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Vivienne Duggan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An investigation of the Equine Infectious Disease threat represented by the presence of donkeys at mixed equestrian events in Ireland
Irish Veterinary Journal, 2015Co-Authors: Sarah Finney, Joseph A. Collins, Vivienne DugganAbstract:Background The number of abandoned or otherwise neglected donkeys has significantly increased in Ireland in the recent past. The real or perceived capacity of the donkey to act as a reservoir of Equine Infectious Disease, and thus pose an increased risk of Disease transmission to horses and ponies, may be a factor in this increased abandonment and neglect. The authors here report on a field study exploring the Infectious Disease transmission threat the donkey poses to the general Equine industry in Ireland through an examination of biosecurity standards and the views of horse and donkey exhibitors at nine mixed equestrian events in 2014. Quantitative information was gathered via the organising committee (if any) and through an examination of facilities and procedures. Qualitative information was gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire to ascertain the view of exhibitors regarding the keeping of donkeys and any Infectious Disease transmission risks posed. Results At eight of nine events visited there were no entrance controls, no veterinary examinations, no enforcement of legislation regarding Equine identification and Equine premises registration and no isolation facilities on site for equids. Contact between donkeys and other equids was largely uncontrolled. Exhibitors had travelled from abroad to one event. Exhibitors generally opined that they did not perceive the donkey to represent any additional Infectious Disease transmission threat above that posed by other equids; there was however a general sense that donkeys were less well regarded for other reasons including nuisance and uselessness. Conclusions When biosecurity controls are not in place (or enforced) to actually check passports, verify identification and Equine premises registration, mixed equestrian events may unwittingly act as the mechanism of spread of endemic and potentially more seriously exotic Equine Infectious Disease. Donkeys were not generally considered by Equine exhibitors at mixed events in Ireland to represent a heightened reservoir of Disease or to pose an increased risk of transmission of contagious Disease suggesting that other factors should be considered more important when studying the incidence of abandonment and neglect.
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An investigation of the Equine Infectious Disease threat represented by the presence of donkeys at mixed equestrian events in Ireland.
Irish veterinary journal, 2015Co-Authors: Sarah Finney, Joseph Collins, Vivienne DugganAbstract:Background The number of abandoned or otherwise neglected donkeys has significantly increased in Ireland in the recent past. The real or perceived capacity of the donkey to act as a reservoir of Equine Infectious Disease, and thus pose an increased risk of Disease transmission to horses and ponies, may be a factor in this increased abandonment and neglect. The authors here report on a field study exploring the Infectious Disease transmission threat the donkey poses to the general Equine industry in Ireland through an examination of biosecurity standards and the views of horse and donkey exhibitors at nine mixed equestrian events in 2014. Quantitative information was gathered via the organising committee (if any) and through an examination of facilities and procedures. Qualitative information was gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire to ascertain the view of exhibitors regarding the keeping of donkeys and any Infectious Disease transmission risks posed.
Sarah Finney - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An investigation of the Equine Infectious Disease threat represented by the presence of donkeys at mixed equestrian events in Ireland
Irish Veterinary Journal, 2015Co-Authors: Sarah Finney, Joseph A. Collins, Vivienne DugganAbstract:Background The number of abandoned or otherwise neglected donkeys has significantly increased in Ireland in the recent past. The real or perceived capacity of the donkey to act as a reservoir of Equine Infectious Disease, and thus pose an increased risk of Disease transmission to horses and ponies, may be a factor in this increased abandonment and neglect. The authors here report on a field study exploring the Infectious Disease transmission threat the donkey poses to the general Equine industry in Ireland through an examination of biosecurity standards and the views of horse and donkey exhibitors at nine mixed equestrian events in 2014. Quantitative information was gathered via the organising committee (if any) and through an examination of facilities and procedures. Qualitative information was gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire to ascertain the view of exhibitors regarding the keeping of donkeys and any Infectious Disease transmission risks posed. Results At eight of nine events visited there were no entrance controls, no veterinary examinations, no enforcement of legislation regarding Equine identification and Equine premises registration and no isolation facilities on site for equids. Contact between donkeys and other equids was largely uncontrolled. Exhibitors had travelled from abroad to one event. Exhibitors generally opined that they did not perceive the donkey to represent any additional Infectious Disease transmission threat above that posed by other equids; there was however a general sense that donkeys were less well regarded for other reasons including nuisance and uselessness. Conclusions When biosecurity controls are not in place (or enforced) to actually check passports, verify identification and Equine premises registration, mixed equestrian events may unwittingly act as the mechanism of spread of endemic and potentially more seriously exotic Equine Infectious Disease. Donkeys were not generally considered by Equine exhibitors at mixed events in Ireland to represent a heightened reservoir of Disease or to pose an increased risk of transmission of contagious Disease suggesting that other factors should be considered more important when studying the incidence of abandonment and neglect.
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An investigation of the Equine Infectious Disease threat represented by the presence of donkeys at mixed equestrian events in Ireland.
Irish veterinary journal, 2015Co-Authors: Sarah Finney, Joseph Collins, Vivienne DugganAbstract:Background The number of abandoned or otherwise neglected donkeys has significantly increased in Ireland in the recent past. The real or perceived capacity of the donkey to act as a reservoir of Equine Infectious Disease, and thus pose an increased risk of Disease transmission to horses and ponies, may be a factor in this increased abandonment and neglect. The authors here report on a field study exploring the Infectious Disease transmission threat the donkey poses to the general Equine industry in Ireland through an examination of biosecurity standards and the views of horse and donkey exhibitors at nine mixed equestrian events in 2014. Quantitative information was gathered via the organising committee (if any) and through an examination of facilities and procedures. Qualitative information was gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire to ascertain the view of exhibitors regarding the keeping of donkeys and any Infectious Disease transmission risks posed.
J. R. Newton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The accuracy of the National Equine Database in relation to vector-borne Disease risk modelling of horses in Great Britain.
Equine veterinary journal, 2013Co-Authors: C. A. Robin, G. Lo Iacono, Simon Gubbins, J. L. N. Wood, J. R. NewtonAbstract:Summary Reasons for performing the study The National Equine Database (NED) contains information on the size and distribution of the horse population, but the data quality remains unknown. These data could assist with surveillance, research and contingency planning for Equine Infectious Disease outbreaks. Objectives 1) To assess the extent of obsolete and missing data from NED, 2) evaluate the extent of spatial separation between horse and owner location and 3) identify relationships between spatial separation and land use. Methods Two questionnaires were used to assess data accuracy in NED utilising local authority passport inspections and distribution of questionnaires to 11,000 horse owners. A subset of 1010 questionnaires was used to assess horse–owner geographic separation. Results During 2005–2010, 17,048 passports were checked through local authority inspections. Of these, 1558 passports (9.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.7–9.5%) were noncompliant, with 963 (5.6%; 95% CI 5.3–6.0%) containing inaccurate information and 595 (3.5%; 95% CI 3.2–3.8%) classified as missing. Of 1382 questionnaires completed by horse owners, 380 passports were obsolete (27.5%; 95% CI 25.2–29.9%), with 162 (11.7%; 95% CI 10.0–13.4%) being retained for deceased horses and 218 (15.8%; 95% CI 13.9–17.7%) having incorrect ownership details. Fifty-three per cent (95% CI 49.9–56.1%) of owners kept their horse(s) at home and 92% (95% CI 90.3–93.7%) of horses resided within 10 km of their owners. Conclusions and potential relevance Data from a small sample survey suggest the majority of data on NED are accurate but a proportion of inaccuracies exist that may cause delay in locating horses and contacting owners during a Disease outbreak. The probability that horses are located in the same postcode sector as the owner's home address is larger in rural areas. Appropriate adjustment for population size, horse–owner spatial separation and land usage would facilitate meaningful use of the national horse population derived from NED for risk modelling of incursions of Equine Diseases into Great Britain.
Udeni B. R. Balasuriya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genome-Wide Association Study among Four Horse Breeds Identifies a Common Haplotype Associated with In Vitro CD3+ T Cell Susceptibility/Resistance to Equine Arteritis Virus Infection
Journal of virology, 2011Co-Authors: Ernest Bailey, Deborah Cook, S.j. Coleman, James N. Macleod, Kuey-chu Chen, Peter J. Timoney, Udeni B. R. BalasuriyaAbstract:Previously, we have shown that horses could be divided into susceptible and resistant groups based on an in vitro assay using dual-color flow cytometric analysis of CD3+ T cells infected with Equine arteritis virus (EAV). Here, we demonstrate that the differences in in vitro susceptibility of Equine CD3+ T lymphocytes to EAV infection have a genetic basis. To investigate the possible hereditary basis for this trait, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to compare susceptible and resistant phenotypes. Testing of 267 DNA samples from four horse breeds that had a susceptible or a resistant CD3+ T lymphocyte phenotype using both Illumina Equine SNP50 BeadChip and Sequenom's MassARRAY system identified a common, genetically dominant haplotype associated with the susceptible phenotype in a region of Equine chromosome 11 (ECA11), positions 49572804 to 49643932. The presence of a common haplotype indicates that the trait occurred in a common ancestor of all four breeds, suggesting that it may be segregated among other modern horse breeds. Biological pathway analysis revealed several cellular genes within this region of ECA11 encoding proteins associated with virus attachment and entry, cytoskeletal organization, and NF-κB pathways that may be associated with the trait responsible for the in vitro susceptibility/resistance of CD3+ T lymphocytes to EAV infection. The data presented in this study demonstrated a strong association of genetic markers with the trait, representing de facto proof that the trait is under genetic control. To our knowledge, this is the first GWAS of an Equine Infectious Disease and the first GWAS of Equine viral arteritis.
C. A. Robin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The accuracy of the National Equine Database in relation to vector-borne Disease risk modelling of horses in Great Britain.
Equine veterinary journal, 2013Co-Authors: C. A. Robin, G. Lo Iacono, Simon Gubbins, J. L. N. Wood, J. R. NewtonAbstract:Summary Reasons for performing the study The National Equine Database (NED) contains information on the size and distribution of the horse population, but the data quality remains unknown. These data could assist with surveillance, research and contingency planning for Equine Infectious Disease outbreaks. Objectives 1) To assess the extent of obsolete and missing data from NED, 2) evaluate the extent of spatial separation between horse and owner location and 3) identify relationships between spatial separation and land use. Methods Two questionnaires were used to assess data accuracy in NED utilising local authority passport inspections and distribution of questionnaires to 11,000 horse owners. A subset of 1010 questionnaires was used to assess horse–owner geographic separation. Results During 2005–2010, 17,048 passports were checked through local authority inspections. Of these, 1558 passports (9.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 8.7–9.5%) were noncompliant, with 963 (5.6%; 95% CI 5.3–6.0%) containing inaccurate information and 595 (3.5%; 95% CI 3.2–3.8%) classified as missing. Of 1382 questionnaires completed by horse owners, 380 passports were obsolete (27.5%; 95% CI 25.2–29.9%), with 162 (11.7%; 95% CI 10.0–13.4%) being retained for deceased horses and 218 (15.8%; 95% CI 13.9–17.7%) having incorrect ownership details. Fifty-three per cent (95% CI 49.9–56.1%) of owners kept their horse(s) at home and 92% (95% CI 90.3–93.7%) of horses resided within 10 km of their owners. Conclusions and potential relevance Data from a small sample survey suggest the majority of data on NED are accurate but a proportion of inaccuracies exist that may cause delay in locating horses and contacting owners during a Disease outbreak. The probability that horses are located in the same postcode sector as the owner's home address is larger in rural areas. Appropriate adjustment for population size, horse–owner spatial separation and land usage would facilitate meaningful use of the national horse population derived from NED for risk modelling of incursions of Equine Diseases into Great Britain.