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Stanely Krippner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ESSAY Proposed Criteria for the Necessary Conditions for Shamanic Journeying Imagery
2015Co-Authors: Adam J. Rock, Stanely KrippnerAbstract:Abstract—Despite renewed interest in shamanic patterns of phenomenal prop-erties such as journeying imagery, these phenomena are neither well defined nor sufficiently understood. Consequently, we propose criteria pertaining to four necessary conditions for a visual mental image to qualify as a shamanic journeying image. Finally, we demonstrate how these necessary conditions may be used to extrapolate a scoring system that allows one to empirically test, via Falsificationism, a visual mental image’s ostensible shamanic status
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Proposed criteria for the necessary conditions for shamanic journeying imagery
Journal of Scientific Exploration, 2008Co-Authors: Adam J. Rock, Stanely KrippnerAbstract:Despite renewed interest in shamanic patterns of phenomenal prop- erties such as journeying imagery, these phenomena are neither well defined nor sufficiently understood. Consequently, we propose criteria pertaining to four necessary conditions for a visual mental image to qualify as a shamanic journeying image. Finally, we demonstrate how these necessary conditions may be used to extrapolate a scoring system that allows one to empirically test, via Falsificationism, a visual mental image's ostensible shamanic status.
Andreas Kapsner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Logics and Falsifications: A New Perspective on Constructivist Semantics
2015Co-Authors: Andreas KapsnerAbstract:Introduction.- Part 1. Background.- Introduction to Part One.- Constructivism.- Intuitionism.- Gaps, Gluts and Paraconsistency.- Part 2. Falsifications.- Introduction to Part Two.- From Proofs to Verifications, and on to Falsifications.- Falsificationism.-Part 3. Logics.- Introduction to Part Three.- Stage Five: Pure Falsificationism and Dual Intuitionistic Logic.- Stage Two: Expanded Verificationism and the Logic N3.- Stage Four.-Stage Three: Hybrid Strategies.- Summary.- Appendix.
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Stage Two: Expanded Verificationism and the Logic N_{3}
Trends in Logic, 2014Co-Authors: Andreas KapsnerAbstract:Up to now, we have looked at pure verificationism and pure Falsificationism. However, both pure theories have left us unsatisfied when it came to giving an account of the connectives. Therefore, we are moving up to the second level of the pyramid, in which we will be able to employ both verifications and falsifications in the ingredient sense.
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Stage Five: Pure Falsificationism and Dual Intuitionistic Logic
Trends in Logic, 2014Co-Authors: Andreas KapsnerAbstract:Now, finally we are ready to inspect the first non-intuitionistic system that the introduction of falsifications brings us. As mentioned several times before, I start at the lower right hand corner of the pyramid, at Stage V. This is the purely falsificationistic theory, in which we have only falsifications to work with.
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Stage Four: Expanded Falsificationism and the Logic $$N_{3f}$$
Trends in Logic, 2014Co-Authors: Andreas KapsnerAbstract:We are back on the right side of the pyramid. That is to say, we are again interpreting assertibility as unfalsifiability, as we had done back in Stage V. The difference is that this time, we can give a better account of the meaning of the complex statements, because we can now make use of verifications in the ingredient sense.
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stage four expanded Falsificationism and the logic n_ 3f
2014Co-Authors: Andreas KapsnerAbstract:We are back on the right side of the pyramid. That is to say, we are again interpreting assertibility as unfalsifiability, as we had done back in Stage V. The difference is that this time, we can give a better account of the meaning of the complex statements, because we can now make use of verifications in the ingredient sense.
Jesùs P. Zamora Bonilla - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Verisimilitude, structuralism and scientific progress
Erkenntnis, 1996Co-Authors: Jesùs P. Zamora BonillaAbstract:An epistemic notion of verisimilitude (as the ‘degree in which a theory seems closer to the full truth to a scientific community’) is defined in several ways. Application to the structuralist description of theories is carried out by introducing a notion of ‘empirical regularity’ in structuralist terms. It is argued that these definitions of verisimilitude can be used to give formal reconstructions of scientific methodologies such as Falsificationism, conventionalism and normal science.
Adam J. Rock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ESSAY Proposed Criteria for the Necessary Conditions for Shamanic Journeying Imagery
2015Co-Authors: Adam J. Rock, Stanely KrippnerAbstract:Abstract—Despite renewed interest in shamanic patterns of phenomenal prop-erties such as journeying imagery, these phenomena are neither well defined nor sufficiently understood. Consequently, we propose criteria pertaining to four necessary conditions for a visual mental image to qualify as a shamanic journeying image. Finally, we demonstrate how these necessary conditions may be used to extrapolate a scoring system that allows one to empirically test, via Falsificationism, a visual mental image’s ostensible shamanic status
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Proposed criteria for the necessary conditions for shamanic journeying imagery
Journal of Scientific Exploration, 2008Co-Authors: Adam J. Rock, Stanely KrippnerAbstract:Despite renewed interest in shamanic patterns of phenomenal prop- erties such as journeying imagery, these phenomena are neither well defined nor sufficiently understood. Consequently, we propose criteria pertaining to four necessary conditions for a visual mental image to qualify as a shamanic journeying image. Finally, we demonstrate how these necessary conditions may be used to extrapolate a scoring system that allows one to empirically test, via Falsificationism, a visual mental image's ostensible shamanic status.
Lars Vogt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Popper and phylogenetics, a misguided rendezvous
Australian Systematic Botany, 2014Co-Authors: Lars VogtAbstract:Popper’s Falsificationism is frequently referred to as a general normative reference system in phylogenetics. Referring to Falsificationism, phylogeneticists have made four central claims, including that frequency probabilities (1) cannot be used for inferring degrees of corroboration and (2) cannot be used in phylogenetics because phylogeny is a unique process, (3) likelihood methods represent verificationist approaches, and (4) the congruence test is a Popperian test. However, these claims are inconsistent with Popper’s theory. Moreover, phylogeneticists have proposed four strategies for dealing with the unfalsifiability of cladograms, including (1) interpreting re-interpretations of putative synapomorphy as homoplasy as Popperian ad hoc manoeuvres, (2) decoupling corroboration from falsification, (3) interpreting the tree with the highest likelihood as the most corroborated tree, and (4) interpreting tree hypotheses as Popperian probabilistic hypotheses that do not have to be falsifiable. These strategies are also inconsistent with Popper’s theory. Four fundamental problems and a problem with Popper’s formula for measuring degree of corroboration demonstrate that Popper’s theory does not live up to its own claims. Moreover, neither historical nor experimental sciences can be conducted in a way that is consistent with the principles of Falsificationism. Therefore, phylogeneticists should stop referring to Falsificationism when defending a specific methodological position.
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The unfalsifiability of cladograms and its consequences
Cladistics, 2008Co-Authors: Lars VogtAbstract:Popper's Falsificationism provides the normative reference system in recent discussions regarding theory and methodology of systematics. According to Popper, the falsifiability of a hypothesis represents a necessary precondition for its corroborability. It is shown that cladograms, independent of “strict”, “methodological” or “sophisticated” falsification, are not falsifiable in principle. No present observation is prohibited by any tree hypothesis and, thus, no Popperian test of cladograms exists. It is shown that the congruence test, which is commonly said to represent a Popperian test of cladograms, instead tests sets of apomorphy hypotheses. Three different strategies that have been proposed to circumvent this problem are discussed and refuted: (1) referring to Popper's convention to renounce ad hoc maneuvers; (2) referring to Popper's treatment of probability hypotheses; and (3) decoupling corroboration from falsification. As a consequence, within a Popperian framework the unfalsifiability of cladograms implies that cladograms cannot explain any present day observation and, thus, represent metaphysical hypotheses. However, Popper's Falsificationism has been criticized and questioned by many philosophers before and it seems to be about time that phylogeneticists develop their own philosophy of phylogenetics that meets their specific requirements of a historical science that is not seeking for universal laws and regularities, but instead reconstructing particular historical events. © The Willi Hennig Society 2007.
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A falsificationist perspective on the usage of process frequencies in phylogenetics
Zoologica Scripta, 2007Co-Authors: Lars VogtAbstract:By referring to Popperian Falsificationism, proponents of cladistic parsimony claim the superiority of parsimony over likelihood. They conclude that likelihood as a statistical approach is inconsistent with Falsificationism, and base their argumentation on four claims: (1) congruence tests cladograms against observational evidence and represents the most important test in phylogenetics, in which minimum-step trees represent most corroborated trees; (2) frequency probabilities cannot be used for evaluating degree of corroboration; (3) phylogeny represents a unique process and thus frequencies cannot be applied as they require statistical reference classes that are necessarily general; (4) likelihood is a verificationist approach. After discussing the deficiencies of the cladistic phylogeneticists’ conceptualisation of the congruence test and the presentation of an alternative conceptualisation, it is shown that these four claims cannot be sustained within a falsificationist framework, and that the weighting of characters is a necessity. A differentiation between the theoretical concept of apomorphy and the epistemological concept of character weight is proposed. While apomorphies have to be independent from each other, the weighting of characters is interdependent due to human inability to distinguish organismic traits that are structurally identical though they do not share a common evolutionary origin. The possibility of this epistemological interdependence can best be dealt with by the application of process frequencies. The importance of process frequencies of specific transformation classes is exemplified in reference to Popper's formula for the measure of degree of corroboration and its consistency is shown. Therefore, the application of statistical methods is reasonable. As a consequence, the question whether likelihood or parsimony methods represent the best approaches in phylogenetics remains a genuinely empirical question that cannot be decided only in reference to Popper's Falsificationism.