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Piet Rietveld - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • using value of statistical life for the ex ante evaluation of transport policy options a discussion based on Ethical Theory
    Transportation, 2013
    Co-Authors: Bert Van Wee, Piet Rietveld
    Abstract:

    This paper aims to discuss a number of questions that are highly important for the ex ante evaluation of the safety impacts of transport policy options, from the perspective of Ethical Theory: (1) Is it morally OK to express prevention on acceptance of fatalities or risks in monetary terms? (2) How useful is the concept of the value of a statistical life (VOSL) for ex ante evaluations of transport policy options? (3) What are the pros and cons of pricing protection of lives or prevention of risks in ex ante evaluations? (4) Which methods are available for expressing (protection of) human lives in monetary terms, and what are the main related methodological discussions? (5) Are all safety-related costs generally included in ex ante evaluations of the safety impacts of transport policy options, and if not: what is the relevance of excluded costs categories from an Ethical perspective? (6) How important is the distribution of safety effects from an Ethical perspective? The answer to the first question highly depends on the Ethical Theory that is used. With respect to question 2 we think that the VOSL is a useful concept, but that its application is not straightforward, for several reasons. Thirdly we think that probably pricing safety improves the quality of decision making, but to the best of our knowledge there is no research to underpin this expectation. The answer to question 4 is that several methods exist to estimate the value of a statistical life (VOSL), willingness-to-pay (WTP) methods being the most common category of methods. However, several methodological issues arise that make estimates of VOSL less straightforward. With respect to question 5 we conclude that behaviour-related avoidance costs are often overlooked and that these costs are relevant from an Ethical perspective because the freedom to move and the freedom to participate in activities are challenged. Finally the answer to question 6 is that from an Ethical perspective, in terms of the evaluation of policy measures, it might matter which groups of the population are the victims of the transport system, or are at risk.

  • Using value of statistical life for the ex ante evaluation of transport policy options: a discussion based on Ethical Theory
    Transportation, 2013
    Co-Authors: Bert Wee, Piet Rietveld
    Abstract:

    This paper aims to discuss a number of questions that are highly important for the ex ante evaluation of the safety impacts of transport policy options, from the perspective of Ethical Theory: (1) Is it morally OK to express prevention on acceptance of fatalities or risks in monetary terms? (2) How useful is the concept of the value of a statistical life (VOSL) for ex ante evaluations of transport policy options? (3) What are the pros and cons of pricing protection of lives or prevention of risks in ex ante evaluations? (4) Which methods are available for expressing (protection of) human lives in monetary terms, and what are the main related methodological discussions? (5) Are all safety-related costs generally included in ex ante evaluations of the safety impacts of transport policy options, and if not: what is the relevance of excluded costs categories from an Ethical perspective? (6) How important is the distribution of safety effects from an Ethical perspective? The answer to the first question highly depends on the Ethical Theory that is used. With respect to question 2 we think that the VOSL is a useful concept, but that its application is not straightforward, for several reasons. Thirdly we think that probably pricing safety improves the quality of decision making, but to the best of our knowledge there is no research to underpin this expectation. The answer to question 4 is that several methods exist to estimate the value of a statistical life (VOSL), willingness-to-pay (WTP) methods being the most common category of methods. However, several methodological issues arise that make estimates of VOSL less straightforward. With respect to question 5 we conclude that behaviour-related avoidance costs are often overlooked and that these costs are relevant from an Ethical perspective because the freedom to move and the freedom to participate in activities are challenged. Finally the answer to question 6 is that from an Ethical perspective, in terms of the evaluation of policy measures, it might matter which groups of the population are the victims of the transport system, or are at risk. Egalitarian theories as well as sufficientarianism are useful theories to discuss distribution effects. Different theories conclude differently.

Bert Van Wee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • using value of statistical life for the ex ante evaluation of transport policy options a discussion based on Ethical Theory
    Transportation, 2013
    Co-Authors: Bert Van Wee, Piet Rietveld
    Abstract:

    This paper aims to discuss a number of questions that are highly important for the ex ante evaluation of the safety impacts of transport policy options, from the perspective of Ethical Theory: (1) Is it morally OK to express prevention on acceptance of fatalities or risks in monetary terms? (2) How useful is the concept of the value of a statistical life (VOSL) for ex ante evaluations of transport policy options? (3) What are the pros and cons of pricing protection of lives or prevention of risks in ex ante evaluations? (4) Which methods are available for expressing (protection of) human lives in monetary terms, and what are the main related methodological discussions? (5) Are all safety-related costs generally included in ex ante evaluations of the safety impacts of transport policy options, and if not: what is the relevance of excluded costs categories from an Ethical perspective? (6) How important is the distribution of safety effects from an Ethical perspective? The answer to the first question highly depends on the Ethical Theory that is used. With respect to question 2 we think that the VOSL is a useful concept, but that its application is not straightforward, for several reasons. Thirdly we think that probably pricing safety improves the quality of decision making, but to the best of our knowledge there is no research to underpin this expectation. The answer to question 4 is that several methods exist to estimate the value of a statistical life (VOSL), willingness-to-pay (WTP) methods being the most common category of methods. However, several methodological issues arise that make estimates of VOSL less straightforward. With respect to question 5 we conclude that behaviour-related avoidance costs are often overlooked and that these costs are relevant from an Ethical perspective because the freedom to move and the freedom to participate in activities are challenged. Finally the answer to question 6 is that from an Ethical perspective, in terms of the evaluation of policy measures, it might matter which groups of the population are the victims of the transport system, or are at risk.

Bert Wee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Using value of statistical life for the ex ante evaluation of transport policy options: a discussion based on Ethical Theory
    Transportation, 2013
    Co-Authors: Bert Wee, Piet Rietveld
    Abstract:

    This paper aims to discuss a number of questions that are highly important for the ex ante evaluation of the safety impacts of transport policy options, from the perspective of Ethical Theory: (1) Is it morally OK to express prevention on acceptance of fatalities or risks in monetary terms? (2) How useful is the concept of the value of a statistical life (VOSL) for ex ante evaluations of transport policy options? (3) What are the pros and cons of pricing protection of lives or prevention of risks in ex ante evaluations? (4) Which methods are available for expressing (protection of) human lives in monetary terms, and what are the main related methodological discussions? (5) Are all safety-related costs generally included in ex ante evaluations of the safety impacts of transport policy options, and if not: what is the relevance of excluded costs categories from an Ethical perspective? (6) How important is the distribution of safety effects from an Ethical perspective? The answer to the first question highly depends on the Ethical Theory that is used. With respect to question 2 we think that the VOSL is a useful concept, but that its application is not straightforward, for several reasons. Thirdly we think that probably pricing safety improves the quality of decision making, but to the best of our knowledge there is no research to underpin this expectation. The answer to question 4 is that several methods exist to estimate the value of a statistical life (VOSL), willingness-to-pay (WTP) methods being the most common category of methods. However, several methodological issues arise that make estimates of VOSL less straightforward. With respect to question 5 we conclude that behaviour-related avoidance costs are often overlooked and that these costs are relevant from an Ethical perspective because the freedom to move and the freedom to participate in activities are challenged. Finally the answer to question 6 is that from an Ethical perspective, in terms of the evaluation of policy measures, it might matter which groups of the population are the victims of the transport system, or are at risk. Egalitarian theories as well as sufficientarianism are useful theories to discuss distribution effects. Different theories conclude differently.

Tom L. Beauchamp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • does Ethical Theory have a future in bioethics
    Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics, 2004
    Co-Authors: Tom L. Beauchamp
    Abstract:

    Although there has long been a successful and stable marriage between philosophical Ethical Theory and bioethics, the marriage has become shaky as bioethics has become a more interdisciplinary and practical field. A practical price is paid for theoretical generality in philosophy. It is often unclear whether and, if so, how Theory is to be brought to bear on dilemmatic problems, public policy, moral controversies, and moral conflict. Three clearly philosophical problems are used to see how philosophers are doing in handling practical problems: Cultural Relativity, and Moral Universality, Moral Justification, and Conceptual Analysis. In each case it is argued that philosophers need to develop theories and methods more closely attuned to practice. The work of philosophers such as Ruth Macklin, Norman Daniels, and Gerald Dworkin is examined. In the writings of each there is major methological gap between philosophical Theory (or method) and practical conclusions. The future of philosophical ethics in interdisciplinary bioethics may turn on whether such gaps can be closed. If not, bioethics may justifiably conclude that philosophy is of little value.

  • Ethical Theory and business
    1992
    Co-Authors: Tom L. Beauchamp, Norman E Bowie
    Abstract:

    Found in this Section: 1. Overview of Changes 2. Chapter-by-Chapter Changes 1. Overview of Changes * The 9th edition is thoroughly updated to reflect the best new work in the field and important new trends in business ethics. * New case studies on recent business ethics scandals such as the financial crisis, Wall Street ethics, gay and lesbian rights at work, and the BP Deepwater Horizon disaster are included. (ex. p. 196) * International business ethics issues have been woven throughout the chapters. (ex. p. 536) * MySearchLab with eText can be packaged with this text. * MySearchLab provides engaging experiences that personalize learning, and comes from a trusted partner with educational expertise and a deep commitment to helping students and instructors achieve their goals. * eText - Just like the printed text, you can highlight and add notes to the eText or download it to your iPad. * Assessment - Chapter quizzes and flashcards offer immediate feedback and report directly to the gradebook. * Writing and Research - A wide range of writing, grammar and research tools and access to a variety of academic journals, census data, Associated Press newsfeeds, and discipline-specific readings help you hone your writing and research skills. * Ebsco's ContentSelect - With Ebsco's ContentSelect, students get 24-hour access to abstracts and full-text articles from thousands of scholarly and popular periodicals, including Newsweek, National Review, and USA Today's Magazine - all grouped and organized by subject area. * Research Tutorial - When students click on the research button in MySearchLab, they get a step-by-step tutorial for the entire research process, including understanding the assignment, finding a topic, creating effective notes, how to form a paradigm, and understand and finding source material. * YouDecide - YouDecide activities provide opposing viewpoints in a series of issue-centered debates with accompanying video resources. * Create a Custom Text: For enrollments of at least 25, create your own textbook by combining chapters from best-selling Pearson textbooks and/or reading selections in the sequence you want. To begin building your custom text, visit www.pearsoncustomlibrary.com. You may also work with a dedicated Pearson Custom editor to create your ideal text-publishing your own original content or mixing and matching Pearson content. Contact your Pearson Publisher's Representative to get started. 2. Chapter-by-Chapter Changes Chapter 1: Ethical Theory and Business Practice * This introductory chapter has been thoroughly updated. * Three new case studies facilitate discussion of Ethical theories. Chapter 2: The Purpose of the Corporation * New coverage of Ethical cultures and moral responsibility is included. * New case on BP and the Deepwater Horizon disaster is featured. Chapter 3: Ethical Treatment of Employees * New coverage of whistle-blowing is included in this chapter. Chapter 4: Diversity and Discrimination in the Workplace * The coverage of affirmative action and diversity has been updated. * A new case on gay and lesbian rights at work is featured. Chapter 5: Marketing and the Disclosure of Information * This chapter features expanded coverage of pharmaceutical marketing. Chapter 6: Ethical Issues in Finance and Accounting * New coverage of Wall Street ethics, insider trading, and predatory lending and the financial crisis is included. Chapter 7: Ethical Issues Regarding Emerging Technologies * New coverage of social media and internet privacy is included. Chapter 8: Environmental Sustainability * Three new articles on environmental sustainability are featured. * New cases on best practices in sustainability are included. Chapter 9: Ethical Issues in International Business * Updated articles and cases are included. Chapter 10: Social and Economic Justice * New coverage of the financial crisis and executive competition is included. * New case studies on base of the pyramid strategies are featured.

  • Ethical Theory and epidemiology.
    Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 1991
    Co-Authors: Tom L. Beauchamp
    Abstract:

    Abstract The stream of ethics questions that arise in science seems endless. These questions concern how one determines responsibilities, rights, obligations, policies, and the like. But neither a “code of ethics” nor customary practice-standards may adequately justify a moral belief. An Ethical Theory is sometimes necessary to make progress on our moral problems. This form of Theory consists of a diverse set of ways of developing moral concepts and giving philosophical reasons that explain, augment, and criticize the rules of social morality. Moral Theory provides a basis for moral reasoning about problems; this reasoning is analogous to legal reasoning, where one appears before a court with a well reasoned case in defense of one's conduct. Moral Theory is no panacea for our contemporary moral concerns, but it is valuable ally in the attempt to resolve them.

Robert Audi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Methodological reflections on Kant’s Ethical Theory
    Synthese, 2018
    Co-Authors: Robert Audi
    Abstract:

    In an important passage in Kant’s Groundwork, he says: “[W]e cannot do morality a worse service than by seeking to derive it from examples. Every example of it presented to me must first itself be judged by moral principles in order to see if it is fit to serve as an original example—that is, as a model: it can in no way supply the prime source for the concept of morality” (4: p. 408). This is an important methodological pronouncement, and it appears to commit Kant to what might be called a “top-down” procedure for constructing an Ethical Theory—or at least for defending substantive moral principles. A contrasting method we might call “bottom-up” would attribute to what are commonly called intuitions , especially those concerning concrete cases, a basic epistemological role in such a theoretical normative project. This paper undertakes, first, to clarify both kinds of procedure and to sketch a philosophical methodology that can do justice to certain merits of each procedure; second, to explore, drawing on a methodological analysis the paper will outline, Kant’s actual operative method in much of his Ethical writing, particularly but not exclusively the Groundwork ; and third, to appraise some aspects of Kant’s actual methods of Theory-building as it is seen in his development of his Ethical framework. The concluding reflections will show that Kant’s overall achievement in moral philosophy does not depend on certain of his metaphilosophical views. The paper will also indicate some directions of moral inquiry that may be promising for both Kantian and other approaches in moral philosophy.

  • recent work in Ethical Theory and its implications for business ethics
    Business Ethics Quarterly, 2010
    Co-Authors: Denis G Arnold, Robert Audi, Matt Zwolinski
    Abstract:

    We review recent developments in Ethical pluralism, Ethical particularism, Kantian intuitionism, rights Theory, and climate change ethics, and show the relevance of these developments in Ethical Theory to contemporary business ethics. This paper explains why pluralists think that Ethical decisions should be guided by multiple standards and why particularists emphasize the crucial role of context in determining sound moral judgments. We explain why Kantian intuitionism emphasizes the discerning power of intuitive reason and seek to integrate that with the comprehensiveness of Kant’s moral framework. And we show how human rights can be grounded in human agency, and explain the connections between human rights and climate change.

  • The Place of Ethical Theory in Business Ethics
    Oxford Handbooks Online, 2009
    Co-Authors: Robert Audi
    Abstract:

    Ethical Theory is a major critical resource for serious discussion of Ethical problems, including those in business ethics. Why this is so will become clear once we frame an adequate conception of Ethical Theory and describe the scope of business ethics. I begin with a section that considers what kind of enterprise Ethical Theory is and what sorts of problems in business it can help address. I then proceed to explore some dimensions of Ethical Theory, some leading theories important for business ethics, and some concrete illustrations of the connections between Ethical Theory and specific problems in business ethics.