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N. S. Mankoc Borstnik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The symmetry of $4 \times 4$ mass matrices predicted by the spin-charge-Family Theory --- $SU(2) \times SU(2) \times U(1)$ --- remains in all loop corrections
arXiv: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, 2019Co-Authors: A. Hernandez-galeana, N. S. Mankoc BorstnikAbstract:The spin-charge-Family Theory predicts the existence of the fourth Family to the observed three. The $4 \times 4$ mass matrices --- determined by the nonzero vacuum expectation values of the two triplet scalars, the gauge fields of the two groups of $\widetilde{SU}(2)$ determining Family quantum numbers, and by the contributions of the dynamical fields of the two scalar triplets and the three scalar singlets with the Family members quantum numbers ($\tau^{\alpha}=(Q, Q',Y')$) --- manifest the symmetry $\widetilde{SU}(2) \times \widetilde{SU}(2) \times U(1)$. All scalars carry the weak and the hyper charge of the standard model higgs field ($\pm \frac{1}{2},\mp \frac{1}{2}$, respectively). It is demonstrated, using the massless spinor basis, that the symmetry of the $4\times4$ mass matrices remains $SU(2) \times SU(2) \times U(1)$ in all loop corrections, and it is discussed under which conditions this symmetry is kept under all corrections, that is with the corrections induced by the repetition of the nonzero vacuum expectation values included.
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Understanding nature with the spin-charge-Family Theory
International Journal of Modern Physics A, 2018Co-Authors: N. S. Mankoc BorstnikAbstract:The spin-charge-Family Theory, which is a kind of the Kaluza–Klein theories in d = (13 + 1) — but with the two kinds of the spin connection fields, the gauge fields of the two Clifford algebra obje...
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New way of second quantized Theory of fermions with either Clifford or Grassmann coordinates and spin-charge-Family Theory
arXiv: General Physics, 2018Co-Authors: N. S. Mankoc Borstnik, Holger Bech NielsenAbstract:Fermions with the internal degrees of freedom described in Clifford space carry in any dimension a half integer spin. There are two kinds of spins in Clifford space. The spin-charge-Family Theory,assuming even d=13+1, uses one kind of spins to describe in d=3+1 spins and charges of quarks and leptons and antiquarks and antileptons, while the other kind is used to describe families. The new way of second quantization, suggested by the spin-charge-Family Theory, is presented. It is shown that the creation and annihilation operators of 1-fermion states, written as products of nilpotents and projectors of an odd Clifford character, fulfill the anticommutation relations as required in the second quantization procedure for fermions: 1-fermion states are in Clifford space already second quantized, the creation operators for any n-fermion second quantized vectors are products of one fermion creation operators, operating on the empty vacuum state. It is demonstrated that also in Grassmann space there exist the creation and annihilation operators of an odd Grassmann character, generating "fermions", which fulfill as well the anticommutation relations for fermions, representing correspondingly the second quantized 1-"fermion" states, in this case with integer spins. Grassmann space offers no families. We discuss the new second quantization procedure of the fields in both spaces. For the Grassmann case we present the action, basic states, solutions of the Weyl equation for free massless "fermions" and discrete symmetry operators. A short overview of the achievements of the spin-charge-Family Theory is done, and open problems of this Theory still waiting to be solved are presented. The Grassmann and the Clifford case are compared in order to better understand open questions in physics of elementary fermion and boson fields and in cosmology.
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New experimental data for the quarks mixing matrix are in better agreement with the spin-charge-Family Theory predictions
2014Co-Authors: G. Bregar, N. S. Mankoc BorstnikAbstract:The spin-charge-Family Theory [1–14] predicts before the electroweak break four rather than the observed three coupled massless families of quarks and leptons. Mass matrices of all the Family members demonstrate in this proposal the same symmetry, determined by the scalar fields: There are two SU(2) triplets, the gauge fields of the Family groups, and the three singlets, the gauge fields of the three charges (Q,Q′ and Y ′), distinguishing among Family members all with the quantum numbers of the standard model scalar Higgs with respect to the weak and the hyper charge [13]: ± 1 2 and ∓ 1 2 , respectively. Respecting by the spin-charge-Family Theory proposed symmetry of mass matrices and simplifying the study by assuming that mass matrices are hermitian and real and mixing matrices real, we fit the six free parameters of each Family member mass matrix to the experimental data of twice three measured masses of quarks and to the measured quarks mixing matrix elements, within the experimental accuracy. Since any 3 × 3 sub matrix of the 4 × 4 matrix (either unitary or orthogonal) determines the whole 4×4 matrix uniquely we are able to predict the properties of the fourth Family members provided that the experimental data for the 3× 3 sub matrix are enough accurate, which is not yet the case. However, new experimental data [15] fit better to the required symmetry of mass matrices than the old data [16]. The obtained mass matrices are very close to the democratic ones.
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New experimental data for the quarks mixing matrix are in better agreement with the spin-charge-Family Theory predictions
arXiv: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, 2014Co-Authors: G. Bregar, N. S. Mankoc BorstnikAbstract:The spin-charge-Family Theory predicts before the electroweak break four - rather than the observed three - massless families of quarks and leptons. The 4 x 4 mass matrices of all the Family members demonstrate in this Theory the same symmetry, which is determined by the scalar fields: the two SU(2) triplets (the gauge fields of the Family groups) and the three singlets, the gauge fields of the three charges (Q, Q' and Y') distinguishing among Family members. All the scalars have, with respect to the weak and the hyper charge, the quantum numbers of the {\it standard model} scalar Higgs: $\pm \frac{1}{2}$ and $ \mp \frac{1}{2}$, respectively. Respecting by the spin-charge-Family Theory proposed symmetry of mass matrices and assuming (due to not yet accurate enough experimental data) that the mass matrices are hermitian and real, we fit the six free parameters of each Family member mass matrix to the experimental data of twice three measured masses of quarks and to the measured quark mixing matrix elements, within the experimental accuracy. Since any 3 x 3 submatrix of the 4 x 4 unitary matrix determines the whole 4 x 4 matrix uniquely, we are able to predict the properties of the fourth Family members provided that the experimental data are enough accurate, which is not yet the case. We, however, found out that the new experimental data for quarks fit better to the required symmetry of mass matrices than the old data and we predict towards which value will more accurately measured matrix elements move. The present accuracy of the experimental data for leptons does not enable us to make sensible predictions.
Norma Susana Mankoc Borstnik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Spin-charge-Family Theory is offering next step in understanding elementary particles and fields and correspondingly universe, making several predictions
arXiv: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, 2016Co-Authors: Norma Susana Mankoc BorstnikAbstract:More than 40 years ago the standard model made a successful new step in understanding properties of fermion and boson fields. Now the next step is needed, which would explain what the standard model and the cosmological models just assume: a. The origin of quantum numbers of massless one Family members. b. The origin of families. c. The origin of the vector gauge fields. d. The origin of the higgses and Yukawa couplings. e. The origin of the dark matter. f. The origin of the matter-antimatter asymmetry. g. The origin of the dark energy. h. And several other open problems. The spin-charge-Family Theory, a kind of the Kaluza-Klein theories in $(d=(2n-1) +1)$-space-time, with $d=(13+1)$ and the two kinds of the spin connection fields, which are the gauge fields of the two kinds of the Clifford algebra objects anti-commuting with one another, offers this very much needed next step. The talk presents: i. A short presentation of this Theory. ii. The review over the achievements of this Theory so far, with some not published yet achievements included. iii. Predictions for future experiments.
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The Spin-Charge-Family Theory offers the explanation for all the assumptions of the Standard model, for the Dark matter, for the Matter-antimatter asymmetry, making several predictions
arXiv: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, 2016Co-Authors: Norma Susana Mankoc BorstnikAbstract:The spin-charge-Family Theory, which is a kind of the Kaluza-Klein theories but with fermions carrying two kinds of spins (no charges), offers the explanation for all the assumptions of the standard model, with the origin of families, the higgs and the Yukawa couplings included. It offers the explanation also for other phenomena, like the origin of the dark matter and of the matter/antimatter asymmetry in the universe. It predicts the existence of the fourth Family to the observed three, as well as several scalar fields with the weak and the hyper charge of the standard model higgs ($\pm \frac{1}{2}, \mp \frac{1}{2}$, respectively), which determine the mass matrices of Family members, offering an explanation, why the fourth Family with the masses above $1$ TeV contributes weakly to the gluon-fusion production of the observed higgs and to its decay into two photons, and predicting that the two photons events, observed at the LHC at $\approx 750$ GeV, might be an indication for the existence of one of several scalars predicted by this Theory.
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Can spin-charge-Family Theory explain baryon number nonconservation?
Physical Review D, 2015Co-Authors: Norma Susana Mankoc BorstnikAbstract:The spin-charge-Family Theory, in which spinors carry besides the Dirac spin also the second kind of the Clifford object, no charges, is a kind of the Kaluza-Klein theories. The Dirac spinors of one Weyl representation in $d=(13+1)$ manifest in $d=(3+1)$ at low energies all the properties of quarks and leptons assumed by the standard model. The second kind of spins explains the origin of families. Spinors interact with the vielbeins and the two kinds of the spin connection fields, the gauge fields of the two kinds of the Clifford objects, which manifest in $d=(3+1)$ besides the gravity and the known gauge vector fields also several scalar gauge fields. Scalars with the space index $s\in (7,8)$ carry the weak charge and the hyper charge ($\mp \frac{1}{2}, \pm \frac{1}{2}$, respectively), explaining the origin of the Higgs and the Yukawa couplings. It is demonstrated in this paper that the scalar fields with the space index $t\in (9,10,\dots,14)$ carry the triplet colour charges, causing transitions of antileptons and antiquarks into quarks and back, enabling the appearance and the decay of baryons. These scalar fields are offering in the presence of the right handed neutrino condensate, which breaks the ${\cal C}{\cal P}$ symmetry, the answer to the question about the matter-antimatter asymmetry.
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The spin-charge-Family Theory is offering an explanation for the origin of the Higgs's scalar and for the Yukawa couplings
arXiv: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, 2013Co-Authors: Norma Susana Mankoc BorstnikAbstract:The Higgs's scalar of the standard model is the only so far observed boson with a charge in the fundamental representation. It is interesting to observe that all the gauge fields with the scalar index with respect to $d=(3+1)$, appearing in the simple starting action of the {\it spin-charge-Family} Theory in $d=(13+1)$, are with respect to the scalar index and the standard model charge groups either doublets ($s=(5,6,7,8)$) or triplets ($t=(9,10,\dots,14)$). The scalar fields with the space index $s=(7,8)$ carry the weak and the hyper charge just as required by the {\it standard model} for the Higgs's scalar ($\pm \frac{1}{2}$ and $ \mp \frac{1}{2}$, respectively). There are besides the vielbeins also two kinds of the spin connection fields in this Theory: i. One kind are the gauge fields of the spin, and in $d=(3+1)$ for the spin and all the charges. ii. The second kind are the gauge fields, which couple to the Family quantum numbers. Properties of vielbeins and both kinds of spin connection fields are discussed, in particular with respect to the standard model Higgs's scalar and the Yukawa couplings.
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How can the Standard model Higgs and also the extensions of the Higgs to Yukawa's scalars be interpreted in the spin-charge-Family Theory and to what predictions about the Higgs does this Theory lead?
arXiv: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, 2013Co-Authors: Norma Susana Mankoc BorstnikAbstract:This contribution is to show how does the spin-charge-Family Theory interpret the assumptions of the standard model, and those extensions of this model, which are trying to see the Yukawa couplings as scalar fields with the Family (flavour) charges in the fundamental representations of the group. The purpose of these contribution is i.) to try to understand why the standard model works so well, although its assumptions look quite artificial, and ii.) how do predictions of the spin-charge-Family Theory about the measurements of the scalar fields differ from predictions of the {\em standard model}, which has only one scalar field - the Higgs - and also from its more or less direct extensions with Yukawas as the scalar dynamical fields with the Family charge in the fundamental or anti-fundamental representation of group.
Jiunming Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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all in the xl Family Theory and practice
International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology, 2004Co-Authors: Boyin Yang, Jiunming ChenAbstract:The XL (eXtended Linearization) equation-solving algorithm belongs to the same extended Family as the advanced Grobner Bases methods F4/F5. XL and its relatives may be used as direct attacks against multivariate Public-Key Cryptosystems and as final stages for many “algebraic cryptanalysis” used today. We analyze the applicability and performance of XL and its relatives, particularly for generic systems of equations over medium-sized finite fields. In examining the extended Family of Grobner Bases and XL from theoretical, empirical and practical viewpoints, we add to the general understanding of equation-solving. Moreover, we give rigorous conditions for the successful termination of XL, Grobner Bases methods and relatives. Thus we have a better grasp of how such algebraic attacks should be applied. We also compute revised security estimates for multivariate cryptosystems. For example, the schemes SFLASHv2 and HFE Challenge 2 are shown to be unbroken by XL variants.
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ICISC - All in the XL Family: Theory and practice
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2004Co-Authors: Boyin Yang, Jiunming ChenAbstract:The XL (eXtended Linearization) equation-solving algorithm belongs to the same extended Family as the advanced Grobner Bases methods F4/F5. XL and its relatives may be used as direct attacks against multivariate Public-Key Cryptosystems and as final stages for many “algebraic cryptanalysis” used today. We analyze the applicability and performance of XL and its relatives, particularly for generic systems of equations over medium-sized finite fields. In examining the extended Family of Grobner Bases and XL from theoretical, empirical and practical viewpoints, we add to the general understanding of equation-solving. Moreover, we give rigorous conditions for the successful termination of XL, Grobner Bases methods and relatives. Thus we have a better grasp of how such algebraic attacks should be applied. We also compute revised security estimates for multivariate cryptosystems. For example, the schemes SFLASHv2 and HFE Challenge 2 are shown to be unbroken by XL variants.
Norma Susana - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Spin-charge-Family Theory is offering next step in understanding elementary particles and fields and correspondingly universe
arXiv: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, 2017Co-Authors: Mankoč Borštnik, Norma SusanaAbstract:More than 40 years ago the standard model made a successful new step in understanding properties of fermion and boson fields. Now the next step is needed, which would explain what the standard model and the cosmological models just assume: a. The origin of quantum numbers of massless one Family members. b. The origin of families. c. The origin of the vector gauge fields. d. The origin of the Higgses and Yukawa couplings. e. The origin of the dark matter. f. The origin of the matter-antimatter asymmetry. g. The origin of the dark energy. h. And several other open problems. The spin-charge-Family Theory, a kind of the Kaluza-Klein theories in $(d=(2n-1) +1)$ - space-time, with $d=(13+1)$ and the two kinds of the spin connection fields, which are the gauge fields of the two kinds of the Clifford algebra objects anti-commuting with one another, may provide this much needed next step. The talk presents: i. A short presentation of this Theory. ii. The review over the achievements of this Theory so far, with some not published yet achievements included. iii. Predictions for future experiments.
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Properties of twice four families of quarks and leptons, of scalars and gauge fields as predicted by the spin-charge-Family Theory
arXiv: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, 2013Co-Authors: Mankoč Borštnik, Norma SusanaAbstract:The spin-charge-Family Theory, proposed by the author as a possible new way to explain the assumptions of the standard model, predicts at the low energy regime two decoupled groups of four families of quarks and leptons. In two successive breaks the massless families, first the group of four and at the second break the rest four families, gain nonzero mass matrices. The families are identical with respect to the charges and spin. There are two kinds of fields in this Theory, which manifest at low energies as the gauge vector and scalar fields: the fields which couple to the charges and spin, and the fields which couple to the Family quantum numbers. In loop corrections to the tree level mass matrices both kinds start to contribute coherently. The fourth Family of the lower group of four families is predicted to be possibly observed at the LHC and the stable of the higher four families -- the fifth Family -- is the candidate to constitute the dark matter. Properties of the families of quarks and leptons and of the scalar and gauge fields, before and after each of the two successive breaks, bringing masses to fermions and to boson fields are analysed and relations among coherent contributions of the loop corrections to fermion properties discussed, including the one which enables the existence of the Majorana neutrinos. The relation of the scalar fields and mass matrices following from the {\em spin-charge-Family} Theory to the {\it standard model} Yukawa couplings and Higgs is discussed. Although effectively the scalar fields manifest as Higgs and Yukawas, measurements of the scalar fields do not coincide with the measurement of the Higgs.
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How many scalar fields there are and how are they related to fermions and weak bosons in the spin-charge-Family Theory?
arXiv: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, 2012Co-Authors: Mankoč Borštnik, Norma SusanaAbstract:The spin-charge-Family Theory offers a possible explanation for the assumptions of the standard model, interpreting the standard model as its low energy effective manifestation. The standard model Higgs and Yukawa couplings are explained as an effective replacement for several scalar fields, all of bosonic (adjoint) representations with respect to all the charge groups, with the Family groups included. Assuming the Lagrange function for all scalar fields to be of the renormalizable kind, properties of the scalar fields on the tree level are discussed. Free scalar fields (mass eigenstates) differ from either those, which couple to $Z_m$, or to $W^{\pm}_{m}$ or to each Family member of each of the four families, which further differ among themselves. Consequently the spin-charge-Family Theory predictions differ from those of the standard model.
Boyin Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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all in the xl Family Theory and practice
International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology, 2004Co-Authors: Boyin Yang, Jiunming ChenAbstract:The XL (eXtended Linearization) equation-solving algorithm belongs to the same extended Family as the advanced Grobner Bases methods F4/F5. XL and its relatives may be used as direct attacks against multivariate Public-Key Cryptosystems and as final stages for many “algebraic cryptanalysis” used today. We analyze the applicability and performance of XL and its relatives, particularly for generic systems of equations over medium-sized finite fields. In examining the extended Family of Grobner Bases and XL from theoretical, empirical and practical viewpoints, we add to the general understanding of equation-solving. Moreover, we give rigorous conditions for the successful termination of XL, Grobner Bases methods and relatives. Thus we have a better grasp of how such algebraic attacks should be applied. We also compute revised security estimates for multivariate cryptosystems. For example, the schemes SFLASHv2 and HFE Challenge 2 are shown to be unbroken by XL variants.
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ICISC - All in the XL Family: Theory and practice
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2004Co-Authors: Boyin Yang, Jiunming ChenAbstract:The XL (eXtended Linearization) equation-solving algorithm belongs to the same extended Family as the advanced Grobner Bases methods F4/F5. XL and its relatives may be used as direct attacks against multivariate Public-Key Cryptosystems and as final stages for many “algebraic cryptanalysis” used today. We analyze the applicability and performance of XL and its relatives, particularly for generic systems of equations over medium-sized finite fields. In examining the extended Family of Grobner Bases and XL from theoretical, empirical and practical viewpoints, we add to the general understanding of equation-solving. Moreover, we give rigorous conditions for the successful termination of XL, Grobner Bases methods and relatives. Thus we have a better grasp of how such algebraic attacks should be applied. We also compute revised security estimates for multivariate cryptosystems. For example, the schemes SFLASHv2 and HFE Challenge 2 are shown to be unbroken by XL variants.
