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Lars Ole Andresen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparative genomics of toxigenic and non-toxigenic Staphylococcus hyicus.
Veterinary microbiology, 2016Co-Authors: Pimlapas Leekitcharoenphon, Lars Ole Andresen, Sünje Johanna Pamp, Frank Møller AarestrupAbstract:The most common causative agent of Exudative Epidermitis (EE) in pigs is Staphylococcus hyicus. S. hyicus can be grouped into toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains based on their ability to cause EE in pigs and specific virulence genes have been identified. A genome wide comparison between non-toxigenic and toxigenic strains has never been performed. In this study, we sequenced eleven toxigenic and six non-toxigenic S. hyicus strains and performed comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis. Our analyses revealed two genomic regions encoding genes that were predominantly found in toxigenic strains and are predicted to encode for virulence determinants for EE. All toxigenic strains encoded for one of the exfoliative toxins ExhA, ExhB, ExhC, or ExhD. In addition, one of these regions encoded for an ADP-ribosyltransferase (EDIN, epidermal cell differentiation inhibitor) and a novel putative RNase toxin (polymorphic toxin) and was associated with the gene encoding ExhA. A clear differentiation between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains based on genomic and phylogenetic analyses was not apparent. The results of this study support the observation that exfoliative toxins of S. hyicus and S. aureus are located on genetic elements such as pathogenicity islands, phages, prophages and plasmids.
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Investigation of SNPs in the porcine desmoglein 1 gene.
BMC veterinary research, 2007Co-Authors: L. Daugaard, Lars Ole Andresen, Merete FredholmAbstract:Background Desmoglein 1 (DSG1) is the target protein in the skin disease Exudative Epidermitis in pigs caused by virulent strains of Staphylococcus hyicus. The exfoliative toxins produced by S. hyicus digest the porcine desmoglein 1 (PIG)DSG1 by a very specific reaction. This study investigated the location of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the porcine desmoglein 1 gene (PIG)DSG1 in correlation to the cleavage site as well as if the genotype of the SNPs is correlated to susceptibility or resistance to the disease.
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Investigation of SNPs in the porcine desmoglein 1 gene
BMC Veterinary Research, 2007Co-Authors: Lise Daugaard, Lars Ole Andresen, Merete FredholmAbstract:Background Desmoglein 1 (DSG1) is the target protein in the skin disease Exudative Epidermitis in pigs caused by virulent strains of Staphylococcus hyicus . The exfoliative toxins produced by S. hyicus digest the porcine desmoglein 1 (PIG)DSG1 by a very specific reaction. This study investigated the location of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the porcine desmoglein 1 gene (PIG) DSG1 in correlation to the cleavage site as well as if the genotype of the SNPs is correlated to susceptibility or resistance to the disease. Results DNA from 32 affected and 32 unaffected piglets with Exudative Epidermitis were diagnosed clinically as affected or unaffected. Two regions of the desmoglein 1 gene were sequenced and genotypes of the SNPs were established. Seven SNPs (823T>C, 828A>G, 829A>G, 830A>T, 831A>T, 838A>C and 1139C>T) were found in the analysed sequences and the allele frequencies were determined for the SNPs resulting in amino acid change. Four of the seven polymorphisms were situated in the motif known to be important for toxin cleavage. The distribution of the genotypes between affected and unaffected animals was analysed. Conclusion The study indicated a possible correlation between the genotypes of two out of seven SNPs found in the porcine desmoglein 1 gene and the susceptibility to Exudative Epidermitis.
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Staphylococcus hyicus exfoliative toxins selectively digest porcine desmoglein 1.
Microbial pathogenesis, 2005Co-Authors: Yasuyuki Fudaba, Koji Nishifuji, Masayuki Amagai, Takayuki Yamaguchi, Lars Ole Andresen, Hitoshi Komatsuzawa, Motoyuki SugaiAbstract:Virulent strains of Staphylococcus hyicus can cause Exudative Epidermitis in pigs. The major symptom of this disease is exfoliation of the skin in the upper stratum spinosum. Exfoliation of the skin is strongly associated with exfoliative toxin including ExhA, ExhB, ExhC, ExhD, SHETA, and SHETB. Recently, genes for ExhA, ExhB, ExhC and ExhD were cloned. Exfoliative toxins produced by S. aureus have been shown to selectively cleave human or mouse desmoglein 1, a desmosomal adhesion molecule, that when inactivated results in blisters. In this study, we attempted to identify the molecular target of Exhs in porcine skin. Each of recombinant Exhs injected in the skin of pigs caused superficial epidermal blisters or crust formation. Cell surface staining of desmoglein 1, but not that of desmoglein 3, was abolished when cryosections of normal porcine skin were incubated with one of Exhs suggesting that Exh selectively degrade porcine desmoglein 1. In vitro incubation of the recombinant extracellular domains of desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 of human, mouse or canine origin demonstrated that only mouse desmogleins 1alpha and 1beta were cleaved by ExhA and ExhC at high concentration. Furthermore, injection of ExhA and ExhC at high concentration caused superficial blisters in neonatal mice. These findings strongly suggest that Exhs cause blister formation of porcine skin by digesting porcine desmoglein 1 in a similar fashion to exfoliative toxins from S. aureus.
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Production of exfoliative toxin by isolates of Staphylococcus hyicus from different countries.
The Veterinary record, 2005Co-Authors: Lars Ole AndresenAbstract:A total of 218 isolates of Staphylococcus hyicus from pigs in eight countries (Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Japan, Korea, Slovenia, the UK and the USA) and 44 isolates from other animals in Belgium, India, Japan and the USA were examined for the genes encoding the exfoliative toxins ExhA, ExhB, ExhC and ExhD by multiplex PCR. The expression of the toxins was confirmed by immunoblot analysis, using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies specific for each of the toxins. The porcine isolates were from pigs with Exudative Epidermitis, pigs with other lesions and from healthy pigs, and one or more of the toxins could be found among the isolates from the pigs in all the countries. Toxigenic strains of S hyicus were isolated from both healthy and diseased pigs, but the chance of isolating toxigenic strains from pigs with Exudative Epidermitis was greater than from pigs with other lesions or healthy pigs. Of the 44 isolates from other animal species, only one isolate, from a hare from Belgium, produced ExhB, and one isolate, from a cow with mastitis from Japan, produced ExhA.
Peter Ahrens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Exudative Epidermitis in pigs caused by toxigenic Staphylococcus chromogenes.
Veterinary Microbiology, 2005Co-Authors: Lars Ole Andresen, Peter Ahrens, L. Daugaard, Vivi Bille-hansenAbstract:Staphylococcus chromogenes is closely related to Staphylococcus hyicus, which is recognised as the causative agent of Exudative Epidermitis (EE) in pigs. S. chromogenes is part of the normal skin flora of pigs, cattle and poultry and has so far been considered non-pathogenic to pigs. A strain of S. chromogenes producing exfoliative toxin type B, ExhB, was identified by the use of a multiplex PCR specific for the exfoliative toxins from S. hyicus. The exfoliative toxin from S. chromogenes reacted in immunoblot analysis with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific to ExhB from S. hyicus and had an apparent molecular weight of 30 kDa. Sequencing the gene encoding the exfoliative toxin from S. chromogenes revealed that the molecular weight of the toxin with the signal peptide and the mature toxin was 30,553 and 26,694 Da, respectively. Comparison of the exhB genes from S. chromogenes strain VA654 and S. hyicus strain 1289D-88 showed differences in seven base pairs of the DNA sequences and in two amino acid residues in the deduced amino acid sequences. Pigs were experimentally inoculated with S. chromogenes strain VA654. By clinical observations and histopathological evaluation of the skin alterations, all pigs revealed development of generalized Exudative Epidermitis. No toxin producing S. hyicus was isolated from the pigs and all ExhB-positive bacterial isolates were identified as S. chromogenes. This confirmed that the disease-causing agent was the inoculated S. chromogenes strain VA654. The results of this study show that S. chromogenes may cause Exudative Epidermitis in pigs.
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Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Genes Encoding Staphylococcus hyicus Exfoliative Toxin Types A, B, C, and D
Journal of bacteriology, 2004Co-Authors: Peter Ahrens, Lars AndresenAbstract:Exfoliative toxins produced by certain strains of Staphylococcus hyicus mediate Exudative Epidermitis in pigs. In this study the genes coding for four different exfoliative toxin from S. hyicus (ExhA, ExhB, ExhC, and ExhD) were cloned and sequenced. The coding sequence of the four toxin genes ranged from 816 to 834 bp. The amino acid sequences of these four toxins were homologous to the earlier described exfoliative toxins SHETB from S. hyicus and ETA, ETB, and ETD from Staphylococcus aureus. The homology between the S. hyicus toxins was at the same level as the homology to the exfoliative toxins from S. aureus. The toxins showed similarity to serine proteases, including preservation of the catalytic tract in ExhA, ExhB, and ExhC. However, in ExhD, Asp in the putative catalytic tract was replaced with Glu. The recombinant toxins could be expressed in Escherichia coli, and three of the four toxins were recognized by monoclonal antibodies raised against native exfoliative toxins.
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A multiplex PCR for detection of genes encoding exfoliative toxins from Staphylococcus hyicus.
Journal of applied microbiology, 2004Co-Authors: Lars Ole Andresen, Peter AhrensAbstract:Aims: To develop a multiplex PCR for detection of genes encoding the exfoliative toxins ExhA, ExhB, ExhC and ExhD from Staphylococcus hyicus and to estimate the prevalence of exfoliative toxins among Staph. hyicus isolates from Danish pig herds with Exudative Epidermitis (EE). Methods and Results: A multiplex PCR employing specific primers for each of the genes encoding four different exfoliative toxins was developed and evaluated using a collection of Staph. hyicus with known toxin type and a number of other staphylococcal species. A total of 314 Staph. hyicus isolates from pigs with EE were screened by multiplex PCR and the combined results of the present and previous investigations showed that ExhA, ExhB, ExhC and ExhD was found in 20, 33, 18 and 22%, respectively, of 60 cases of EE investigated. Conclusions: This study has provided a new tool for detection of toxigenic Staph. hyicus and a more comprehensive picture of the prevalence of the Staph. hyicus exfoliative toxins in Danish pig herds. Significance and Impact of the Study: The multiplex PCR can be used in studies on the prevalence of toxigenic Staph. hyicus elucidating the epidemiology of EE in pigs. The multiplex PCR is currently being used for selection of Staph. hyicus isolates for production of autogenous vaccine.
Shijun J. Zheng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Staphylococcus sciuri exfoliative toxin C (ExhC) is a necrosis-inducer for mammalian cells.
PloS one, 2011Co-Authors: Yongqiang Wang, Lin Ding, Shijun J. ZhengAbstract:Staphylococcus sciuri (S. sciuri) is a rare pathogen in humans, but it can cause a wide array of human infections. Recently a S. sciuri isolate (HBXX06) was reported to cause fatal Exudative Epidermitis (EE) in piglets and thus considered as a potential zoonotic agent. To investigate the pathogenicity of this bacterium, we cloned exfoliative toxin C (ExhC), a major toxin of the S. sciuri isolate and performed functional analysis of the recombinant ExhC-his (rExhC) protein using in vitro cell cultures and newborn mice as models. We found that rExhC could induce necrosis in multiple cell lines and peritoneal macrophages as well as skin lesions in newborn mice, and that the rExhC-induced necrosis in cells or skin lesions in newborn mice could be completely abolished if amino acids 79-128 of rExhC were deleted or blocked with a monoclonal antibody (3E4), indicating aa 79-128 portion as an essential necrosis-inducing domain. This information contributes to further understandings of the mechanisms underlying S. sciuri infection.
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Critical roles of amino acids Ser231, His107 and Asp156 of Staphylococcus sciuri exfoliative toxin C (ExhC) in the induction of skin exfoliations in neonate mice
Biologia, 2011Co-Authors: Ziding Zhang, Shijun J. ZhengAbstract:Staphylococcus sciuri is a rare pathogen in humans, but it can cause a wide array of human infections. Recently a strain of S. sciuri (HBXX06) carrying exfoliative toxin C (ExhC) was reported to cause fatal Exudative Epidermitis in piglets and might be considered as a potential zoonotic agent. However, little is known regarding the pathogenicity of this bacterium. In this study, we predicted the three-dimensional structure of S. sciuri HBXX06 ExhC and replaced Ser231 or His107 or Asp156 in the active site of ExhC by site-directed mutagenesis, and examined the effects of mutant ExhC on BHK-21 cells and newborn mice as models. Interestingly, we found that mutant ExhC lost its exfoliative effects on newborn mice but could still induce necrosis in cultured cells if any one of the three amino acid residues in the active site was replaced. These results suggest that Ser231, His107 and Asp156 of ExhC play a critical role in the induction of skin exfoliation in neonate mice, which may help to further understand the mechanisms underlying the actions of exfoliative toxins.
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A highly pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus sciuri caused fatal Exudative Epidermitis in piglets
PloS one, 2007Co-Authors: Shixi Chen, Yu Wang, Fuyong Chen, Hanchun Yang, Menghou Gan, Shijun J. ZhengAbstract:Staphylococcus sciuri are important human pathogens responsible for endocarditis, peritonitis, septic shock, urinary tract infection, pelvic inflammatory disease and wound infections. However, little information is known regarding the pathogenicity of S. sciuri to animals. From the pericardial fluid of a diseased piglet with Exudative Epidermitis (EE), we isolated a strain of Staphylococcus in pure culture. Surprisingly, this isolate was a member of S. sciuri rather than S. hyicus as identified by its biochemical traits and also by analysis of 23S ribosomal DNA using Internal Transcribed Spacer PCR. In addition, inoculation of newborn piglets with 1×1010 CFU of the isolate by oral feeding or intra-muscular injection successfully reproduced EE in piglets, which suggested that the oral intake of the pathogen by the animals is one of the major routes of exposure. These unexpected findings prioritized S. sciuri as important zoonotic agents, which may have ramifications for human medicine.
Per Wallgren - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Exudative Epidermitis and porcine circovirus-2 infection in a Swedish SPF-herd.
Veterinary microbiology, 2002Co-Authors: Eva Wattrang, Francis Mcneilly, Gordon Allan, Christina Greko, Caroline Fossum, Per WallgrenAbstract:An outbreak of Exudative Epidermitis (EE) among piglets in a Swedish SPF-herd initiated a survey for indications as to the cause of disease. The herd was established by caesarean section and has been closed to all new animal material, with the exception of semen for artificial insemination (AI). The study comprised serum samples from the SPF-herd over a 10-year period (n=109) and a close monitoring of animals in the herd during the period after the EE outbreak. Serum samples from conventional boars at the AI-station servicing the herd were also included (n=9). All serum samples were tested for antibodies to porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2). In addition, 3-week-old piglets from three litters (n=24) farrowed close after the initial EE outbreak were closely monitored for clinical signs of skin disease, sampled for Staphylococcus hyicus, tested for antibodies to porcine parvovirus and in sequentially collected serum samples tested for interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and interleukin-6. The PVC-2 serology showed that animals in the herd were sero-negative at least until 2 months prior to the EE outbreak. During the period close after the EE outbreak the animals showed varying levels of antibodies to PCV-2 but all the tested animals had sero-converted 4 months later. The AI boars were also sero-positive to PCV-2 at the time of the EE outbreak. Animals in the SPF-herd remained sero-positive to PCV-2 during the following 7 years. In the monitored litters, one piglet had clinical EE and 15 piglets displayed defined erythemas on the abdomen. Fourteen of the piglets also had IFN-alpha in serum on one or more occasions during the study, indicating viral activity among the animals. S. hyicus was isolated from all of the piglets from the earliest sampling point (3 days of age) and onwards, irrespective of clinical signs. PCV-2 was isolated from lymph node tissue collected from one of the EE affected pigs.Further, increases in the number of stillborn piglets, small litters (
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Exudative Epidermitis and porcine circovirus 2 infection in a swedish spf herd
Veterinary Microbiology, 2002Co-Authors: Eva Wattrang, Francis Mcneilly, Gordon Allan, Christina Greko, Caroline Fossum, Per WallgrenAbstract:An outbreak of Exudative Epidermitis (EE) among piglets in a Swedish SPF-herd initiated a survey for indications as to the cause of disease. The herd was established by caesarean section and has been closed to all new animal material, with the exception of semen for artificial insemination (AI). The study comprised serum samples from the SPF-herd over a 10-year period (n=109) and a close monitoring of animals in the herd during the period after the EE outbreak. Serum samples from conventional boars at the AI-station servicing the herd were also included (n=9). All serum samples were tested for antibodies to porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2). In addition, 3-week-old piglets from three litters (n=24) farrowed close after the initial EE outbreak were closely monitored for clinical signs of skin disease, sampled for Staphylococcus hyicus, tested for antibodies to porcine parvovirus and in sequentially collected serum samples tested for interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and interleukin-6. The PVC-2 serology showed that animals in the herd were sero-negative at least until 2 months prior to the EE outbreak. During the period close after the EE outbreak the animals showed varying levels of antibodies to PCV-2 but all the tested animals had sero-converted 4 months later. The AI boars were also sero-positive to PCV-2 at the time of the EE outbreak. Animals in the SPF-herd remained sero-positive to PCV-2 during the following 7 years. In the monitored litters, one piglet had clinical EE and 15 piglets displayed defined erythemas on the abdomen. Fourteen of the piglets also had IFN-alpha in serum on one or more occasions during the study, indicating viral activity among the animals. S. hyicus was isolated from all of the piglets from the earliest sampling point (3 days of age) and onwards, irrespective of clinical signs. PCV-2 was isolated from lymph node tissue collected from one of the EE affected pigs.Further, increases in the number of stillborn piglets, small litters (<6 piglets) and repeat breeders could be correlated to the time of PCV-2 sero-conversion. Coincidence of active viral infection and sero-conversion to PCV-2 points to the virus as the cause of the EE outbreak and reproductive disturbances.
Henrik Caspar Wegener - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Association Between Production of Fibrinolysin and Virulence of Staphylococcus hyicus in Relation to Exudative Epidermitis in Pigs
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 1997Co-Authors: F.m. Aarestrup, Henrik Caspar WegenerAbstract:Staphylococcus hyicus is the causative agent of Exudative Epidermitis (EE) in pigs, characterized by a generalized infection of the skin with greasy exudation and exfoliation ( L’Ecuyer 1966). S. hyicus is a natural part of the skin flora of healthy pigs worldwide ( Wegener 1992), and several different strains may simultaneously colonize the same pig ( Wegener 1993a). Both virulent and avirulent strains can be present simultaneously on diseased piglets ( Wegener et al 1993), and virulent strains can be isolated from healthy carriers ( Devriese 1977, Park & Kang 1988). The pathogenesis of EE has only been studied in a limited number of studies, but EE most likely occurs as a consequence of skin trauma that exposes the dermis and facilitates establishment of virulent strains. The exact mechanism of infection is not known, but a number of potential virulence factors including capsule production, protein A, coagulase and catalase production has been suggested as potential virulence factors in the initial pathogenesis of EE ( Wegener 1990). Amtsberg (1979) showed that virulent strains of S. hyicus produced an exotoxin that resulted in the separation of cells in the epidermis which caused exfoliative lesions. The endotoxin has recently been found to be a protein of approximately 30 kDa ( Andresen et al 1993, 1997).
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Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus hyicus isolated from Exudative Epidermitis in pigs.
Journal of clinical microbiology, 1994Co-Authors: Henrik Caspar Wegener, Jeffrey L. Watts, S. A. Salmon, R.j. YanceyAbstract:Exudative Epidermitis or greasy pig syndrome is caused by the coagulase-variable staphylococcal species Staphylococcus hyicus. Treatment of this disease is problematic because of the limited number of antimicrobial agents available for this purpose. Thirteen antimicrobial agents were evaluated for their activities against 100 S. hyicus strains isolated from pigs with Exudative Epidermitis. Novobiocin was the most active compound tested, with an MIC for 90% of the strains tested (MIC90) of 32.0 micrograms/ml. Initial testing with sulfadiazine-trimethoprim yielded an MIC90 of > 64.0 micrograms/ml, but subsequent testing with thymidine phosphorylase-supplemented medium yielded an MIC90 of 0.06 microgram/ml. Both lincomycin and spectinomycin were relatively inactive against the S. hyicus strains tested, with MIC90s of > 64.0 and > 128.0 micrograms/ml, respectively. However, the combination of the two compounds at ratios of 1:2 (lincomycin to spectinomycin) and 1:8 were more active, with MIC90s of 16.0 and 4.0 micrograms/ml, respectively. These results indicate that novobiocin and sulfadiazine-trimethoprim were the most active compounds tested against the S. hyicus strains isolated from pigs with Exudative Epidermitis. Furthermore, the combination of lincomycin and spectinomycin was more active than the individual compounds against the strains tested.
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Staphylococcus hyicus virulence in relation to Exudative Epidermitis in pigs.
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire, 1993Co-Authors: Henrik Caspar Wegener, Lars Ole Andresen, Vivi Bille-hansenAbstract:Staphylococcus hyicus strains with different phage types, plasmid profiles, and antibiotic resistance patterns were isolated from piglets with Exudative Epidermitis. The strains could be divided into virulent strains, producing Exudative Epidermitis, and avirulent strains, producing no dermal changes when injected in experimental piglets. The results showed that both virulent and avirulent strains were present simultaneously on diseased piglets. This constitutes a diagnostic problem. Concentrated culture supernatants from nine virulent strains injected in the skin of healthy piglets produced a crusting reaction in all piglets. Acanthosis was observed in the histopathological examination of the crustaceous skin. Concentrated culture supernatants from nine avirulent strains produced no macroscopic or microscopic skin changes. Protein profiles from all virulent strains and seven out of nine avirulent strains showed a high degree of protein band homology. An approximately 30 kDa protein present in all concentrated culture supernatants capable of producing skin changes, could not be detected in samples that did not produce skin changes. No other protein showed a similar association. It is concluded that crusting reaction of piglet skin is a suitable indicator of virulence in S. hyicus in relation to Exudative Epidermitis, and that virulent strains produce a 30 kDa protein, absent in concentrated culture supernatants from avirulent strains. This 30 kDa protein might be an exfoliative toxin.
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Antibiotic-resistance and plasmids in Staphylococcus-hyicus isolated from pigs with Exudative Epidermitis and from healthy pigs
Veterinary microbiology, 1993Co-Authors: Henrik Caspar Wegener, Stefan SchwarzAbstract:A total of 100 S. hyicus strains isolated from healthy piglets and piglets with Exudative Epidermitis originating from 100 different herds was examined for drug-resistance and prevalence of plasmids. Resistance to macrolide/linosamide antibiotics could be related to plasmids in 55 (93%) of the 59 resistant strains: A plasmid of 2.4 kb mediating resistance to macrolides and lincosamides was observed in 25 strains, and a plasmid of 11.5 kb mediating resistance to both macrolides/lincosamides and tetracycline was observed in 30 strains. A plasmid with a molecular weight of 4.5 kb was shown by curing experiments to be associated with resistance to tetracycline in 12 strains. All together, 47 strains were resistant to tetracycline. In 42 (89%) of these strains tetracycline-resistance was found to be encoded by plasmids. Fifty six strains were resistant to streptomycin, and resistance was associated with the presence of a 4.4 kb plasmid in 17 strains studied. Resistance to penicillin, observed in 44 strains, and resistance to kanamycin, observed in 15 strains, could not be related to plasmids in any of these strains. The 11.5 kb plasmid was observed in 39% of the strains isolated from piglets with EE, and in 7% of the strains isolated from healthy piglets. Despite its higher prevalence in strains from piglets with EE, the 11.5 kb plasmid could not be shown to encode production of capsule or exfoliative substances: factors which might play a role in the development of Exudative Epidermitis in piglets.
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Diagnostic value of phage typing, antibiogram typing and plasmid profiling of Staphylococcus hyicus from piglets with Exudative Epidermitis
Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B, 1993Co-Authors: Henrik Caspar WegenerAbstract:Summary A total of 989 isolates of S. hyicus were recovered from the skin of 103 piglets (9.6 isolates per piglet) with Exudative Epidermitis (EE), and phage typed. Phage patterns of 806 typable isolates (81 %) could be divided into 44 distinct phage types. From 1 to 6 different phage types were found on individual piglets, with an average of 1.9 phage type per piglet. Antibiogram patterns of 384 isolates from 40 randomly selected piglets with EE showed a mean of 2.3 different antibiograms per investigated piglet, ranging from 1 to 6 antibiograms per piglet. Plasmid profiles of 248 S. hyicus isolates from 25 randomly selected piglets showed an average of 2.8 different plasmid profiles per piglet. Seven EE outbreaks in pig herds vaccinated with autogenous vaccine were investigated. In all these herds, strains recovered from the present outbreak differed by two or more type markers to the strains from the previous outbreak used for production of the autogenous vaccine. This finding suggest, that lack of protection might be due to the presence of other virulent types in the investigated herd than those used for production of autogenous vaccine.
