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Quirin Schiermeier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

David Dickson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Elena M. Tur - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Examiner trust in applicants to the European Patent Office: country specificities
    Scientometrics, 2018
    Co-Authors: Joaquín M. Azagra-caro, Elena M. Tur
    Abstract:

    Indicators based on the probability of applicant citations in Patents have been used to emphasize the importance of distinguishing applicant and examiner citations. However, the interpretation of these indicators and of the presence of applicant citations in European Patent Office (EPO) examiner reports is still uncertain. Based on interviews with Patent examiners and Patent applicants, we develop the idea that applicant citations in EPO examiner reports indicate examiner trust in applicants, and that this trust varies according to national patterns. Using EPO data for over 3,500,000 citations during 1997–2007, we verify that examiner trust in applicants is higher in granted Patents. Examiners trust applicants from scientifically or economically strong countries, from member states of the European Patent Organization, and from the same country of the examiners.

  • Examiner trust in applicants to the European Patent Office: country specificities
    Scientometrics, 2018
    Co-Authors: Joaquín M. Azagra-caro, Elena M. Tur
    Abstract:

    Indicators based on the probability of applicant citations in Patents have been used to emphasize the importance of distinguishing applicant and examiner citations. However, the interpretation of these indicators and of the presence of applicant citations in European Patent Office (EPO) examiner reports is still uncertain. Based on interviews with Patent examiners and Patent applicants, we develop the idea that applicant citations in EPO examiner reports indicate examiner trust in applicants, and that this trust varies according to national patterns. Using EPO data for over 3,500,000 citations during 1997–2007, we verify that examiner trust in applicants is higher in granted Patents. Examiners trust applicants from scientifically or economically strong countries, from member states of the European Patent Organization, and from the same country of the examiners.

Hector Mendoza - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Evolution of microalgal biotechnology: a survey of the European Patent Office database
    Journal of Applied Phycology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Alejandro Jara, Eduardo Portillo, Karen Freijanes, Patricia Assunção, Hector Mendoza
    Abstract:

    Microalgal biotechnology is an innovative sector in the field of biotechnology and has evolved exponentially in the last 100 years. With the aim of finding out the current situation of the sector and its development, Patents on microalgal biotechnology were surveyed in Espacenet, the European Patent Office database. The objective of this study was to identify the main trends in microalgae-related Patents in the most commercial genera: Chlorella, Spirulina, Dunaliella, Haematococcus and model organism Chlamydomonas.

Peter Hingley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Do business cycles affect Patenting? Evidence from European Patent Office filings
    Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2017
    Co-Authors: Peter Hingley, Walter G. Park
    Abstract:

    Abstract This paper studies the sensitivity of Patent filings to the business cycle using Patent filings at the European Patent Office (EPO). Using a dynamic model of Patenting and the Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter method to separate the cyclical component of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from its trend component, we find that Patent filings are strongly pro-cyclical. This supports the view that short term resource constraints affect Patenting decisions, even if there are longer term factors that determine innovation. The study also has significance for forecasting Patenting behavior, which is important for policy decision-making, institutional operations, and strategic business planning. Forecasts that rely only on trends prove to be less accurate amidst economic booms and recessionary shocks, such as the recent global financial crisis.

  • A dynamic log-linear regression model to forecast numbers of future filings at the European Patent Office
    World Patent Information, 2015
    Co-Authors: Peter Hingley, Walter G. Park
    Abstract:

    An econometric model is applied to forecast future levels of Patent filings at the European Patent Office out to 2019, using historical data from 1990 to 2013 with 28 source country terms. Descriptors include Research and Development expenditures and Gross domestic product, where the latter is split into trend and business cycles components. The model is applied to logarithmically standardised data. The effects on the forecasts of additional future positive and negative stimuli to the GDP components are considered. Reasonable forecasting accuracy is found. Using a series of shorter historical data windows may give improved accuracy for short term forecasts.

  • Predictive accuracy of survey-based forecasts for numbers of filings at the European Patent Office
    World Patent Information, 2013
    Co-Authors: Felix Dannegger, Peter Hingley
    Abstract:

    Abstract This study examines the predictive accuracy of the forecasts for Patent filings from a sequence of annual surveys of Patent applicants at the European Patent Office, particularly regarding the extent to which applicants could foresee the effects of the 2008/2009 recession. It also investigates the possibilities for new methods to calculate forecasts for survey results. Applicants were selected randomly each year, and opinions were sought about numbers of filings in the previous year, the current year and the following two years. It is found that two and three year predictions were better for worldwide first filings than for EPO Total filings (sum of European direct and PCT International Phase filings, excluding divisional filings), and differences are established between main blocs of residence of the applicants in this regard. An investigation is made to examine the possible benefits of indirect transfer forecasts for total EPO filings via worldwide first filings, and of indirect forecasts of PCT regional phase entries from PCT international phase filings. Although the recession was not well anticipated by the applicants, it was slightly better anticipated in terms of worldwide first filings and PCT regional phase entries, than for total EPO filings. A combination approach may be appropriate for future surveys. Suggestions are made for the further development of analysis methods that can be tried out on future surveys.

  • Distributions of structures and activities of applicants at the European Patent Office
    World Patent Information, 2012
    Co-Authors: Peter Hingley, Felix Dannegger
    Abstract:

    Abstract The distributions of attributes among applicants at the European Patent Office (EPO) in 2009 are studied using responses from a random sample in a survey that was made in 2010. A series of questions were asked on applicants’ R&D investment behaviour and numbers of worldwide first filings broken down by technical areas. Other factors were measured, including numbers of distinct inventions, the percentage of these that lead to Patent applications and numbers of inventive staff. The results are weighted to infer the probability distributions of the attributes and two ratios of attributes. Two alternative weighting schemes are compared. A typical distribution for a variable that is correlated to applicant size (such as R&D expenditure) is extremely asymmetric. Frequency charts estimate the overall distributions across the EPO applicant population and are summarised by using means, medians and maxima. Breakdown analyses with representations on the frequency charts and statistical tables are made by four blocs of residence of the applicants and five industries. Conclusions are drawn about some of the characteristics of the EPO applicant population. Policy implications are mentioned and also how to move on to more extensive studies of this type, particularly to gain a better understanding of the asymmetric distribution of many attributes and their relationships to Patenting. A crude estimate is made of 1 670 000 inventions worldwide that could have led to first filings in 2008.

  • Patent family data and statistics at the European Patent Office
    2009
    Co-Authors: Walter G. Park, Peter Hingley
    Abstract:

    At the European Patent Office (EPO) a comprehensive data file called PRI is maintained of Patent families. The file records are based on published Patent documents, indexed by the priority number of the first Patent filing, with information on subsequent Patenting activities for that invention in the four major economic blocs: EPC contracting states, Japan, USA and Others. It is possible to filter the data in order to highlight the most important inventions, for example by selecting Trilateral Patent families that lead to Patenting activity in EPC contracting states (including EPO), Japan and USA. The relationship between Patent families and subsequent filings is not one-to-one. In order to compare calculated figures from the EPO data set with an alternative system of consolidated families, it is suggested that bounds may be calculable for numbers of consolidated families by taking account of the overall numbers of network links between priority forming first filings and subsequent filings. The key to this methodology is the identification of all the links between first filings and subsequent filings in a family. There is a timeliness problem caused by a considerable delay between the date of first filing and the appearance of a publication that can index a Patent family. A method is described by which more up-to-date counts of families (numbers of priorities) can be made by augmenting the database with information that is available in the distinct filings databases at the Patent Offices. The families data set can be used to investigate the Patenting behaviour by individual companies, industries, countries or economic blocs, or to study changing patterns of technology in world-wide industrial research. Some representative data are presented over a series of years that show increasing trends for the numbers of world-wide first filings, for numbers of filings flowing from one country to another, for numbers of Patent families making use of the PCT system, and for the numbers of families within the EPC contracting states area that make use of the EPO. Good forecasts for numbers of Patent filings at the EPO are needed for the purpose of internal resource requirements planning. An initial attempt is described to set up an econometric model for the development of subsequent filings at the EPO, based on Patent families information and on concomitant variables including source country R&D stock per worker and source country GDP per capita. It may eventually be possible to generalise a successful model of this type in order to predict filings flows to and from all the major Patent Offices.

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