while they increased the stomata width in the upper and especially in the lower surface according to the control. The growth regulators used may have served to adaptation of barley seedlings to saline conditions by causing a decrease in most of the mentioned parameters.

  • Effects of Abscisic Acid on the Root, Stem and Leaf Anatomy of Radish Seedlings
    2008
    Co-Authors: Semra Kilic, Kudret Kabar
    Abstract:

    In this work, the effects of various concentrations of jasmonic acid on the root, stem and leaf anatomy of radish seedlings were studied. Although jasmonic acid concentrations mostly increased the root diameter, root hair number and Epidermis Cell size in comparison with roots of control seedlings grown in distilled water medium, they generally decreased the cortex zone thickness, endodermis Cell length, vascular cylinder diameter, protoxylem and metaxylem width and trachea diameter. As for the stem anatomy, many of the concentrations stimulated more or less the stem diameter, cuticle thickness and Epidermis Cell width while they usually reduced the cortex zone thickness, vascular bundle width and trachea diameter. On the other hand, the concentrations used mostly increased the stomata number and index in the lower surface, Epidermis Cell width in the upper surface and leaf thickness, whereas they generally decreased the stomata number, width and index in the upper surface, stomata length and Epidermis Cell width in the lower surface, Epidermis Cell number in both surfaces and distance between vascular bundles.