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Christopher W Clark - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Fin Whale singing decreases with increased swimming speed
Royal Society Open Science, 2019Co-Authors: Christopher W Clark, George J. Gagnon, Adam S. FrankelAbstract:The attributes of male acoustic advertisement displays are often related to a performer's age, breeding condition and motivation, but these relationships are particularly difficult to study in free...
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Table S2 PDF from Fin Whale singing decreases with increased swimming speed
2019Co-Authors: Christopher W Clark, George J. Gagnon, Adam S. FrankelAbstract:The attributes of male acoustic advertisement displays are often related to a performer's age, breeding condition and motivation, but these relationships are particularly difficult to study in free-ranging marine mammals. For Fin Whale singers, we examined the relationships between a singer's swimming speed, song duration and amount of singing. We used a unique set of Fin Whale singing and swimming data collected in support of the US Navy's marine mammal monitoring programme associated with the Navy's Integrated Undersea Surveillance System. A goal of the programme is to improve understanding of the potential effects of anthropogenic sound sources on baleen Whale behaviours and populations. We found that as Whales swam faster, some continued to sing, while others did not. If swimming speed is an indication of male stamina, then singing while swimming faster could be a display by which females and/or other males assess a singer's physical fitness and potential reproductive quality. Results have implications for interpreting Fin Whale singing behaviour and the possible influences of anthropogenic sounds on Fin Whale mating strategies and breeding success
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Table S2 from Fin Whale singing decreases with increased swimming speed
2019Co-Authors: Christopher W Clark, George J. Gagnon, Adam S. FrankelAbstract:The attributes of male acoustic advertisement displays are often related to a performer's age, breeding condition and motivation, but these relationships are particularly difficult to study in free-ranging marine mammals. For Fin Whale singers, we examined the relationships between a singer's swimming speed, song duration and amount of singing. We used a unique set of Fin Whale singing and swimming data collected in support of the US Navy's marine mammal monitoring programme associated with the Navy's Integrated Undersea Surveillance System. A goal of the programme is to improve understanding of the potential effects of anthropogenic sound sources on baleen Whale behaviours and populations. We found that as Whales swam faster, some continued to sing, while others did not. If swimming speed is an indication of male stamina, then singing while swimming faster could be a display by which females and/or other males assess a singer's physical fitness and potential reproductive quality. Results have implications for interpreting Fin Whale singing behaviour and the possible influences of anthropogenic sounds on Fin Whale mating strategies and breeding success
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Fig_S-3 from Fin Whale singing decreases with increased swimming speed
2019Co-Authors: Christopher W Clark, George J. Gagnon, Adam S. FrankelAbstract:The attributes of male acoustic advertisement displays are often related to a performer's age, breeding condition and motivation, but these relationships are particularly difficult to study in free-ranging marine mammals. For Fin Whale singers, we examined the relationships between a singer's swimming speed, song duration and amount of singing. We used a unique set of Fin Whale singing and swimming data collected in support of the US Navy's marine mammal monitoring programme associated with the Navy's Integrated Undersea Surveillance System. A goal of the programme is to improve understanding of the potential effects of anthropogenic sound sources on baleen Whale behaviours and populations. We found that as Whales swam faster, some continued to sing, while others did not. If swimming speed is an indication of male stamina, then singing while swimming faster could be a display by which females and/or other males assess a singer's physical fitness and potential reproductive quality. Results have implications for interpreting Fin Whale singing behaviour and the possible influences of anthropogenic sounds on Fin Whale mating strategies and breeding success
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Table_S2_cwc-22Mar2019 from Fin Whale singing decreases with increased swimming speed
2019Co-Authors: Christopher W Clark, George J. Gagnon, Adam S. FrankelAbstract:Statistical data for Fin Whale singers based on 163 tracks of individual singers, for which there was a total of 1208 track segments. These 163 singers sang a total of 8040 songs, yielding a total of 7877 inter-song intervals (n = 8040 – 163)
Letizia Marsili - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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plastic debris occurrence convergence areas and Fin Whales feeding ground in the mediterranean marine protected area pelagos sanctuary a modeling approach
Frontiers in Marine Science, 2017Co-Authors: Maria Cristina Fossi, Matteo Baini, Cristina Panti, Letizia Marsili, Teresa Romeo, Tommaso Campani, Simonepietro Canese, Francois Galgani, Jeannoel Druon, S AiroldiAbstract:The Mediterranean Sea is greatly affected by marine litter. In this area, research on the impact of plastic debris (including microplastics) on biota, particularly large filter-feeding species such as the Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus), is still in its infancy. We investigated the possible overlap between microplastic, mesoplastic and macrolitter accumulation areas and the Fin Whale feeding grounds in in a pelagic Specially Protected Area of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI): the Pelagos Sanctuary. Models of ocean circulation and Fin Whale potential habitat were merged to compare marine litter accumulation with the presence of Whales. Additionally, field data on microplastics, mesoplastics and macrolitter abundance and cetacean presence were simultaneously collected. The resulting data were compared, as a multi-layer, with the simulated distribution of plastic concentration and the Whale habitat model. These data showed a high occurrence of microplastics (mean: 0.082 items/m2, STD ± 0.079 items/m2) spatial distribution agreed with our modelling results. Areas with high microplastic density significantly overlapped with areas of high macroplastic density. The most abundant polymer detected in all the sampling sites was polyethylene (PE), suggesting fragmentation of larger packaging items as the primary source. To our knowledge, this is the first study in the Pelagos Sanctuary in which the simulated microplastic distribution has been confirmed by field observations. The overlap between the Fin Whale feeding habitat and the microplastic hot spots is an important contribution for risk assessment of Fin Whale exposure to microplastics.
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large filter feeding marine organisms as indicators of microplastic in the pelagic environment the case studies of the mediterranean basking shark cetorhinus maximus and Fin Whale balaenoptera physalus
Marine Environmental Research, 2014Co-Authors: Maria Cristina Fossi, D Coppola, Matteo Baini, Matteo Giannetti, Cristiana Guerranti, Cristina Panti, Letizia Marsili, Eleonora De SabataAbstract:Abstract The impact of microplastics (plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm) on large filter feeding marine organisms such as baleen Whales and sharks are largely unknown. These species potentially are ingesting micro-litter by filter feeding activity. Here we present the case studies of the Mediterranean Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) exploring the toxicological effects of microplastics in these species measuring the levels of phthalates in both species. The results show higher concentration of MEHP in the muscle of basking shark in comparison to Fin Whale blubber. These species can be proposed as indicators of microplastics in the pelagic environment in the implementation of Descriptor 8 and 10 of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).
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are baleen Whales exposed to the threat of microplastics a case study of the mediterranean Fin Whale balaenoptera physalus
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2012Co-Authors: Maria Cristina Fossi, D Coppola, Matteo Giannetti, Cristiana Guerranti, Cristina Panti, Letizia Marsili, Roberta MinutoliAbstract:Abstract Baleen Whales are potentially exposed to micro-litter ingestion as a result of their filter-feeding activity. However, the impacts of microplastics on baleen Whales are largely unknown. In this case study of the Mediterranean Fin Whale ( Balaenoptera physalus ), we explore the toxicological effects of microplastics on mysticetes. The study included the following three steps: (1) the collection/count of microplastics in the Pelagos Sanctuary (Mediterranean Sea), (2) the detection of phthalates in surface neustonic/planktonic samples, and (3) the detection of phthalates in stranded Fin Whales. A total of 56% of the surface neustonic/planktonic samples contained microplastic particles. The highest abundance of microplastics (9.63 items/m 3 ) was found in the PortoFino MPA (Ligurian Sea). High concentrations of phthalates (DEHP and MEHP) were detected in the neustonic/planktonic samples. The concentrations of MEHP found in the blubber of stranded Fin Whales suggested that phthalates could serve as a tracer of the intake of microplastics. The results of this study represent the first warning of this emerging threat to baleen Whales.
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dolphin morbillivirus and toxoplasma gondii coinfection in a mediterranean Fin Whale balaenoptera physalus
BMC Veterinary Research, 2012Co-Authors: Sandro Mazzariol, Walter Mignone, Giovanni Di Guardo, Letizia Marsili, Federica Marcer, Laura Serracca, M Goria, Cristina CasaloneAbstract:Although Morbillivirus and Toxoplasma gondii have emerged as important pathogens for several cetaceans populations over the last 20 years, they have never been identified together in a Mysticete. In particular, morbilliviral infection has been never described in the Mediterranean Fin Whale population. On January 2011 an adult male of Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) stranded along the Tyrrhenian coastline of Italy. During necropsy, tissue samples from heart, skeletal muscle, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney were collected and subsequently analyzed for Morbillivirus and Toxoplasma gondii by microscopic and molecular methods. Following the detailed necropsy carried out on this Whale, molecular analysis revealed, for the first time, the simultaneous presence of a Dolphin Morbillivirus (DMV) and T. gondii infection coexisting with each other, along with high organochlorine pollutant concentrations, with special reference to DDT. This report, besides confirming the possibility for Mysticetes to be infected with DMV, highlights the risk of toxoplasmosis in sea water for mammals, already immunodepressed by concurrent factors as infections and environmental contaminants.
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dolphin morbillivirus and toxoplasma gondii coinfection in a mediterranean Fin Whale balaenoptera physalus
BMC Veterinary Research, 2012Co-Authors: Sandro Mazzariol, Walter Mignone, Giovanni Di Guardo, Letizia Marsili, Federica Marcer, Laura Serracca, M Goria, Cristina CasaloneAbstract:Background Although Morbillivirus and Toxoplasma gondii have emerged as important pathogens for several cetaceans populations over the last 20 years, they have never been identified together in a Mysticete. In particular, morbilliviral infection has been never described in the Mediterranean Fin Whale population.
Adam S. Frankel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Fin Whale singing decreases with increased swimming speed
Royal Society Open Science, 2019Co-Authors: Christopher W Clark, George J. Gagnon, Adam S. FrankelAbstract:The attributes of male acoustic advertisement displays are often related to a performer's age, breeding condition and motivation, but these relationships are particularly difficult to study in free...
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Table S2 PDF from Fin Whale singing decreases with increased swimming speed
2019Co-Authors: Christopher W Clark, George J. Gagnon, Adam S. FrankelAbstract:The attributes of male acoustic advertisement displays are often related to a performer's age, breeding condition and motivation, but these relationships are particularly difficult to study in free-ranging marine mammals. For Fin Whale singers, we examined the relationships between a singer's swimming speed, song duration and amount of singing. We used a unique set of Fin Whale singing and swimming data collected in support of the US Navy's marine mammal monitoring programme associated with the Navy's Integrated Undersea Surveillance System. A goal of the programme is to improve understanding of the potential effects of anthropogenic sound sources on baleen Whale behaviours and populations. We found that as Whales swam faster, some continued to sing, while others did not. If swimming speed is an indication of male stamina, then singing while swimming faster could be a display by which females and/or other males assess a singer's physical fitness and potential reproductive quality. Results have implications for interpreting Fin Whale singing behaviour and the possible influences of anthropogenic sounds on Fin Whale mating strategies and breeding success
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Table S2 from Fin Whale singing decreases with increased swimming speed
2019Co-Authors: Christopher W Clark, George J. Gagnon, Adam S. FrankelAbstract:The attributes of male acoustic advertisement displays are often related to a performer's age, breeding condition and motivation, but these relationships are particularly difficult to study in free-ranging marine mammals. For Fin Whale singers, we examined the relationships between a singer's swimming speed, song duration and amount of singing. We used a unique set of Fin Whale singing and swimming data collected in support of the US Navy's marine mammal monitoring programme associated with the Navy's Integrated Undersea Surveillance System. A goal of the programme is to improve understanding of the potential effects of anthropogenic sound sources on baleen Whale behaviours and populations. We found that as Whales swam faster, some continued to sing, while others did not. If swimming speed is an indication of male stamina, then singing while swimming faster could be a display by which females and/or other males assess a singer's physical fitness and potential reproductive quality. Results have implications for interpreting Fin Whale singing behaviour and the possible influences of anthropogenic sounds on Fin Whale mating strategies and breeding success
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Fig_S-3 from Fin Whale singing decreases with increased swimming speed
2019Co-Authors: Christopher W Clark, George J. Gagnon, Adam S. FrankelAbstract:The attributes of male acoustic advertisement displays are often related to a performer's age, breeding condition and motivation, but these relationships are particularly difficult to study in free-ranging marine mammals. For Fin Whale singers, we examined the relationships between a singer's swimming speed, song duration and amount of singing. We used a unique set of Fin Whale singing and swimming data collected in support of the US Navy's marine mammal monitoring programme associated with the Navy's Integrated Undersea Surveillance System. A goal of the programme is to improve understanding of the potential effects of anthropogenic sound sources on baleen Whale behaviours and populations. We found that as Whales swam faster, some continued to sing, while others did not. If swimming speed is an indication of male stamina, then singing while swimming faster could be a display by which females and/or other males assess a singer's physical fitness and potential reproductive quality. Results have implications for interpreting Fin Whale singing behaviour and the possible influences of anthropogenic sounds on Fin Whale mating strategies and breeding success
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Table_S2_cwc-22Mar2019 from Fin Whale singing decreases with increased swimming speed
2019Co-Authors: Christopher W Clark, George J. Gagnon, Adam S. FrankelAbstract:Statistical data for Fin Whale singers based on 163 tracks of individual singers, for which there was a total of 1208 track segments. These 163 singers sang a total of 8040 songs, yielding a total of 7877 inter-song intervals (n = 8040 – 163)
Deborah Thiele - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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blue and Fin Whale acoustic presence around antarctica during 2003 and 2004
Marine Mammal Science, 2009Co-Authors: Ana Sirovic, John A Hildebrand, Sean M Wiggins, Deborah ThieleAbstract:Seasonal and spatial variations of blue (Balaenoptera musculus) and Fin Whale (B. physalus) calls were analyzed from recordings collected with Acoustic Recording Packages (ARPs) deployed between January 2003 and July 2004 at four circumpolar locations: the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), the Scotia Sea (SS), Eastern Antarctica (EA), and the Ross Sea (RS). Call characteristics were compared among sites using the average pressure spectrum levels from 1 month of data at each location. Presence of calls was analyzed using automatic call detection and acoustic power analysis methods. Blue Whale calls were recorded year-round, with the highest detections in February–May and November. This suggests that the blue Whale population may not migrate synchronously, and may indicate long duration calls are more common during migrations. Fin Whale calls were detected only during February–July. Two distinct Fin Whale call types were recorded, suggesting a possible separation into two populations. The calls at the EA site had a secondary frequency peak in the pressure spectrum at 99 Hz and the calls at the WAP and the SS sites had a peak at 89 Hz. No Fin Whale calls were detected at the RS site. Acoustics are a good tool to monitor large Whales in the Southern Ocean.
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baleen Whale spatial patterns in the scotia sea during january and february 2003
Journal of Cetacean Reserch and Management, 2006Co-Authors: Ana Sirovic, John A Hildebrand, Deborah ThieleAbstract:Different species of baleen Whales display distinct spatial distribution patterns in the Scotia Sea during the austral summer. Passive acoustic and visual surveys for baleen Whales were conducted aboard the RRS James Clark Ross in the Scotia Sea and around South Georgia in January and February 2003. Identified calls from four species were recorded during the acoustic survey including southern right (Eubalaena australis), blue (Balaenoptera musculus), Fin (B. physalus) and humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). These acoustic data included up calls made by southern right Whales, downswept D and tonal calls by blue Whales, two possible types of Fin Whale downswept calls and humpback Whale moans and grunts. Visual detections included southern right, Fin, humpback and Antarctic minke Whales (B. bonaerensis sp.). Most acoustic and visual detections occurred either around South Georgia (southern right and humpback Whales) or south of the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and along the outer edge of the ice pack (southern right, blue, humpback and Antarctic minke Whales). Fin Whales were the exception, being the only species acoustically and visually detected primarily in the central Scotia Sea, along the southern ACC front. In addition to identifiable calls from these species, two types of probable baleen Whale calls were detected: 50Hz upswept and pulsing calls. It is proposed that minke Whales may produce the pulsing calls, based on their similarities with minke Whale calls recorded in the North Atlantic Ocean. There was an overlap between locations of Fin Whale sightings and recordings and locations of 50Hz upswept calls in the central Scotia Sea, but these calls were most similar to calls attributed to blue Whales in other parts of Antarctica. More study is required to determine if baleen Whales produce these two call types, and if so, which species. The efficiency of acoustics and visual surveys varied by species, with blue Whales being easier to detect using acoustics, Antarctic minke Whales being best detected during visual surveys and other species falling in between these two extremes.
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seasonality of blue and Fin Whale calls and the influence of sea ice in the western antarctic peninsula
Deep-sea Research Part Ii-topical Studies in Oceanography, 2004Co-Authors: Ana Sirovic, John A Hildebrand, Sean M Wiggins, M A Mcdonald, Sue E Moore, Deborah ThieleAbstract:The calling seasonality of blue (Balaenoptera musculus) and Fin (B. physalus) Whales was assessed using acoustic data recorded on seven autonomous acoustic recording packages (ARPs) deployed from March 2001 to February 2003 in the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Automatic detection and acoustic power analysis methods were used for determining presence and absence of Whale calls. Blue Whale calls were detected year round, on average 177 days per year, with peak calling in March and April, and a secondary peak in October and November. Lowest calling rates occurred between June and September, and in December. Fin Whale calling rates were seasonal with calls detected between February and June (on average 51 days/year), and peak calling in May. Sea ice formed a month later and retreated a month earlier in 2001 than in 2002 over all recording sites. During the entire deployment period, detected calls of both species of Whales showed negative correlation with sea ice concentrations at all sites, suggesting an absence of blue and Fin Whales in areas covered with sea ice. A conservative density estimate of calling Whales from the acoustic data yields 0.43 calling blue Whales per 1000 n mi2 and 1.30 calling Fin Whales per 1000 n mi2, which is about one-third higher than the density of blue Whales and approximately equal to the density of Fin Whales estimated from the visual surveys.
Ana Sirovic - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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using faster region based convolutional neural network for automatic detection of baleen Whale social calls
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2019Co-Authors: Jeppe H Rasmussen, Ana SirovicAbstract:Using blue and Fin Whale calls for estimating population density of the two species from passive acoustic data is an active research topic. However, manually analyzing long-term data is extremely time consuming yet a necessary first step for such work. Blue and Fin Whale social calls are highly variable and quite similarity, which has resulted in challenges in developing automatic detectors for these calls. The applicability of faster region-based convolutional neural network (Faster R-CNN) method for speeding up this detection and classification task was explored. A large dataset of blue Whale D calls and Fin Whale 40 Hz calls from southern California was used for training the network: 1378 spectrograms were created from 10-s sound clips each containing a call. The resulting images were contrast-enhanced and manually labeled with region of interest (ROI) before being applied as training images. The probability score for each ROI was modified to favor detections within previously measured frequency range of the calls. Testing shows this Faster R-CNN to have a very low miss- and false positive rate for both call types and is thus a highly promising tool for detecting and classifying these baleen Whale social calls.
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behavioral context of blue and Fin Whale calling for density estimation
2014Co-Authors: Ana Sirovic, John CalambokidisAbstract:Abstract : This is the second annual report for this project, in which we will determine the context-appropriate call production rates for blue and Fin Whales in the Southern California Bight, with the end goal of facilitating density estimation from passive acoustic data.
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blue and Fin Whale acoustic presence around antarctica during 2003 and 2004
Marine Mammal Science, 2009Co-Authors: Ana Sirovic, John A Hildebrand, Sean M Wiggins, Deborah ThieleAbstract:Seasonal and spatial variations of blue (Balaenoptera musculus) and Fin Whale (B. physalus) calls were analyzed from recordings collected with Acoustic Recording Packages (ARPs) deployed between January 2003 and July 2004 at four circumpolar locations: the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), the Scotia Sea (SS), Eastern Antarctica (EA), and the Ross Sea (RS). Call characteristics were compared among sites using the average pressure spectrum levels from 1 month of data at each location. Presence of calls was analyzed using automatic call detection and acoustic power analysis methods. Blue Whale calls were recorded year-round, with the highest detections in February–May and November. This suggests that the blue Whale population may not migrate synchronously, and may indicate long duration calls are more common during migrations. Fin Whale calls were detected only during February–July. Two distinct Fin Whale call types were recorded, suggesting a possible separation into two populations. The calls at the EA site had a secondary frequency peak in the pressure spectrum at 99 Hz and the calls at the WAP and the SS sites had a peak at 89 Hz. No Fin Whale calls were detected at the RS site. Acoustics are a good tool to monitor large Whales in the Southern Ocean.
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blue and Fin Whale call source levels and propagation range in the southern ocean
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2007Co-Authors: Ana Sirovic, John A Hildebrand, Sean M WigginsAbstract:Blue (Balaenoptera musculus) and Fin Whales (B. physalus) produce high-intensity, low-frequency calls, which probably function for communication during mating and feeding. The source levels of blue and Fin Whale calls off the Western Antarctic Peninsula were calculated using recordings made with calibrated, bottom-moored hydrophones. Blue Whales were located up to a range of 200km using hyperbolic localization and time difference of arrival. The distance to Fin Whales, estimated using multipath arrivals of their calls, was up to 56km. The error in range measurements was 3.8km using hyperbolic localization, and 3.4km using multipath arrivals. Both species produced high-intensity calls; the average blue Whale call source level was 189±3dB re:1μPa-1m over 25–29Hz, and the average Fin Whale call source level was 189±4dB re:1μPa-1m over 15–28Hz. Blue and Fin Whale populations in the Southern Ocean have remained at low numbers for decades since they became protected; using source level and detection range from ...
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baleen Whale spatial patterns in the scotia sea during january and february 2003
Journal of Cetacean Reserch and Management, 2006Co-Authors: Ana Sirovic, John A Hildebrand, Deborah ThieleAbstract:Different species of baleen Whales display distinct spatial distribution patterns in the Scotia Sea during the austral summer. Passive acoustic and visual surveys for baleen Whales were conducted aboard the RRS James Clark Ross in the Scotia Sea and around South Georgia in January and February 2003. Identified calls from four species were recorded during the acoustic survey including southern right (Eubalaena australis), blue (Balaenoptera musculus), Fin (B. physalus) and humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). These acoustic data included up calls made by southern right Whales, downswept D and tonal calls by blue Whales, two possible types of Fin Whale downswept calls and humpback Whale moans and grunts. Visual detections included southern right, Fin, humpback and Antarctic minke Whales (B. bonaerensis sp.). Most acoustic and visual detections occurred either around South Georgia (southern right and humpback Whales) or south of the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and along the outer edge of the ice pack (southern right, blue, humpback and Antarctic minke Whales). Fin Whales were the exception, being the only species acoustically and visually detected primarily in the central Scotia Sea, along the southern ACC front. In addition to identifiable calls from these species, two types of probable baleen Whale calls were detected: 50Hz upswept and pulsing calls. It is proposed that minke Whales may produce the pulsing calls, based on their similarities with minke Whale calls recorded in the North Atlantic Ocean. There was an overlap between locations of Fin Whale sightings and recordings and locations of 50Hz upswept calls in the central Scotia Sea, but these calls were most similar to calls attributed to blue Whales in other parts of Antarctica. More study is required to determine if baleen Whales produce these two call types, and if so, which species. The efficiency of acoustics and visual surveys varied by species, with blue Whales being easier to detect using acoustics, Antarctic minke Whales being best detected during visual surveys and other species falling in between these two extremes.