The Experts below are selected from a list of 2361 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Luisa Cikamatana - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Eyelash Epilation in the Absence of Trichiasis: Results of a Population-Based Prevalence Survey in the Western Division of Fiji
PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2017Co-Authors: Colin Macleod, Chelsea Yalen, Robert Butcher, Umesh Mudaliar, Kinisimere Natutusau, Mere Rainima-qaniuci, Chris Haffenden, Conall H Watson, Naomi Cocks, Luisa CikamatanaAbstract:Background The WHO definition of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) is “at least one eyelash touching the globe, or evidence of recent Epilation of in-turned eyelashes”, reflecting the fact that Epilation is used as a self-management tool for TT. In Fiji’s Western Division, a high TT prevalence (8.7% in those aged ≥15 years) was reported in a 2012 survey, yet a 2013 survey found no TT and Fijian ophthalmologists rarely see TT cases. Local anecdote suggests that eyelash Epilation is a common behaviour, even in the absence of trichiasis. Epilators may have been identified as TT cases in previous surveys. Methods We used a preliminary focus group to design an interview questionnaire, and subsequently conducted a population-based prevalence survey to estimate the prevalence of Epilation in the absence of trichiasis, and factors associated with this behaviour, in the Western Division of Fiji. Results We sampled 695 individuals aged ≥15 years from a total of 457 households in 23 villages. 125 participants (18%) reported epilating their eyelashes at least once within the past year. Photographs were obtained of the eyes of 121/125 (97%) individuals who epilated, and subsequent analysis by an experienced trachoma grader found no cases of trachomatous conjunctival scarring or trichiasis. The age- and sex- adjusted prevalence of Epilation in those aged ≥15 years was 8.6% (95% CI 5.7–11.3%). iTaukei ethnicity, female gender, and a higher frequency of drinking kava root were independently associated with Epilation. Conclusion Epilation occurs in this population in the absence of trichiasis, with sufficient frequency to have markedly inflated previous estimates of local TT prevalence. Individuals with epilated eyelashes should be confirmed as having epilated in-turned eyelashes in an eye with scarring of the conjunctiva before being counted as cases of TT.
-
Characteristics of eyelash Epilation among 125 epilators, Western Division, Fiji, 2015.
2017Co-Authors: Colin Macleod, Chelsea Yalen, Robert Butcher, Umesh Mudaliar, Kinisimere Natutusau, Mere Rainima-qaniuci, Chris Haffenden, Naomi Cocks, Conall Watson, Luisa CikamatanaAbstract:Characteristics of eyelash Epilation among 125 epilators, Western Division, Fiji, 2015.
-
Univariable multi-level random effects logistic regression model for associations of eyelash Epilation, Western Division, Fiji, 2015.
2017Co-Authors: Colin Macleod, Chelsea Yalen, Robert Butcher, Umesh Mudaliar, Kinisimere Natutusau, Mere Rainima-qaniuci, Chris Haffenden, Naomi Cocks, Conall Watson, Luisa CikamatanaAbstract:Univariable multi-level random effects logistic regression model for associations of eyelash Epilation, Western Division, Fiji, 2015.
-
Multivariable multi-level random effects logistic regression model for associations of eyelash Epilation, Western Division, Fiji, 2015.
2017Co-Authors: Colin Macleod, Chelsea Yalen, Robert Butcher, Umesh Mudaliar, Kinisimere Natutusau, Mere Rainima-qaniuci, Chris Haffenden, Naomi Cocks, Conall Watson, Luisa CikamatanaAbstract:Multivariable multi-level random effects logistic regression model for associations of eyelash Epilation, Western Division, Fiji, 2015.
Colin Macleod - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Eyelash Epilation in the Absence of Trichiasis: Results of a Population-Based Prevalence Survey in the Western Division of Fiji
PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2017Co-Authors: Colin Macleod, Chelsea Yalen, Robert Butcher, Umesh Mudaliar, Kinisimere Natutusau, Mere Rainima-qaniuci, Chris Haffenden, Conall H Watson, Naomi Cocks, Luisa CikamatanaAbstract:Background The WHO definition of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) is “at least one eyelash touching the globe, or evidence of recent Epilation of in-turned eyelashes”, reflecting the fact that Epilation is used as a self-management tool for TT. In Fiji’s Western Division, a high TT prevalence (8.7% in those aged ≥15 years) was reported in a 2012 survey, yet a 2013 survey found no TT and Fijian ophthalmologists rarely see TT cases. Local anecdote suggests that eyelash Epilation is a common behaviour, even in the absence of trichiasis. Epilators may have been identified as TT cases in previous surveys. Methods We used a preliminary focus group to design an interview questionnaire, and subsequently conducted a population-based prevalence survey to estimate the prevalence of Epilation in the absence of trichiasis, and factors associated with this behaviour, in the Western Division of Fiji. Results We sampled 695 individuals aged ≥15 years from a total of 457 households in 23 villages. 125 participants (18%) reported epilating their eyelashes at least once within the past year. Photographs were obtained of the eyes of 121/125 (97%) individuals who epilated, and subsequent analysis by an experienced trachoma grader found no cases of trachomatous conjunctival scarring or trichiasis. The age- and sex- adjusted prevalence of Epilation in those aged ≥15 years was 8.6% (95% CI 5.7–11.3%). iTaukei ethnicity, female gender, and a higher frequency of drinking kava root were independently associated with Epilation. Conclusion Epilation occurs in this population in the absence of trichiasis, with sufficient frequency to have markedly inflated previous estimates of local TT prevalence. Individuals with epilated eyelashes should be confirmed as having epilated in-turned eyelashes in an eye with scarring of the conjunctiva before being counted as cases of TT.
-
Characteristics of eyelash Epilation among 125 epilators, Western Division, Fiji, 2015.
2017Co-Authors: Colin Macleod, Chelsea Yalen, Robert Butcher, Umesh Mudaliar, Kinisimere Natutusau, Mere Rainima-qaniuci, Chris Haffenden, Naomi Cocks, Conall Watson, Luisa CikamatanaAbstract:Characteristics of eyelash Epilation among 125 epilators, Western Division, Fiji, 2015.
-
Univariable multi-level random effects logistic regression model for associations of eyelash Epilation, Western Division, Fiji, 2015.
2017Co-Authors: Colin Macleod, Chelsea Yalen, Robert Butcher, Umesh Mudaliar, Kinisimere Natutusau, Mere Rainima-qaniuci, Chris Haffenden, Naomi Cocks, Conall Watson, Luisa CikamatanaAbstract:Univariable multi-level random effects logistic regression model for associations of eyelash Epilation, Western Division, Fiji, 2015.
-
Multivariable multi-level random effects logistic regression model for associations of eyelash Epilation, Western Division, Fiji, 2015.
2017Co-Authors: Colin Macleod, Chelsea Yalen, Robert Butcher, Umesh Mudaliar, Kinisimere Natutusau, Mere Rainima-qaniuci, Chris Haffenden, Naomi Cocks, Conall Watson, Luisa CikamatanaAbstract:Multivariable multi-level random effects logistic regression model for associations of eyelash Epilation, Western Division, Fiji, 2015.
Saul N. Rajak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
RESEARCH ARTICLE Epilation for Minor Trachomatous Trichiasis: Four-Year Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial
2016Co-Authors: Esmael Habtamu, Saul N. Rajak, Zerihun Tadesse, Tariku Wondie, Mulat Zerihun, Birhan Guadie, Teshome Gebre, Amir Bedri Kello, Kelly Callahan, David C. W. MabeyAbstract:Background Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) needs to be managed to reduce the risk of vision loss. The long-term impact of Epilation (a common traditional practice of repeated plucking of lashes touching the eye) in preventing visual impairment and corneal opacity from TT is unknown. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of Epilation versus surgery for the management of minor TT (fewer than six lashes touching the eye) in Ethiopia. Here we report the four-year outcome and the effect on vision and corneal opacity. Methodology / Principal Findings 1300 individuals with minor TT were recruited and randomly assigned to quality trichiasis surgery or repeated Epilation using high quality Epilation forceps by a trained person with good near vision. Participants were examined six-monthly for two-years, and then at four-years after randomisation. At two-years all Epilation arm participants were offered free sur-gery. At four-years 1151 (88.5%) were re-examined: 572 (88%) and 579 (89%) from epila-tion and surgery arms, respectively. At that time, 21.1 % of the surgery arm participants ha
-
Epilation for Minor Trachomatous Trichiasis: Four-Year Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial
PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Esmael Habtamu, Saul N. Rajak, Zerihun Tadesse, Tariku Wondie, Mulat Zerihun, Birhan Guadie, Teshome Gebre, Amir Bedri Kello, Kelly Callahan, David MabeyAbstract:Background Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) needs to be managed to reduce the risk of vision loss. The long-term impact of Epilation (a common traditional practice of repeated plucking of lashes touching the eye) in preventing visual impairment and corneal opacity from TT is unknown. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of Epilation versus surgery for the management of minor TT (fewer than six lashes touching the eye) in Ethiopia. Here we report the fouryear outcome and the effect on vision and corneal opacity. Methodology/ Principal Findings 1300 individuals with minor TT were recruited and randomly assigned to quality trichiasis surgery or repeated Epilation using high quality Epilation forceps by a trained person with good near vision. Participants were examined six-monthly for two-years, and then at fouryears after randomisation. At two-years all Epilation arm participants were offered free surgery. At four-years 1151 (88.5%) were re-examined: 572 (88%) and 579 (89%) from Epilation and surgery arms, respectively. At that time, 21.1% of the surgery arm participants had recurrent TT; 189/572 (33%) of the Epilation arm had received surgery, while 383 (67%) declined surgery and had continued epilating (“Epilation-only”). Among the Epilation-only group, 207 (54.1%) fully controlled their TT, 166 (43.3%) had minor TT and 10 (2.6%) had major TT (>5 lashes). There were no differences between participants in the Epilationonly, Epilation-to-surgery and surgery arm participants in changes in visual acuity and corneal opacity between baseline and four-years.
-
Four-year clinical characteristics of participants.
2015Co-Authors: Esmael Habtamu, Saul N. Rajak, Zerihun Tadesse, Tariku Wondie, Mulat Zerihun, Birhan Guadie, Teshome Gebre, Amir Bedri Kello, Kelly Callahan, David C. W. MabeyAbstract:The participants were subdivided into the following groups: (A) Surgery Arm, (B) Epilation Arm, (C) Epilation-Only and (D) Epilation-to-Surgery. The following comparisons were made: Surgery Arm to Epilation-Only (A v C) and Epilation-Only to Epilation-to-Surgery (C v D).P-values were calculated by X2, with the exception of those for the lash number differences, which were calculated by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. CF, count fingers; HM, hand movements; PL, perception of light; NPL, no perception of light. CC0 to CC3: WHO Detailed Trachoma Grading System for corneal opacification.Four-year clinical characteristics of participants.
-
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of participants seen at four years.
2015Co-Authors: Esmael Habtamu, Saul N. Rajak, Zerihun Tadesse, Tariku Wondie, Mulat Zerihun, Birhan Guadie, Teshome Gebre, Amir Bedri Kello, Kelly Callahan, David C. W. MabeyAbstract:The participants were subdivided into the following groups: (A) Surgery Arm, (B) Epilation Arm, (C) Epilation-Only, and (D) Epilation-to-Surgery. The following comparisons were made: Surgery Arm to Epilation Arm (A v B), Surgery Arm to Epilation-Only (A v C) and Epilation-Only to Epilation-to-Surgery (C v D).P-values were calculated by X2, with the exception of those for age and lash number differences, which were calculated by t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test, respectively.CF, count fingers; HM, hand movements; PL, perception of light; NPL, no perception of light. CC0 to CC3: WHO Detailed Trachoma Grading System for corneal opacification.a Baseline VA was not measured in 2 people from those not seen at 4 years and 4 people from those seen at 4 years.Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of participants seen at four years.
-
Change in clinical phenotype between baseline and four-years.
2015Co-Authors: Esmael Habtamu, Saul N. Rajak, Zerihun Tadesse, Tariku Wondie, Mulat Zerihun, Birhan Guadie, Teshome Gebre, Amir Bedri Kello, Kelly Callahan, David C. W. MabeyAbstract:The clinical assessment included a change in trichiasis, entropion, conjunctivalisation, visual acuity and corneal opacification. The following comparisons were made: Surgery Arm to Epilation Arm (A v B), Surgery Arm to Epilation-Only (A v C) and Epilation-Only to Epilation-to-Surgery (C v D).P-values were calculated by X2.a Four individuals in the surgery arm and two individuals in the Epilation arm did not have visual acuity measured at both baseline and four years.b Ten individuals did not have paired corneal photographs from both baseline and four years.Change in clinical phenotype between baseline and four-years.
Esmael Habtamu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
RESEARCH ARTICLE Epilation for Minor Trachomatous Trichiasis: Four-Year Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial
2016Co-Authors: Esmael Habtamu, Saul N. Rajak, Zerihun Tadesse, Tariku Wondie, Mulat Zerihun, Birhan Guadie, Teshome Gebre, Amir Bedri Kello, Kelly Callahan, David C. W. MabeyAbstract:Background Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) needs to be managed to reduce the risk of vision loss. The long-term impact of Epilation (a common traditional practice of repeated plucking of lashes touching the eye) in preventing visual impairment and corneal opacity from TT is unknown. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of Epilation versus surgery for the management of minor TT (fewer than six lashes touching the eye) in Ethiopia. Here we report the four-year outcome and the effect on vision and corneal opacity. Methodology / Principal Findings 1300 individuals with minor TT were recruited and randomly assigned to quality trichiasis surgery or repeated Epilation using high quality Epilation forceps by a trained person with good near vision. Participants were examined six-monthly for two-years, and then at four-years after randomisation. At two-years all Epilation arm participants were offered free sur-gery. At four-years 1151 (88.5%) were re-examined: 572 (88%) and 579 (89%) from epila-tion and surgery arms, respectively. At that time, 21.1 % of the surgery arm participants ha
-
Epilation for Minor Trachomatous Trichiasis: Four-Year Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial
PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Esmael Habtamu, Saul N. Rajak, Zerihun Tadesse, Tariku Wondie, Mulat Zerihun, Birhan Guadie, Teshome Gebre, Amir Bedri Kello, Kelly Callahan, David MabeyAbstract:Background Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) needs to be managed to reduce the risk of vision loss. The long-term impact of Epilation (a common traditional practice of repeated plucking of lashes touching the eye) in preventing visual impairment and corneal opacity from TT is unknown. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of Epilation versus surgery for the management of minor TT (fewer than six lashes touching the eye) in Ethiopia. Here we report the fouryear outcome and the effect on vision and corneal opacity. Methodology/ Principal Findings 1300 individuals with minor TT were recruited and randomly assigned to quality trichiasis surgery or repeated Epilation using high quality Epilation forceps by a trained person with good near vision. Participants were examined six-monthly for two-years, and then at fouryears after randomisation. At two-years all Epilation arm participants were offered free surgery. At four-years 1151 (88.5%) were re-examined: 572 (88%) and 579 (89%) from Epilation and surgery arms, respectively. At that time, 21.1% of the surgery arm participants had recurrent TT; 189/572 (33%) of the Epilation arm had received surgery, while 383 (67%) declined surgery and had continued epilating (“Epilation-only”). Among the Epilation-only group, 207 (54.1%) fully controlled their TT, 166 (43.3%) had minor TT and 10 (2.6%) had major TT (>5 lashes). There were no differences between participants in the Epilationonly, Epilation-to-surgery and surgery arm participants in changes in visual acuity and corneal opacity between baseline and four-years.
-
Four-year clinical characteristics of participants.
2015Co-Authors: Esmael Habtamu, Saul N. Rajak, Zerihun Tadesse, Tariku Wondie, Mulat Zerihun, Birhan Guadie, Teshome Gebre, Amir Bedri Kello, Kelly Callahan, David C. W. MabeyAbstract:The participants were subdivided into the following groups: (A) Surgery Arm, (B) Epilation Arm, (C) Epilation-Only and (D) Epilation-to-Surgery. The following comparisons were made: Surgery Arm to Epilation-Only (A v C) and Epilation-Only to Epilation-to-Surgery (C v D).P-values were calculated by X2, with the exception of those for the lash number differences, which were calculated by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. CF, count fingers; HM, hand movements; PL, perception of light; NPL, no perception of light. CC0 to CC3: WHO Detailed Trachoma Grading System for corneal opacification.Four-year clinical characteristics of participants.
-
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of participants seen at four years.
2015Co-Authors: Esmael Habtamu, Saul N. Rajak, Zerihun Tadesse, Tariku Wondie, Mulat Zerihun, Birhan Guadie, Teshome Gebre, Amir Bedri Kello, Kelly Callahan, David C. W. MabeyAbstract:The participants were subdivided into the following groups: (A) Surgery Arm, (B) Epilation Arm, (C) Epilation-Only, and (D) Epilation-to-Surgery. The following comparisons were made: Surgery Arm to Epilation Arm (A v B), Surgery Arm to Epilation-Only (A v C) and Epilation-Only to Epilation-to-Surgery (C v D).P-values were calculated by X2, with the exception of those for age and lash number differences, which were calculated by t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test, respectively.CF, count fingers; HM, hand movements; PL, perception of light; NPL, no perception of light. CC0 to CC3: WHO Detailed Trachoma Grading System for corneal opacification.a Baseline VA was not measured in 2 people from those not seen at 4 years and 4 people from those seen at 4 years.Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of participants seen at four years.
-
Change in clinical phenotype between baseline and four-years.
2015Co-Authors: Esmael Habtamu, Saul N. Rajak, Zerihun Tadesse, Tariku Wondie, Mulat Zerihun, Birhan Guadie, Teshome Gebre, Amir Bedri Kello, Kelly Callahan, David C. W. MabeyAbstract:The clinical assessment included a change in trichiasis, entropion, conjunctivalisation, visual acuity and corneal opacification. The following comparisons were made: Surgery Arm to Epilation Arm (A v B), Surgery Arm to Epilation-Only (A v C) and Epilation-Only to Epilation-to-Surgery (C v D).P-values were calculated by X2.a Four individuals in the surgery arm and two individuals in the Epilation arm did not have visual acuity measured at both baseline and four years.b Ten individuals did not have paired corneal photographs from both baseline and four years.Change in clinical phenotype between baseline and four-years.
Teshome Gebre - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
RESEARCH ARTICLE Epilation for Minor Trachomatous Trichiasis: Four-Year Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial
2016Co-Authors: Esmael Habtamu, Saul N. Rajak, Zerihun Tadesse, Tariku Wondie, Mulat Zerihun, Birhan Guadie, Teshome Gebre, Amir Bedri Kello, Kelly Callahan, David C. W. MabeyAbstract:Background Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) needs to be managed to reduce the risk of vision loss. The long-term impact of Epilation (a common traditional practice of repeated plucking of lashes touching the eye) in preventing visual impairment and corneal opacity from TT is unknown. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of Epilation versus surgery for the management of minor TT (fewer than six lashes touching the eye) in Ethiopia. Here we report the four-year outcome and the effect on vision and corneal opacity. Methodology / Principal Findings 1300 individuals with minor TT were recruited and randomly assigned to quality trichiasis surgery or repeated Epilation using high quality Epilation forceps by a trained person with good near vision. Participants were examined six-monthly for two-years, and then at four-years after randomisation. At two-years all Epilation arm participants were offered free sur-gery. At four-years 1151 (88.5%) were re-examined: 572 (88%) and 579 (89%) from epila-tion and surgery arms, respectively. At that time, 21.1 % of the surgery arm participants ha
-
Epilation for Minor Trachomatous Trichiasis: Four-Year Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial
PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Esmael Habtamu, Saul N. Rajak, Zerihun Tadesse, Tariku Wondie, Mulat Zerihun, Birhan Guadie, Teshome Gebre, Amir Bedri Kello, Kelly Callahan, David MabeyAbstract:Background Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) needs to be managed to reduce the risk of vision loss. The long-term impact of Epilation (a common traditional practice of repeated plucking of lashes touching the eye) in preventing visual impairment and corneal opacity from TT is unknown. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of Epilation versus surgery for the management of minor TT (fewer than six lashes touching the eye) in Ethiopia. Here we report the fouryear outcome and the effect on vision and corneal opacity. Methodology/ Principal Findings 1300 individuals with minor TT were recruited and randomly assigned to quality trichiasis surgery or repeated Epilation using high quality Epilation forceps by a trained person with good near vision. Participants were examined six-monthly for two-years, and then at fouryears after randomisation. At two-years all Epilation arm participants were offered free surgery. At four-years 1151 (88.5%) were re-examined: 572 (88%) and 579 (89%) from Epilation and surgery arms, respectively. At that time, 21.1% of the surgery arm participants had recurrent TT; 189/572 (33%) of the Epilation arm had received surgery, while 383 (67%) declined surgery and had continued epilating (“Epilation-only”). Among the Epilation-only group, 207 (54.1%) fully controlled their TT, 166 (43.3%) had minor TT and 10 (2.6%) had major TT (>5 lashes). There were no differences between participants in the Epilationonly, Epilation-to-surgery and surgery arm participants in changes in visual acuity and corneal opacity between baseline and four-years.
-
Four-year clinical characteristics of participants.
2015Co-Authors: Esmael Habtamu, Saul N. Rajak, Zerihun Tadesse, Tariku Wondie, Mulat Zerihun, Birhan Guadie, Teshome Gebre, Amir Bedri Kello, Kelly Callahan, David C. W. MabeyAbstract:The participants were subdivided into the following groups: (A) Surgery Arm, (B) Epilation Arm, (C) Epilation-Only and (D) Epilation-to-Surgery. The following comparisons were made: Surgery Arm to Epilation-Only (A v C) and Epilation-Only to Epilation-to-Surgery (C v D).P-values were calculated by X2, with the exception of those for the lash number differences, which were calculated by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. CF, count fingers; HM, hand movements; PL, perception of light; NPL, no perception of light. CC0 to CC3: WHO Detailed Trachoma Grading System for corneal opacification.Four-year clinical characteristics of participants.
-
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of participants seen at four years.
2015Co-Authors: Esmael Habtamu, Saul N. Rajak, Zerihun Tadesse, Tariku Wondie, Mulat Zerihun, Birhan Guadie, Teshome Gebre, Amir Bedri Kello, Kelly Callahan, David C. W. MabeyAbstract:The participants were subdivided into the following groups: (A) Surgery Arm, (B) Epilation Arm, (C) Epilation-Only, and (D) Epilation-to-Surgery. The following comparisons were made: Surgery Arm to Epilation Arm (A v B), Surgery Arm to Epilation-Only (A v C) and Epilation-Only to Epilation-to-Surgery (C v D).P-values were calculated by X2, with the exception of those for age and lash number differences, which were calculated by t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test, respectively.CF, count fingers; HM, hand movements; PL, perception of light; NPL, no perception of light. CC0 to CC3: WHO Detailed Trachoma Grading System for corneal opacification.a Baseline VA was not measured in 2 people from those not seen at 4 years and 4 people from those seen at 4 years.Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of participants seen at four years.
-
Change in clinical phenotype between baseline and four-years.
2015Co-Authors: Esmael Habtamu, Saul N. Rajak, Zerihun Tadesse, Tariku Wondie, Mulat Zerihun, Birhan Guadie, Teshome Gebre, Amir Bedri Kello, Kelly Callahan, David C. W. MabeyAbstract:The clinical assessment included a change in trichiasis, entropion, conjunctivalisation, visual acuity and corneal opacification. The following comparisons were made: Surgery Arm to Epilation Arm (A v B), Surgery Arm to Epilation-Only (A v C) and Epilation-Only to Epilation-to-Surgery (C v D).P-values were calculated by X2.a Four individuals in the surgery arm and two individuals in the Epilation arm did not have visual acuity measured at both baseline and four years.b Ten individuals did not have paired corneal photographs from both baseline and four years.Change in clinical phenotype between baseline and four-years.