The Experts below are selected from a list of 11070 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Christopher Gaston - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a trade flow analysis of the global softwood log market implications of russian log Export Tax reduction and new zealand log production restriction
Forestry, 2016Co-Authors: Weiyew Chang, Christopher GastonAbstract:This study employs a recursive dynamic spatial partial equilibrium model to investigate the trade flow trends in the global softwood log market. A baseline forecast from 2012 to 2021 is first projected and then compared with three alternative scenarios: (1) Russia reduces its ad valorem softwood log Export Tax to 8 per cent to comply with its World Trade Organization accession agreements; (2) New Zealand experiences no expansion at all of its plantation forest log production due to social and environmental considerations (i.e. increased Maori ownership of forest land and the implementation of emissions trading schemes); and (3) a combination of the proposed policies in Russia and New Zealand mentioned above. The results of the baseline projection demonstrate that softwood log prices will increase in every region globally and that China will continue to be the world’s largest softwood log importer. However, softwood log Exports from Russia, the US and Canada are expected to drop significantly as a result of current Russian Export restrictions, the recovery of the US housing market and mountain pine beetle infestations in western Canada. A comparison of the simulated scenarios with the baseline projection reveals that reducing the Russian softwood log Export Tax will have a greater impact on softwood log prices and total world trade than restricting log production in New Zealand due to the comparatively large log production capacity in Russia. In any scenario, significant trade flow changes (i.e. trade-offs) in response to the proposed policy changes are observed in China and the major Export regions. The results of this study offer insights for forest managers and policy makers to examine the global impacts of potential changes in trade policies and supply constraints in these two important softwood log supply regions in addition to highlighting China’s role in the world softwood log market.
Weiyew Chang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a trade flow analysis of the global softwood log market implications of russian log Export Tax reduction and new zealand log production restriction
Forestry, 2016Co-Authors: Weiyew Chang, Christopher GastonAbstract:This study employs a recursive dynamic spatial partial equilibrium model to investigate the trade flow trends in the global softwood log market. A baseline forecast from 2012 to 2021 is first projected and then compared with three alternative scenarios: (1) Russia reduces its ad valorem softwood log Export Tax to 8 per cent to comply with its World Trade Organization accession agreements; (2) New Zealand experiences no expansion at all of its plantation forest log production due to social and environmental considerations (i.e. increased Maori ownership of forest land and the implementation of emissions trading schemes); and (3) a combination of the proposed policies in Russia and New Zealand mentioned above. The results of the baseline projection demonstrate that softwood log prices will increase in every region globally and that China will continue to be the world’s largest softwood log importer. However, softwood log Exports from Russia, the US and Canada are expected to drop significantly as a result of current Russian Export restrictions, the recovery of the US housing market and mountain pine beetle infestations in western Canada. A comparison of the simulated scenarios with the baseline projection reveals that reducing the Russian softwood log Export Tax will have a greater impact on softwood log prices and total world trade than restricting log production in New Zealand due to the comparatively large log production capacity in Russia. In any scenario, significant trade flow changes (i.e. trade-offs) in response to the proposed policy changes are observed in China and the major Export regions. The results of this study offer insights for forest managers and policy makers to examine the global impacts of potential changes in trade policies and supply constraints in these two important softwood log supply regions in addition to highlighting China’s role in the world softwood log market.
Daowei Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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incidence of russian log Export Tax a vertical log lumber model
Journal of Forest Economics, 2017Co-Authors: Ying Lin, Daowei ZhangAbstract:In 2007, Russia imposed an ad valorem Tax on its log Exports that lasted until 2012. In this paper, we use a Muth-type equilibrium displacement model to investigate the market and welfare impacts of this Tax, utilizing a vertical linkage between log and lumber markets and considering factor substitution. Our theoretical analysis indicates that, without considering the vertical linkage, the negative effects of log Export Tax on equilibrium price for log producers is underestimated when logs and processing services are gross substitutes, and the direction of bias is uncertain when they are gross complements. Empirical simulations show that the burden of Russian log Export Tax is shared almost equally between foreign log buyers and domestic log producers and that the Tax increases domestic lumber production. Further, the marginal effect of the log Export Tax on domestic lumber production decreases as Russian domestic demand share of logs increases. Overall, the welfare gains for Russian lumber consumers, lumber producers in the form of quasi-rents to processing services, and Tax revenue exceed the loss in its logging sector.
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incidence of the 1996 canada u s softwood lumber agreement and the optimal Export Tax
Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics-revue Canadienne D Agroeconomie, 2004Co-Authors: Henry W Kinnucan, Daowei ZhangAbstract:Our partial-equilibrium analysis suggests 63% of the Canada-U.S. Softwood Lumber Agreement's Export Tax is absorbed by Canadian consumers. Still, sufficient surplus was extracted from U.S. consumers for the agreement to be in Canada's national interest. In fact, the agreement was suboptimal from a Canadian perspective in that a higher Tax rate would have raised national welfare, at least in the short run. Although the agreement decreased U.S. welfare, the net loss for the combined U.S. and Canadian economies is modest, about 5% of the bilateral softwood lumber trade value according to our baseline estimates. This suggests the agreement's tariff rate quota scheme is a reasonably efficient mechanism for redistributing economic surplus from U.S. consumers to producers. Still, a better policy may be to enlarge the softwood lumber market via a research and promotion program funded by a modest (say, 5%) Tax on Canadian Exports. L'analyse de l'equilibre partiel effectuee par les auteurs laisse croire que les consommateurs canadiens absorbent 63 % de la Taxe a l'Exportation de l'Accord. Neanmoins, le Canada a reussi a tirer une somme suffisante des consommateurs americains pour que l'Accord garde un int eret national. De fait, pour le Canada, l'Accord n'etait pas vraiment optimal, car un taux d'imposition inferieur aurait releve le taux de prestations d'aide sociale, a court terme du moins. Bien que l'Accord ait reduit ce taux aux Etats-Unis, la perte nette demeure modeste pour l'economie combinee des deux pays (environ 5 % de la valeur commerciale du bois d’αeuvre resineux selon les estimations des auteurs). On en conclut que les contingents tarifaires constituent un mecanisme raisonnablement efficace pour redistribuer les richesses excedentaires des consommateurs aux producteurs. Une meilleure politique consisterait cependant aelargir le marche du bois d'αeuvre resineux au moyen d'un programme de recherche et de promotion que financerait une legere Taxe (par exemple 5 %) sur les Exportations canadiennes.
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Incidence of the 1996 Canada–U.S. Softwood Lumber Agreement and the Optimal Export Tax
Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, 2004Co-Authors: Henry W Kinnucan, Daowei ZhangAbstract:Our partial-equilibrium analysis suggests 63% of the Canada-U.S. Softwood Lumber Agreement's Export Tax is absorbed by Canadian consumers. Still, sufficient surplus was extracted from U.S. consumers for the agreement to be in Canada's national interest. In fact, the agreement was suboptimal from a Canadian perspective in that a higher Tax rate would have raised national welfare, at least in the short run. Although the agreement decreased U.S. welfare, the net loss for the combined U.S. and Canadian economies is modest, about 5% of the bilateral softwood lumber trade value according to our baseline estimates. This suggests the agreement's tariff rate quota scheme is a reasonably efficient mechanism for redistributing economic surplus from U.S. consumers to producers. Still, a better policy may be to enlarge the softwood lumber market via a research and promotion program funded by a modest (say, 5%) Tax on Canadian Exports. L'analyse de l'equilibre partiel effectuee par les auteurs laisse croire que les consommateurs canadiens absorbent 63 % de la Taxe a l'Exportation de l'Accord. Neanmoins, le Canada a reussi a tirer une somme suffisante des consommateurs americains pour que l'Accord garde un int eret national. De fait, pour le Canada, l'Accord n'etait pas vraiment optimal, car un taux d'imposition inferieur aurait releve le taux de prestations d'aide sociale, a court terme du moins. Bien que l'Accord ait reduit ce taux aux Etats-Unis, la perte nette demeure modeste pour l'economie combinee des deux pays (environ 5 % de la valeur commerciale du bois d’αeuvre resineux selon les estimations des auteurs). On en conclut que les contingents tarifaires constituent un mecanisme raisonnablement efficace pour redistribuer les richesses excedentaires des consommateurs aux producteurs. Une meilleure politique consisterait cependant aelargir le marche du bois d'αeuvre resineux au moyen d'un programme de recherche et de promotion que financerait une legere Taxe (par exemple 5 %) sur les Exportations canadiennes.
Ying Lin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the optimal Export Tax for a primary commodity in a vertical market
Agricultural Economics, 2020Co-Authors: Ying Lin, Henry W KinnucanAbstract:The conventional formula for the optimal Export Tax (derived from a partial equilibrium model that ignores importers’ welfare) is extended to include the deadweight loss to the domestic economy associated with the Tax. Applying the extended formula to the Tax Russia imposes on its Exports of logs, results suggest ignoring the marketing channel causes the optimal Export Tax for a primary commodity to be understated. The degree of understatement increases as the supply of logs and processing/marketing inputs become less price elastic, and as buyer and seller power in the downstream (lumber) industry increases. For plausible values of model parameters, however, the degree of understatement is modest, less than 19%.
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incidence of russian log Export Tax a vertical log lumber model
Journal of Forest Economics, 2017Co-Authors: Ying Lin, Daowei ZhangAbstract:In 2007, Russia imposed an ad valorem Tax on its log Exports that lasted until 2012. In this paper, we use a Muth-type equilibrium displacement model to investigate the market and welfare impacts of this Tax, utilizing a vertical linkage between log and lumber markets and considering factor substitution. Our theoretical analysis indicates that, without considering the vertical linkage, the negative effects of log Export Tax on equilibrium price for log producers is underestimated when logs and processing services are gross substitutes, and the direction of bias is uncertain when they are gross complements. Empirical simulations show that the burden of Russian log Export Tax is shared almost equally between foreign log buyers and domestic log producers and that the Tax increases domestic lumber production. Further, the marginal effect of the log Export Tax on domestic lumber production decreases as Russian domestic demand share of logs increases. Overall, the welfare gains for Russian lumber consumers, lumber producers in the form of quasi-rents to processing services, and Tax revenue exceed the loss in its logging sector.
S S Hosseini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Social Welfare Impacts of Imposing an Import Tariff on Maize Market in Iran Compared to an Export Tax in China and Brazil Using: a Game Theory Approach
Journal of Agricultural Studies, 2013Co-Authors: A H Chizari, Fereshte Assadollahpour, S S HosseiniAbstract:The social welfare impacts of Iran’s maize import policies versus China and Brazil Export policies using a game theoretic approach. The economy of maize Export by China and Brazil as well as Iran’s import demand are analyzed using empirical imports models. In this study, supply, demand, imports and price equations are estimated using a three-stage least squares (3SLS) model to obtain elasticities. The estimated elasticities are incorporated in a non-cooperative dynamic game framework to analyze the possible impacts of policy changes in these three countries. This study analyzes various policies, including several scenarios regarding changes in Iran’s import tariff from 0% to 10% with respect to China and Brazil Exported price ratio (Export Tax on domestic price of Iran) from 0.56-1.36. The results indicate that Iranian government should impose a tariff rate approximately 8% to maximize its own social welfare considering Export Taxes of 0.98 and 0.93 imposed by China and Brazil respectively. The results also suggest that policy makers in Iran should focus more on Iran’s tariff rates rather than Export Taxes imposed by China and Brazil.
