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Gregory Francis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Too good to be true: Publication bias in two prominent studies from Experimental Psychology
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2012Co-Authors: Gregory FrancisAbstract:Empirical replication has long been considered the final arbiter of phenomena in science, but replication is undermined when there is evidence for publication bias. Evidence for publication bias in a set of experiments can be found when the observed number of rejections of the null hypothesis exceeds the expected number of rejections. Application of this test reveals evidence of publication bias in two prominent investigations from Experimental Psychology that have purported to reveal evidence of extrasensory perception and to indicate severe limitations of the scientific method. The presence of publication bias suggests that those investigations cannot be taken as proper scientific studies of such phenomena, because critical data are not available to the field. Publication bias could partly be avoided if Experimental psychologists started using Bayesian data analysis techniques.
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Publication bias and the failure of replication in Experimental Psychology
Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 2012Co-Authors: Gregory FrancisAbstract:Replication of empirical findings plays a fundamental role in science. Among Experimental psychologists, successful replication enhances belief in a finding, while a failure to replicate is often interpreted to mean that one of the experiments is flawed. This view is wrong. Because Experimental Psychology uses statistics, empirical findings should appear with predictable probabilities. In a misguided effort to demonstrate successful replication of empirical findings and avoid failures to replicate, Experimental psychologists sometimes report too many positive results. Rather than strengthen confidence in an effect, too much successful replication actually indicates publication bias, which invalidates entire sets of Experimental findings. Researchers cannot judge the validity of a set of biased experiments because the experiment set may consist entirely of type I errors. This article shows how an investigation of the effect sizes from reported experiments can test for publication bias by looking for too much successful replication. Simulated experiments demonstrate that the publication bias test is able to discriminate biased experiment sets from unbiased experiment sets, but it is conservative about reporting bias. The test is then applied to several studies of prominent phenomena that highlight how publication bias contaminates some findings in Experimental Psychology. Additional simulated experiments demonstrate that using Bayesian methods of data analysis can reduce (and in some cases, eliminate) the occurrence of publication bias. Such methods should be part of a systematic process to remove publication bias from Experimental Psychology and reinstate the important role of replication as a final arbiter of scientific findings.
Nora S. Newcombe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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25 years of research on the use of geometry in spatial reorientation: a current theoretical perspective
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2013Co-Authors: Ken Cheng, Janellen Huttenlocher, Nora S. NewcombeAbstract:The purpose of this article is to review and evaluate the range of theories proposed to explain findings on the use of geometry in reorientation. We consider five key approaches and models associated with them and, in the course of reviewing each approach, five key issues. First, we take up modularity theory itself, as recently revised by Lee and Spelke ( Cognitive Psychology, 61 , 152–176, 2010a ; Experimental Brain Research, 206 , 179–188, 2010b ). In this context, we discuss issues concerning the basic distinction between geometry and features. Second, we review the view-matching approach (Stürzl, Cheung, Cheng, & Zeil, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 34 , 1–14, 2008 ). In this context, we highlight the possibility of cross-species differences, as well as commonalities. Third, we review an associative theory (Miller & Shettleworth, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 33 , 191–212, 2007 ; Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 34 , 419–422, 2008 ). In this context, we focus on phenomena of cue competition. Fourth, we take up adaptive combination theory (Newcombe & Huttenlocher, 2006 ). In this context, we focus on discussing development and the effects of experience. Fifth, we examine various neurally based approaches, including frameworks proposed by Doeller and Burgess ( Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105 , 5909–5914, 2008 ; Doeller, King, & Burgess, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105 , 5915–5920, 2008 ) and by Sheynikhovich, Chavarriaga, Strösslin, Arleo, and Gerstner ( Psychological Review, 116 , 540–566, 2009 ). In this context, we examine the issue of the neural substrates of spatial navigation. We conclude that none of these approaches can account for all of the known phenomena concerning the use of geometry in reorientation and clarify what the challenges are for each approach.
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25 years of research on the use of geometry in spatial reorientation a current theoretical perspective
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2013Co-Authors: Ken Cheng, Janellen Huttenlocher, Nora S. NewcombeAbstract:The purpose of this article is to review and evaluate the range of theories proposed to explain findings on the use of geometry in reorientation. We consider five key approaches and models associated with them and, in the course of reviewing each approach, five key issues. First, we take up modularity theory itself, as recently revised by Lee and Spelke (Cognitive Psychology, 61, 152–176, 2010a; Experimental Brain Research, 206, 179–188, 2010b). In this context, we discuss issues concerning the basic distinction between geometry and features. Second, we review the view-matching approach (Sturzl, Cheung, Cheng, & Zeil, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 34, 1–14, 2008). In this context, we highlight the possibility of cross-species differences, as well as commonalities. Third, we review an associative theory (Miller & Shettleworth, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 33, 191–212, 2007; Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 34, 419–422, 2008). In this context, we focus on phenomena of cue competition. Fourth, we take up adaptive combination theory (Newcombe & Huttenlocher, 2006). In this context, we focus on discussing development and the effects of experience. Fifth, we examine various neurally based approaches, including frameworks proposed by Doeller and Burgess (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 5909–5914, 2008; Doeller, King, & Burgess, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 5915–5920, 2008) and by Sheynikhovich, Chavarriaga, Strosslin, Arleo, and Gerstner (Psychological Review, 116, 540–566, 2009). In this context, we examine the issue of the neural substrates of spatial navigation. We conclude that none of these approaches can account for all of the known phenomena concerning the use of geometry in reorientation and clarify what the challenges are for each approach.
Andrea Bohl - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the word frequency effect a review of recent developments and implications for the choice of frequency estimates in german
Experimental Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Marc Brysbaert, Matthias Buchmeier, Markus Conrad, Arthur M Jacobs, Jens Bolte, Andrea BohlAbstract:We review recent evidence indicating that researchers in Experimental Psychology may have used suboptimal estimates of word frequency. Word frequency measures should be based on a corpus of at leas...
Ken Cheng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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25 years of research on the use of geometry in spatial reorientation: a current theoretical perspective
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2013Co-Authors: Ken Cheng, Janellen Huttenlocher, Nora S. NewcombeAbstract:The purpose of this article is to review and evaluate the range of theories proposed to explain findings on the use of geometry in reorientation. We consider five key approaches and models associated with them and, in the course of reviewing each approach, five key issues. First, we take up modularity theory itself, as recently revised by Lee and Spelke ( Cognitive Psychology, 61 , 152–176, 2010a ; Experimental Brain Research, 206 , 179–188, 2010b ). In this context, we discuss issues concerning the basic distinction between geometry and features. Second, we review the view-matching approach (Stürzl, Cheung, Cheng, & Zeil, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 34 , 1–14, 2008 ). In this context, we highlight the possibility of cross-species differences, as well as commonalities. Third, we review an associative theory (Miller & Shettleworth, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 33 , 191–212, 2007 ; Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 34 , 419–422, 2008 ). In this context, we focus on phenomena of cue competition. Fourth, we take up adaptive combination theory (Newcombe & Huttenlocher, 2006 ). In this context, we focus on discussing development and the effects of experience. Fifth, we examine various neurally based approaches, including frameworks proposed by Doeller and Burgess ( Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105 , 5909–5914, 2008 ; Doeller, King, & Burgess, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105 , 5915–5920, 2008 ) and by Sheynikhovich, Chavarriaga, Strösslin, Arleo, and Gerstner ( Psychological Review, 116 , 540–566, 2009 ). In this context, we examine the issue of the neural substrates of spatial navigation. We conclude that none of these approaches can account for all of the known phenomena concerning the use of geometry in reorientation and clarify what the challenges are for each approach.
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25 years of research on the use of geometry in spatial reorientation a current theoretical perspective
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2013Co-Authors: Ken Cheng, Janellen Huttenlocher, Nora S. NewcombeAbstract:The purpose of this article is to review and evaluate the range of theories proposed to explain findings on the use of geometry in reorientation. We consider five key approaches and models associated with them and, in the course of reviewing each approach, five key issues. First, we take up modularity theory itself, as recently revised by Lee and Spelke (Cognitive Psychology, 61, 152–176, 2010a; Experimental Brain Research, 206, 179–188, 2010b). In this context, we discuss issues concerning the basic distinction between geometry and features. Second, we review the view-matching approach (Sturzl, Cheung, Cheng, & Zeil, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 34, 1–14, 2008). In this context, we highlight the possibility of cross-species differences, as well as commonalities. Third, we review an associative theory (Miller & Shettleworth, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 33, 191–212, 2007; Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 34, 419–422, 2008). In this context, we focus on phenomena of cue competition. Fourth, we take up adaptive combination theory (Newcombe & Huttenlocher, 2006). In this context, we focus on discussing development and the effects of experience. Fifth, we examine various neurally based approaches, including frameworks proposed by Doeller and Burgess (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 5909–5914, 2008; Doeller, King, & Burgess, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 5915–5920, 2008) and by Sheynikhovich, Chavarriaga, Strosslin, Arleo, and Gerstner (Psychological Review, 116, 540–566, 2009). In this context, we examine the issue of the neural substrates of spatial navigation. We conclude that none of these approaches can account for all of the known phenomena concerning the use of geometry in reorientation and clarify what the challenges are for each approach.
Marc Brysbaert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the word frequency effect a review of recent developments and implications for the choice of frequency estimates in german
Experimental Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Marc Brysbaert, Matthias Buchmeier, Markus Conrad, Arthur M Jacobs, Jens Bolte, Andrea BohlAbstract:We review recent evidence indicating that researchers in Experimental Psychology may have used suboptimal estimates of word frequency. Word frequency measures should be based on a corpus of at leas...
