The Experts below are selected from a list of 243 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Susana Martinez-conde - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Fixational Eye Movements and binocular vision.
Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 2014Co-Authors: Jorge Otero-millan, Stephen L. Macknik, Susana Martinez-condeAbstract:During attempted visual fixation, small involuntary Eye Movements –called fixational Eye Movements--continuously change of our gaze’s position. Disagreement between the left and right Eye positions during such motions can produce diplopia (double vision). Thus, the ability to properly coordinate the two Eyes during gaze fixation is critical for stable perception. For the last 50 years, researchers have studied the binocular characteristics of fixational Eye Movements. Here we review classical and recent studies on the binocular coordination (i.e. degree of conjugacy) of each fixational Eye movement type: microsaccades, drift and tremor, and its perceptual contribution to increasing or reducing binocular disparity. We also discuss how amblyopia and other visual pathologies affect the binocular coordination of fixational Eye Movements.
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Fixational Eye Movements in normal and pathological vision.
Progress in Brain Research, 2006Co-Authors: Susana Martinez-condeAbstract:Abstract Most of our visual experience is driven by the Eye Movements we produce while we fixate our gaze. In a sense, our visual system thus has a built-in contradiction: when we direct our gaze at an object of interest, our Eyes are never still. Therefore the perception, physiology, and computational modeling of fixational Eye Movements is critical to our understanding of vision in general, and also to the understanding of the neural computations that work to overcome neural adaptation in normal subjects as well as in clinical patients. Moreover, because we are not aware of our fixational Eye Movements, they can also help us understand the underpinnings of visual awareness. Research in the field of fixational Eye Movements faded in importance for several decades during the late 20th century. However, new electrophysiological and psychophysical data have now rejuvenated the field. The last decade has brought significant advances to our understanding of the neuronal and perceptual effects of fixational Eye Movements, with crucial implications for neural coding, visual awareness, and perception in normal and pathological vision. This chapter will review the type of neural activity generated by fixational Eye Movements at different levels in the visual system, as well as the importance of fixational Eye Movements for visual perception in normal vision and in visual disease. Special attention will be given to microsaccades, the fastest and largest type of fixational Eye movement.
Stephen L. Macknik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Fixational Eye Movements and binocular vision.
Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 2014Co-Authors: Jorge Otero-millan, Stephen L. Macknik, Susana Martinez-condeAbstract:During attempted visual fixation, small involuntary Eye Movements –called fixational Eye Movements--continuously change of our gaze’s position. Disagreement between the left and right Eye positions during such motions can produce diplopia (double vision). Thus, the ability to properly coordinate the two Eyes during gaze fixation is critical for stable perception. For the last 50 years, researchers have studied the binocular characteristics of fixational Eye Movements. Here we review classical and recent studies on the binocular coordination (i.e. degree of conjugacy) of each fixational Eye movement type: microsaccades, drift and tremor, and its perceptual contribution to increasing or reducing binocular disparity. We also discuss how amblyopia and other visual pathologies affect the binocular coordination of fixational Eye Movements.
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the role of fixational Eye Movements in visual perception
Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2004Co-Authors: Susana Martinezconde, Stephen L. Macknik, David H HubelAbstract:Our Eyes continually move even while we fix our gaze on an object. Although these fixational Eye Movements have a magnitude that should make them visible to us, we are unaware of them. If fixational Eye Movements are counteracted, our visual perception fades completely as a result of neural adaptation. So, our visual system has a built-in paradox — we must fix our gaze to inspect the minute details of our world, but if we were to fixate perfectly, the entire world would fade from view. Owing to their role in counteracting adaptation, fixational Eye Movements have been studied to elucidate how the brain makes our environment visible. Moreover, because we are not aware of these Eye Movements, they have been studied to understand the underpinnings of visual awareness. Recent studies of fixational Eye Movements have focused on determining how visible perception is encoded by neurons in various visual areas of the brain.
David H Hubel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the role of fixational Eye Movements in visual perception
Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2004Co-Authors: Susana Martinezconde, Stephen L. Macknik, David H HubelAbstract:Our Eyes continually move even while we fix our gaze on an object. Although these fixational Eye Movements have a magnitude that should make them visible to us, we are unaware of them. If fixational Eye Movements are counteracted, our visual perception fades completely as a result of neural adaptation. So, our visual system has a built-in paradox — we must fix our gaze to inspect the minute details of our world, but if we were to fixate perfectly, the entire world would fade from view. Owing to their role in counteracting adaptation, fixational Eye Movements have been studied to elucidate how the brain makes our environment visible. Moreover, because we are not aware of these Eye Movements, they have been studied to understand the underpinnings of visual awareness. Recent studies of fixational Eye Movements have focused on determining how visible perception is encoded by neurons in various visual areas of the brain.
Neil Stewart - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Eye Movements in Risky Choice.
Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 2015Co-Authors: Neil Stewart, Frouke Hermens, William MatthewsAbstract:We asked participants to make simple risky choices while we recorded their Eye Movements. We built a complete statistical model of the Eye Movements and found very little systematic variation in Eye Movements over the time course of a choice or across the different choices. The only exceptions were finding more (of the same) Eye Movements when choice options were similar, and an emerging gaze bias in which people looked more at the gamble they ultimately chose. These findings are inconsistent with prospect theory, the priority heuristic, or decision field theory. However, the Eye Movements made during a choice have a large relationship with the final choice, and this is mostly independent from the contribution of the actual attribute values in the choice options. That is, Eye Movements tell us not just about the processing of attribute values but also are independently associated with choice. The pattern is simple—people choose the gamble they look at more often, independently of the actual numbers they see—and this pattern is simpler than predicted by decision field theory, decision by sampling, and the parallel constraint satisfaction model.
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Eye Movements in Risky Choice.
Journal of behavioral decision making, 2015Co-Authors: Neil Stewart, Frouke Hermens, William J MatthewsAbstract:We asked participants to make simple risky choices while we recorded their Eye Movements. We built a complete statistical model of the Eye Movements and found very little systematic variation in Eye Movements over the time course of a choice or across the different choices. The only exceptions were finding more (of the same) Eye Movements when choice options were similar, and an emerging gaze bias in which people looked more at the gamble they ultimately chose. These findings are inconsistent with prospect theory, the priority heuristic, or decision field theory. However, the Eye Movements made during a choice have a large relationship with the final choice, and this is mostly independent from the contribution of the actual attribute values in the choice options. That is, Eye Movements tell us not just about the processing of attribute values but also are independently associated with choice. The pattern is simple-people choose the gamble they look at more often, independently of the actual numbers they see-and this pattern is simpler than predicted by decision field theory, decision by sampling, and the parallel constraint satisfaction model. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Jean Lorenceau - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cursive Writing with Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
Current biology : CB, 2012Co-Authors: Jean LorenceauAbstract:The Eyes never cease to move: ballistic saccades quickly turn the gaze toward peripheral targets, whereas smooth pursuit maintains moving targets on the fovea where visual acuity is best. Despite the oculomotor system being endowed with exquisite motor abilities, any attempt to generate smooth Eye Movements against a static background results in saccadic Eye Movements. Although exceptions to this rule have been reported, volitional control over smooth Eye Movements is at best rudimentary. Here, I introduce a novel, temporally modulated visual display, which, although static, sustains smooth Eye Movements in arbitrary directions. After brief training, participants gain volitional control over smooth pursuit Eye Movements and can generate digits, letters, words, or drawings at will. For persons deprived of limb movement, this offers a fast, creative, and personal means of linguistic and emotional expression.
